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Chiang LC, Chien KY, Su HY, Chen YC, Mao YC, Wu WG. Comparison of Protein Variation in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Venom between Northern and Southeast Taiwan and Association with Human Envenoming Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090643. [PMID: 36136582 PMCID: PMC9501293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of bite from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Pmu) are frequent in Taiwan, and its wide-spread distribution and diverse habitats drove us to investigate its envenoming effects and relevant venom variations. We used reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze 163 Pmu venom samples collected from northern and southeastern Taiwan. Twenty-two major protein fractions were separated and analyzed, and their contents were determined semi-quantitatively. The results showed that despite the trivial differences in the protein family, there is an existing variation in acidic phospholipases A2s, serine proteinases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, and other less abundant components in the Pmu venoms. Moreover, clinical manifestations of 209 Pmu envenomed patients hospitalized in northern or southeastern Taiwan revealed significant differences in local symptoms, such as ecchymosis and blistering. The mechanism of these local effects and possibly relevant venom components were examined. Further analysis showed that certain venom components with inter-population variation might work alone or synergistically with others to aggravate the local effects. Therefore, our findings of the venom variation may help one to improve antivenom production and better understand and manage Pmu bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao-Chun Chiang
- College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Chien
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
- Clinical Proteomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung County 824, Taiwan
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung County 811, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chia Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.M.); (W.-G.W.)
| | - Wen-Guey Wu
- College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.M.); (W.-G.W.)
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Long C, Liu M, Tian H, Li Y, Wu F, Mwangi J, Lu Q, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Lai R, Shen C. Potential Role of Platelet-Activating C-Type Lectin-Like Proteins in Viper Envenomation Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Symptom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E749. [PMID: 33260875 PMCID: PMC7760373 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes may lead to severe bleeding, consumption coagulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms. The exact etiology or toxins responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms after snake envenomation remain obscure. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs) are one of the main non-enzymatic protein constituents in viper venoms, of which a majority are considered as modulators of thrombosis and hemostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that two snaclecs (mucetin and stejnulxin), isolated and identified from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri venoms, directly induced platelet degranulation and clot-retraction in vitro, and microvascular thrombosis has been confirmed in various organs in vivo. These snaclecs reduced cerebral blood flow and impaired motor balance and spatial memories in mice, which partially represent the thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms in some snakebite patients. The functional blocking of these snaclecs with antibodies alleviated the viper venom induced platelet activation and thrombotic microangiopathy-like symptoms. Understanding the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with snake envenoming may lead to emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China;
| | - Huiwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Yunnan Province/Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China;
| | - Feilong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, CAS, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, LKSKI-Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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3
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Lee CH, Liu CI, Leu SJ, Lee YC, Chiang JR, Chiang LC, Mao YC, Tsai BY, Hung CS, Chen CC, Yang YY. Chicken antibodies against venom proteins of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Taiwan. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200056. [PMID: 33281887 PMCID: PMC7682652 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The venom of bamboo vipers (Trimeresurus stejnegeri - TS), commonly found in Taiwan, contains deadly hemotoxins that cause severe envenomation. Equine-derived antivenom is a specific treatment against snakebites, but its production costs are high and there are some inevitable side effects. The aim of the present work is to help in the development of an affordable and more endurable therapeutic strategy for snakebites. METHODS T. stejnegeri venom proteins were inactivated by glutaraldehyde in order to immunize hens for polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies production. After IgY binding assays, two antibody libraries were constructed expressing single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies joined by the short or long linker for use in phage display antibody technology. Four rounds of biopanning were carried out. The selected scFv antibodies were then further tested for their binding activities and neutralization assays