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Engin AB, Engin A, Engin ED, Memis L. Does lithium attenuate the liver damage due to oxidative stress and liver glycogen depletion in experimental common bile duct obstruction? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116489. [PMID: 36963521 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
In extrahepatic cholestasis, the molecular mechanisms of liver damage due to bile acid accumulation remain elusive. In this study, the activation of glutamatergic receptors was hypothesized to be responsible for bile acid-induced oxidative stress and liver damage. Recent evidence showed that lithium, as an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) GluN2B subunit inhibitor, may act on the glutamate/NMDAR signaling axis. Guinea pigs were assigned to four groups, as sham laparotomy (SL), bile duct ligated (BDL), lithium-treated SL (SL + Li) and lithium-treated BDL (BDL + Li) groups. Cholestasis-induced liver injury was evaluated by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), copper‑zinc superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels. The liability of glutamate/NMDAR signaling axis was clarified by glutamate levels in both plasma and liver samples, with the production of nitric oxide (NO), as well as with the serum calcium concentrations. Blood glucose, glucagon, insulin levels and glucose consumption rates, in addition to tissue glycogen were measured to evaluate the liver glucose-glycogen metabolism. A high liver damage index (AST/ALT) was calculated in BDL animals in comparison to SL group. In the BDL animals, lithium reduced plasma NO and glutamate in addition to tissue glutamate concentrations, while serum calcium increased. The antioxidant capacities and liver glycogen contents significantly increased, whereas blood glucose levels unchanged and tissue MDA levels decreased 3-fold in lithium-treated cholestatic animals. It was concluded that lithium largely protects the cholestatic hepatocyte from bile acid-mediated damage by blocking the NMDAR-GluN2B subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Memis
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Sayed SAA, Ahmed SYA, Samak DH. Yucca schidigera extract modulates the lead-induced oxidative damage, nephropathy and altered inflammatory response and glucose homeostasis in Japanese quails. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 156:311-321. [PMID: 29571109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the toxic effects of lead (Pb) on the physiological responses of Japanese quails and to investigate the potential modulatory role of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) against these effects. 360 mature Japanese quails (at 2 months of age) were used and the experiment was lasted for 8 weeks. The birds were divided into six equal groups as follow: control (basal diet, BD), BD+Pb (100 mg/kg diet), BD+YSE (100 mg/kg diet), BD+YSE (200 mg/kg diet), BD+Pb (100 mg/kg diet) +YSE (100 mg/kg diet) and BD+ Pb (100 mg/kg diet) + YSE (200 mg/kg diet). Pb induced a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level. While, increased protein carbonyl (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tissues of exposed birds. Pb increased level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in serum. YSE significantly reduced the Pb -induced oxidative stress in co-treated groups especially at 200 mg/kg diet. YSE could modulate the Pb -induced decreased urea, creatinine and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) levels. YSE200 was found to be better than the YSE100 in decreasing levels of inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, YSE significantly regulates glucose homeostasis in co-exposed quails. Pb residues were found to be significantly higher in kidney and pancreas tissues of Pb group compared to other groups. YES decreased the expression of metallothionein-1 in the renal and pancreatic tissues, while elevated insulin expression in the pancreatic cells by immunostaining in co-exposed groups. In conclusion, the present results conclusively demonstrate the potential modulatory effect of YSE against the Pb-induced toxic effects in different organs of Japanese quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sabry A A El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Sarah Y A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Dalia H Samak
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faulty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22516, Egypt
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Bai S, Pan S, Zhang K, Ding X, Wang J, Zeng Q, Xuan Y, Su Z. Long-term effect of dietary overload lithium on the glucose metabolism in broiler chickens. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 54:191-198. [PMID: 28778020 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, like insulin, activates glycogen synthase and stimulates glucose transport in rat adipocytes. To investigate the effect of dietary overload lithium on glucose metabolism in broiler chickens, one-day-old chicks were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control) or 100mg lithium/kg (overload lithium) for 35days. Compared to controls, glucose disappearance rates were lower (p=0.035) 15-120min after glucose gavage, and blood glucose concentrations were lower (p=0.038) 30min after insulin injection in overload lithium broilers. Overload lithium decreased (p<0.05) glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in liver, but increased (p<0.05) their concentrations in pectoralis major. Overload lithium increased (p<0.05) mRNA expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 3 and GLUT9 in liver, and GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT8, and GLUT9 in pectoralis major, but decreased (p<0.05) cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver and mitochondrial PEPCK in pectoralis major. These results suggest that dietary overload lithium decreases glucose tolerance and gluconeogenesis, but increases insulin sensitivity and glucose transport in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuqin Pan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xuan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuowei Su
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Maldonado R, Mancilla H, Villarroel-Espíndola F, Slebe F, Slebe JC, Méndez R, Guinovart JJ, Concha II. Glycogen Synthase in Sertoli Cells: More Than Glycogenesis? J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Maldonado
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Héctor Mancilla
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Franz Villarroel-Espíndola
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Felipe Slebe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Slebe
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Raúl Méndez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Madrid Spain
| | - Ilona I. Concha
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia 5090000 Chile
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Zois CE, Harris AL. Glycogen metabolism has a key role in the cancer microenvironment and provides new targets for cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:137-54. [PMID: 26882899 PMCID: PMC4762924 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells and contributes to their adaption within the tumour microenvironment and resistance to anticancer therapies. Recently, glycogen metabolism has become a recognised feature of cancer cells since it is upregulated in many tumour types, suggesting that it is an important aspect of cancer cell pathophysiology. Here, we provide an overview of glycogen metabolism and its regulation, with a focus on its role in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells under stress conditions such as hypoxia, glucose deprivation and anticancer treatment. The various methods to detect glycogen in tumours in vivo as well as pharmacological modulators of glycogen metabolism are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic value of targeting glycogen metabolism as a strategy for combinational approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos E Zois
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Souza DN, Mendes FM, Nogueira FN, Simões A, Nicolau J. Lithium Induces Glycogen Accumulation in Salivary Glands of the Rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:271-8. [PMID: 26155966 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is administered for the treatment of mood and bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to verify whether treatment with different concentrations of lithium may affect the glycogen metabolism in the salivary glands of the rats when compared with the liver. Mobilization of glycogen in salivary glands is important for the process of secretion. Two sets of experiments were carried out, that is, in the first, the rats received drinking water supplemented with LiCl (38,25 and 12 mM of LiCl for 15 days) and the second experiment was carried out by intraperitoneal injection of LiCl solution (12 mg/kg and 45 mg LiCl/kg body weight) for 3 days. The active form of glycogen phosphorylase was not affected by treatment with LiCl considering the two experiments. The active form of glycogen synthase presented higher activity in the submandibular glands of rats treated with 25 and 38 mM LiCl and in the liver, with 25 mM LiCl. Glycogen level was higher than that of control in the submandibular glands of rats receiving 38 and 12 mM LiCl, in the parotid of rats receiving 25 and 38 mM, and in the liver of rats receiving 12 mM LiCl. The absolute value of glycogen for the submandibular treated with 25 mM LiCl, and the liver treated with 38 mM LiCl, was higher than the control value, although not statistically significant for these tissues. No statistically significant difference was found in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands for protein concentration when comparing experimental and control groups. We concluded that LiCl administered to rats influences the metabolism of glycogen in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Souza
- Departamento de Biomateriais e Biologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 2227, Brazil
| | - F M Mendes
- Departamento Ortodontia e Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 2227, Brazil
| | - F N Nogueira
- Departamento de Biomateriais e Biologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 2227, Brazil
| | - A Simões
- Departamento de Biomateriais e Biologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 2227, Brazil
| | - J Nicolau
- Departamento de Biomateriais e Biologia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 2227, Brazil.