to TS proteins. RESULTS Purified IgY from egg yolk showed the specific binding ability to TS proteins. The dimensions of these two libraries contain 2.4 × 107 and 6.8 × 107 antibody clones, respectively. An increase in the titers of eluted phage indicated anti-TS clones remarkably enriched after 2nd panning. The analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of selected scFv clones indicated that seven groups of short linkers and four groups of long linkers were identified. The recombinant scFvs showed significant reactivity to TS venom proteins and a cross-reaction to Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom proteins. In in vivo studies, the data demonstrated that anti-TS IgY provided 100% protective effects while combined scFvs augmented partial survival time of mice injected with a lethal amount of TS proteins. CONCLUSION Chickens were excellent hosts for the production of neutralization antibodies at low cost. Phage display technology is available for generation of monoclonal antibodies against snake venom proteins. These antibodies could be applied in the development of diagnostic kits or as an alternative for snakebite envenomation treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsin Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jye Leu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Liao-Chun Chiang
- College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Sheng Hung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yuan Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory of Antibody Generation and Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Comparative proteomes, immunoreactivities and neutralization of procoagulant activities of Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper) venoms from four regions in Southeast Asia. Toxicon 2019; 169:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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O'Hara EP, Caldwell GS, Bythell J. Equistatin and equinatoxin gene expression is influenced by environmental temperature in the sea anemone Actinia equina. Toxicon 2018; 153:12-16. [PMID: 30144458 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the gene expression levels of equinatoxin and equistatin in the sea anemone Actinia equina, when reared at varying environmental temperatures for five months. Both genes were significantly downregulated at 10 °C compared to 16 °C but showed no significant change at 22 °C. This provides the first evidence of an effect of temperature on gene expression, but with no effect of increasing temperatures such as those predicted due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P O'Hara
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom. e.p.o'
| | - Gary S Caldwell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - John Bythell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Tracing the evolution of venom phospholipases A 2 in Gloydius strauchii and related pitvipers: A tale of two acidic isozymes. Toxicon 2017; 141:65-72. [PMID: 29191388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two acidic Asp49-PLA2s with Glu6 substitution and a neutral Lys49-PLA (designated Gst-K49) were cloned from G. strauchii venom glands, their full amino acid sequences were deduced. The predominant acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6a) contains 124 residues and the M18W30 substitutions, while the minor acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6b) contains 122 residues and the V18A30 substitutions. Their sequences are most similar to those of the respective orthologous PLA2s of G. intermedius venom. Gst-E6a and Gst-E6b appear to be paralogs and possibly have different predatory targets or functions. The LC-MS/MS results indicate the presence of only three PLA2 gene products in the crude venom, the relative expression levels were in the order of Gst-E6a ≫ Gst-E6b > Gst-K49, as confirmed by qPCR results. In contrast to other Gloydius, G. strauchii venom does not contain neurotoxic or basic anticoagulant Asp49-PLA2s, but Gst-K49 is the first Lys49-PLA2 identified in Gloydius venoms. However, its venom content is relatively low and its pI value 7.3 is much lower than those of other Lys49-PLA2s and. The Lys49-PLA2 genes appear to regress in the venom of most of Gloydius and related rattlesnake, and this evolutionary regression occurred before the dispersal of Asian pitvipers to the New World.
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7
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Snake venomics and antivenomics of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Viridovipera stejnegeri from Taiwan: Keys to understand the variable immune response in horses. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5628-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gibbs HL, Sanz L, Chiucchi JE, Farrell TM, Calvete JJ. Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri). J Proteomics 2011; 74:2169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Wang YM, Parmelee J, Guo YW, Tsai IH. Absence of phospholipase A(2) in most Crotalus horridus venom due to translation blockage: comparison with Crotalus horridus atricaudatus venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:93-100. [PMID: 20347857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the peculiar absence of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) in most Crotalus horridus (CH) venom, we cloned and sequenced the venom PLA(2)s of three CH specimens from different regions. The results revealed that all the venom glands contained mRNAs that encoded an acidic PLA(2) (designated as either CH-E6 or CH-E6'). The predicted CH-E6 from the Iowan CH and CH-E6' from the South Carolinian CH differed by only one amino acid residue, while the PLA(2) cDNA cloned from the