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Nciri R, Bourogaa E, Jbahi S, Allagui MS, Elfeki A, Vincent C, Croute F. Chronic neuroprotective effects of low concentration lithium on SH-SY5Y cells: possible involvement of stress proteins and gene expression. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:735-40. [PMID: 25206881 PMCID: PMC4146276 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of lithium on cells, in this study, we exposed SH-SY5Y cells to 0.5 mmol/L lithium carbonate (Li2CO2) for 25-50 weeks and then detected the expression levels of some neurobiology related genes and post-translational modifications of stress proteins in SH-SY5Y cells. cDNA arrays showed that pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) and calmodulin 3 (CaM 3) expression levels were significantly down-regulated, phosphatase protein PP2A expression was lightly down-regulated, and casein kinase II (CK2), threonine/tyrosine phosphatase 7 (PYST2), and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) expression levels were significantly up-regulated. Besides, western blot analysis of stress proteins (HSP27, HSP70, GRP78 and GRP94) showed an over-expression of two proteins: a 105 kDa protein which is a hyper-phosphorylated isoform of GRP94, and a 108 kDa protein which is a phosphorylated tetramer of HSP27. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are likely related to gene expressions and post-translational modifications of proteins cited above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Nciri
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Purpan Medicine Faculty, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France ; Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Tunisia, France
| | | | - Samira Jbahi
- Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Tunisia, France
| | - Mohamed Salah Allagui
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Purpan Medicine Faculty, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France ; Ecophysiology Laboratory, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, Tunisia, France
| | | | - Christian Vincent
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Purpan Medicine Faculty, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Croute
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Purpan Medicine Faculty, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Espiña B, Louzao MC, Ares IR, Fonfria ES, Vilariño N, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induces fluorescent glucose accumulation on the rat hepatocytes Clone 9. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:653-60. [PMID: 21691083 DOI: 10.1159/000330074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose transport and metabolism are highly specialized in hepatocytes. Actin cytoskeleton is fundamental to the maintenance of their morphology as well as to ensure their functionality. Here we study the effect of the actin disrupting natural compounds cytochalasin B and latrunculin A on the glucose metabolism of the Clone 9 rat hepatocytes once the glucose molecule is inside them and the effects of two hormones which main function is regulating the glucose metabolism on the actin cytoskeleton of Clone 9 cells. METHODS F-actin was labeled by using Oregon Green 514 ® phalloidin and glucose inside cells was monitored with the fluorescent D-glucose derivative; 2-NBDG. Observations and measurements were carried out by using a confocal microscope. RESULTS Nor insulin neither glucagon was able to induce any significant effect in the quantity of F-actin present on Clone 9 cells. But insulin triggers a strong reorganization on the pattern of distribution of F-actin. However, the actin cytoskeleton disruption induced by CB and more efficiently by Lat A caused accumulation of 2-NBDG in cells. CONCLUSION These results state that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induces fluorescent glucose accumulation on the rat hepatocytes Clone 9 suggesting that actin disrupting agents cause a blockage in the glycolytic pathway of Clone 9 hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Espiña
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Abstract
Many trace elements, among which metals, are indispensable for proper functioning of a myriad of biochemical reactions, more particularly as enzyme cofactors. This is particularly true for the vast set of processes involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis, being it in glucose metabolism itself or in hormonal control, especially insulin. The role and importance of trace elements such as chromium, zinc, selenium, lithium and vanadium are much less evident and subjected to chronic debate. This review updates our actual knowledge concerning these five trace elements. A careful survey of the literature shows that while theoretical postulates from some key roles of these elements had led to real hopes for therapy of insulin resistance and diabetes, the limited experience based on available data indicates that beneficial effects and use of most of them are subjected to caution, given the narrow window between safe and unsafe doses. Clear therapeutic benefit in these pathologies is presently doubtful but some data indicate that these metals may have a clinical interest in patients presenting deficiencies in individual metal levels. The same holds true for an association of some trace elements such as chromium or zinc with oral antidiabetics. However, this area is essentially unexplored in adequate clinical trials, which are worth being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JeanRobert Rapin
- Faculté de Médecine/Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, 3 Bld jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon (France
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Russell P, Williams A, Abbott A, Chadwick J, Ehya F, Flores R, Hardamon C. Effect of lithium salts on lactate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:551-6. [PMID: 20597606 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitions of 30 nM rabbit muscle 1-phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) by lithium, potassium, and sodium salts showed inhibition or not depending upon the anion present. Generally, potassium salts were more potent inhibitors than sodium salts; the extent of inhibition by lithium salts also varied with the anion. Li(2)CO(3) was a relatively potent inhibitor of PFK-1 but LiCl and lithium acetate were not. Our results suggest that extents of inhibition by monovalent salts were due to both cations and anions, and the latter needs to be considered before inhibition can be credited to the cation. An explanation for monovalent salt inhibitions is proffered involving interactions of both cations and anions at negative and positive sites of PFK-1 that affect enzyme activity. Our studies suggest that lithium cations per se are not inhibitors: the inhibitors are the lithium salts, and we suggest that in vitro studies involving the effects of monovalent salts on enzymes should involve more than one anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Russell
- Department of Biology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Minagawa N, Uehara M, Seki S, Nitta A, Kogawara K. [Effects of combined addition of atovaquone and lithium on the in vitro cell growth of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:247-51. [PMID: 20118649 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atovaquone, an analog of ubiquinone, binds tightly to the ubiquinol oxidation site (Qo site) of parasite cytochrome bc(1) complex to inhibit electron transport at concentrations far lower than those at which the mammalian system is affected. The mode of action is thought similar to that of myxothiazol. To treat Pneumocystis jirovecii and Plasmodium falciparum infections, atovaquone has been used worldwide whereas it is unapproved in Japan. Since the pathogenic Candida species fungi seem resistant to atovaquone, this drug is not clinically available for candidosis, particularly deep mycosis. We examined the effects of atovaquone on cellular respiration and in vitro growth of C. albicans to explore a new therapeutic possibility for fungal infections. Atovaquone strongly inhibited glucose-dependent cellular respiration similarly to antimycin A, stigmatellin, and myxothiazol, specific bc(1) complex inhibitors. However, atovaquone suppressed glucose-dependent cell growth to a much lesser extent versus the comparator agents. When added alone, lithium exerted slight growth inhibition. The combined addition of lithium with atovaquone showed a significant increase in inhibition of growth. Although the way lithium acts synergistically with atovaquone remains to be elucidated, our results suggest a new therapeutic possibility of this combination for the treatment of candidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Minagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Alexandrova A, Petrov L, Kessiova M, Kirkova M. In vitro effects of alloxan/copper combinations on lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Acta Biol Hung 2007; 58:359-67. [PMID: 18277462 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.58.2007.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of alloxan and the product of its reduction dialuric acid (alone or in combination with copper ions) on lipid peroxidation, carbonyl content, GSH level and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat liver and kidney have been studied. The effects of Cu2+/alloxan and Cu2+/dialuric acid were compared with those of Fe3+/alloxan and Fe3+/dialuric acid. Unlike alloxan, dialuric acid increased liver and kidney lipid peroxidation; similar effects were registered in the presence of Fe3+. In the presence of Cu2+/dialuric acid, the lipid peroxidation was strongly inhibited and vice versa--the liver protein oxidation was increased. Alloxan and dialuric acid, as well as their combinations with Fe3+ had no effect on the total GSH level. Both substances did not affect the Cu2+-induced changes in GSH level, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and gluthatione reductase activities. In contrast, Cu2+ had no effect on dialuric-acid induced changes in gluthatione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. The present in vitro results, concerning the metal dependence of the effects of alloxan and dialuric acid, are a premise for in vivo study of alloxan effects in metal-loaded animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Alexandrova
- Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Kohno T, Shiga T, Toyomaki A, Kusumi I, Matsuyama T, Inoue T, Katoh C, Koyama T, Tamaki N. Effects of lithium on brain glucose metabolism in healthy men. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:698-702. [PMID: 18004140 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815a23c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is clinically available for the treatment of mood disorders. However, it has remained unclear how lithium acts on the brain to produce its effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic lithium on human brain activity using positron emission tomography and clarify the correlation between brain activity changes and cognitive functional changes as induced by chronic lithium administration. A total of 20 healthy male subjects (mean age, 32 +/- 6 years) underwent positron emission tomographic scans with F-fluorodeoxyglucose and a battery of neuropsychological tests at baseline condition and after 4 weeks of lithium administration. Brain metabolic data were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. Lithium increased relative regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) in the bilateral dorsomedial frontal cortices including the anterior cingulate gyrus and decreased rCMRglc in the right cerebellum and left lingual gyrus/cuneus. There was no difference in any of the variables of cognitive functions between the baseline condition and after chronic lithium administration. There was no correlation between rCMRglc changes in any of the brain regions and individual variable changes in any of the neuropsychological tests. The results suggest that the effects of chronic lithium are associated with increased activity in the bilateral dorsomedial frontal cortices including the anterior cingulate gyrus and decreased activity in the right cerebellum and left lingual gyrus/cuneus.
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Tzaphlidou M, Berillis P. STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY LITHIUM IN SKIN AND LIVER COLLAGEN USING AN IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/tma-120015611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Fernández-Novell JM, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Barberà A, Guinovart JJ. Lithium ions increase hepatic glycogen synthase stability through a proteasome-related mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 457:29-34. [PMID: 17125726 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of rat hepatocytes with LiCl resulted in an overall increase in the activity ratio of glycogen synthase (GS), concomitantly with a decrease in active GS kinase-3 levels. GS total activity was also increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This latter effect correlated with the amount of immunoreactive enzyme determined by immunoblotting. Cycloheximide and actinomycin-D did not modify LiCl action on GS activity. Lithium ions did not induce any changes in GS mRNA levels. Furthermore, the increase in the total amount of GS induced by LiCl was further augmented after addition of a specific, calpain and proteasome inhibitor. Our results indicate that LiCl increases hepatocyte GS activity through increasing both the activation state of the enzyme and its cellular content. This latter increase is mediated through a modification of the proteasome-regulated proteolytic pathway of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Fernández-Novell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 645, Edifici nou planta-1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Basselin M, Chang L, Rapoport SI. Chronic lithium chloride administration to rats elevates glucose metabolism in wide areas of brain, while potentiating negative effects on metabolism of dopamine D2-like receptor stimulation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187:303-11. [PMID: 16786332 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) can be imaged in vivo as a marker of brain functional activity. The effects of chronic lithium administration on baseline values of rCMRglc and values in response to administration of dopamine D2-like receptor agonists have not been examined in humans or rats. Knowing these effects may elucidate and localize the therapeutic action of lithium in bipolar disorder. METHODS In unanesthetized rats, we used the 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) technique to image the effects of a 6-week control diet or LiCl diet sufficient to produce a plasma lithium concentration therapeutically relevant to bipolar disorder, on rCMRglc at baseline and in response to the dopaminergic D2-like receptor agonist, quinpirole (1 mg/kg i.v.), or to i.v. saline. RESULTS Baseline rCMRglc was significantly elevated in 30 of 81 brain regions examined, in LiCl diet compared with control diet rats. Affected were visual and auditory structures, frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, interpeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra. Acute quinpirole significantly decreased rCMRglc in four areas of the caudate-putamen in control diet rats, and in these and 19 additional brain areas in LiCl-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS In unanesthetized rats, chronic lithium administration widely upregulates baseline rCMRglc and potentiates the negative effects on rCMRglc of D2-like receptor stimulation. The baseline elevation may relate to lithium's reported ability to increase auditory and visual evoked responses in humans, whereas lithium's potentiation of quinpirole's negative effects on rCMRglc may be related to its therapeutic efficacy in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 9, Room 1S126, 9 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0947, USA.
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Alexandrova A, Georgieva A, Petrov L, Tsvetanova E, Kirkova M. Comparative study of alloxan effects in copper-loaded and iron-loaded rats: lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, proteasome and antioxidant enzyme activities. Open Life Sci 2006; 1:235-48. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-006-0013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe in-vivo effects of alloxan on protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, as well as on proteasome and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and kidney of copper-loaded and iron-loaded rats, were studied. In control animals, a single alloxan dose (120 mg/kg, i.p.) increased blood-glucose concentration at the 24th hr and 48th hr and, especially, on the 5th day. For these periods of alloxan action, no changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities were found; only a slight increase of carbonyl content and strong increase of trypsin-like proteasome activity in rat liver on the 5th day was observed. Five days after alloxan injection, the blood-glucose concentration in iron-pretreated rats was similar to that of the controls. However, it was significantly lower in copper-pretreated animals; hence, insulin-mimetic action of copper might be suggested. The lower proteasome activity, measured in liver of copper-pretreated diabetic rats is probably due to a potential copper-chelating ability of alloxan. The present results showed that the action of alloxan was different in copper-and iron-pretreated rats. Analogous studies, using pretreatment with other metals, would contribute to a further elucidation of the role of different metals in diabetes development, especially in regions with environmental metal contamination.
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Abstract
Cytoskeleton plays an important role in glucose regulation, mainly in the following three aspects. First, cytoskeleton regulates insulin secretion by guiding intracellular transport of insulin-containing vesicles and regulating release of insulin. Second, cytoskeleton is involved in insulin action by regulating distribution of insulin receptor substrate, GLUT4 translocation, and internalization of insulin receptor. In addition, cytoskeleton directs the intracellular distribution of glucose metabolism related enzymes including glycogen synthase and many glycolysis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Sahin O, Sulak O, Yavuz Y, Uz E, Eren I, Ramazan Yilmaz H, Malas MA, Altuntas I, Songur A. Lithium-induced lung toxicity in rats: the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Pathology 2006; 38:58-62. [PMID: 16484010 DOI: 10.1080/00313020500464904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on lithium (Li)-induced lung toxicity. METHODS Twenty-two adult male Wistar albino rats weighing between 280 and 300 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Li and Li+CAPE groups. Li and CAPE were co-administered intraperitoneally twice daily for 4 weeks. Control rats were given 0.9% NaCl during the same period. All the rats were allowed to feed ad libitum until midnight after they had received the proposed treatment. RESULTS In the Li group, peribronchial and intraparenchymal lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration were observed. Atypical type II pneumocytes, alveolar destruction and emphysematous changes were also detected. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was significantly decreased in the Li+CAPE group compared with the Li group. Alveolar destruction, emphysematous changes and intraparenchymal mononuclear cell infiltration were also recovered to a level close to the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in the Li group compared with the control group. CAPE administration decreased the MDA levels in the Li+CAPE group. CONCLUSIONS CAPE was found to associate with histopathological changes recovery in the lungs and oxidative stress due to Li treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Sahin
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Turkey.
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Nikoulina SE, Ciaraldi TP, Mudaliar S, Carter L, Johnson K, Henry RR. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 improves insulin action and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2002; 51:2190-8. [PMID: 12086949 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular physiological processes in skeletal muscle. Selective cell-permeable reversible inhibitors (INHs) of GSK-3 (CT98014 and CHIR98023 [Chiron, Emeryville, CA] and LiCl) were used to evaluate the role of GSK-3 in controlling glucose metabolism. Acute treatment (30 min) of cultured human skeletal muscle cells with either INH resulted in a dose-dependent activation of glycogen synthase (GS) with a maximally effective concentration of approximately 2 micromol/l. The maximal acute effect of either INH on GS (103 +/- 25% stimulation over basal) was greater than the maximal insulin response (48 +/- 9%, P < 0.05 vs. INH); LiCl was as effective as insulin. The GSK-3 inhibitor effect, like that of insulin, was on the activation state (fractional velocity [FV]) of GS. Cotreatment of muscle cells with submaximal doses of INH and insulin resulted in an additive effect on GS FV (103 +/- 10% stimulation, P < 0.05 vs. either agent alone). Glucose incorporation into glycogen was also acutely stimulated by INH. While prolonged (6-24 h) insulin exposure led to desensitization of GS, INH continued to activate GS FV for at least 24 h. Insulin and LiCl acutely activated glucose uptake, whereas INH stimulation of glucose uptake required more prolonged exposure, starting at 6 h and continuing to 24 h. Chronic (4-day) treatment with INH increased both basal (154 +/- 32% of control) and insulin-stimulated (219 +/- 74%) glucose uptake. Upregulation of uptake activity occurred without any change in total cellular GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein content. Yet the same chronic treatment resulted in a 65 +/- 6% decrease in GSK-3 protein and a parallel decrease (61 +/- 11%) in GSK-3 total activity. Together with the INH-induced increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, there was an approximately 3.5-fold increase (P < 0.05) in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 protein abundance. Despite upregulation of IRS-1, maximal insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation was unaltered by INH treatment. The results suggest that selective inhibition of GSK-3 has an impact on both GS and glucose uptake, including effects on insulin action, using mechanisms that differ from and are additive to those of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana E Nikoulina
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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García-Rocha M, Roca A, De La Iglesia N, Baba O, Fernández-Novell JM, Ferrer JC, Guinovart JJ. Intracellular distribution of glycogen synthase and glycogen in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 2001; 357:17-24. [PMID: 11415431 PMCID: PMC1221923 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular distribution of liver glycogen synthase (GS) might constitute a new regulatory mechanism for the activity of this enzyme at cellular level. Our previous studies indicated that incubation of isolated hepatocytes with glucose activated GS and resulted in its translocation from a homogeneous cytosolic distribution to the cell periphery. These studies also suggested a relationship with insoluble elements of the cytoskeleton, in particular actin. Here we show the translocation of GS in a different experimental model that allows the analysis of this phenomenon in long-term studies. We describe the reversibility of translocation of GS and its effect on glycogen distribution. Incubation of cultured rat hepatocytes with glucose activated GS and triggered its translocation to the hepatocyte periphery. The relative amount of the enzyme concentrated near the plasma membrane increased with time up to 8 h of incubation with glucose, when the glycogen stores reached their maximal value. The lithium-induced covalent activation of GS was not sufficient to cause its translocation to the cell periphery. The intracellular distribution of GS closely resembled that of glycogen. Our results showed an interaction between GS and an insoluble element of the hepatocyte matrix. Although no co-localization between actin filaments and GS was observed in any condition, disruption of actin cytoskeleton resulted in a significantly lower percentage of cells in which the enzyme translocated to the cell periphery in response to glucose. This observation suggests that the microfilament network has a role in the translocation of GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 7a planta, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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