Kentuckian CH contained an early stop codon instead of a Tyr(22) codon. Only the individual South Carolinian CH venom was found to contain the CH-E6' protein whose mass was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. Our results suggest that low PLA(2) expression levels in most CH venom can be attributed to translation blockage. We also purified two acidic PLA(2)s and canebrake toxin from the pooled venom of Crotalus horridus atricaudatus (neurotoxic CH subspecies). One of the acidic PLA(2)s was identical to CH-E6 and showed high lipolytic activity and weak anti-platelet activities. The possibility that C. h. atricaudatus could be a hybrid between CH and Crotalus scutulatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ming Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gibbs HL, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Snake Population Venomics: Proteomics-Based Analyses of Individual Variation Reveals Significant Gene Regulation Effects on Venom Protein Expression in Sistrurus Rattlesnakes. J Mol Evol 2009; 68:113-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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CHANG LONGSEN. GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SNAKE VENOM THREE-FINGER PROTEINS AND PHOSPHOLIPASE A2ENZYMES. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540701209716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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TSAI INNHO. REVISED SYSTEMATICS OF TAIWANESE VIPERID SNAKES AND THE CORRELATION TO VENOM DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200046396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Bonfim VL, Ponce-Soto LA, Novello JC, Marangoni S. Structural and Functional Properties of Cr 5, a New Lys49 Phospholipase A2 Homologue Isolated from the Venom of the Snake Calloselasma rhodostoma. Protein J 2006; 25:492-502. [PMID: 17123155 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cr 5 PLA(2) homologous (K49) was isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom in only one chromatographic step in reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) (on mu-Bondapack C-18). A molecular mass of 13.965 Da was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The amino acid composition showed that Cr 5 had a high content of Lys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and 14 half-Cys residues, typical residues of a basic PLA(2). The complete amino acid sequence of Cr 5 PLA(2) contains 120 residues, resulting in a calculated pI value of 5.55. This sequence shows high identity values when compared to other K49 PLA(2)s isolated from the venoms of viperid snakes. Lower identity is observed in comparison to D49 PLA(2)s. The sequence found was SLVELGKMIL QETGKNPAKS YGAYGCNCGV LGRHKPKDAT DRCCFVHKCC YKKLTGCDPK KDRYSYSWKD KTIVCGENNP CLKEMCECDK AVAICLRENL DTYNKKYRYL KPFCKKADDC. In mice, Cr 5 induced myonecrosis and edema upon intramuscular and intravenous injections, respectively. The LD(50) of Cr 5 was 0.070 mg/kg of the animal weight, by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. In vitro, the toxin caused rapid cytolytic effect upon mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture. The isolation of this PLA(2) and the combined structural and functional information obtained classify Cr 5 as a new member of the K49 PLA(2) family, since it presents typical features from such proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Bonfim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Wei JF, Li T, Wei XL, Sun QY, Yang FM, Chen QY, Wang WY, Xiong YL, He SH. Purification, characterization and cytokine release function of a novel Arg-49 phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus. Biochimie 2006; 88:1331-42. [PMID: 16793192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are major components in Viperidae/Crotalidae venom. In the present study, a novel PLA(2) named promutoxin with Arg at the site 49 has been purified from the venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by chromatography. It consists of 122 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 13,656 Da assessed by MALDI-TOF. It has the structural features of snake venom group IIA PLA(2)s, but has no PLA(2) enzymatic activity. Promutoxin shows higher amino acid sequence identity to the K49 PLA(2)s (72-95%) than to D49 PLA(2)s (52-58%). Promutoxin exhibits potent myotoxicity in the animal model with as little as 1 microg of promutoxin causing myonecrosis and myoedema in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Promutoxin is also able to stimulate the release of IL-12, TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta from human monocytes, and induce IL-2, TNFalpha and IL-6 release from T cells, indicating that this snake venom group IIA PLA(2) is actively involved in the inflammatory process in man caused by snake venom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fu Wei
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road 11, 515031 Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Shashidharamurthy R, Kemparaju K. A neurotoxic phospholipase A2 variant: Isolation and characterization from eastern regional Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom. Toxicon 2006; 47:727-33. [PMID: 16574178 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography profile of Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom from eastern region showed a distinct and a dominant phospholipase peak, peak-10, while it was not seen in either southern or western venom samples. Peak-10 was subjected to CM-Sephadex C-25 and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography to isolate NN-X-PLA(2). NN-X-PLA(2) is a single chain protein with the relative molecular weight of 10kDa by SDS-PAGE. It was toxic to mice with an LD(50) value 0.098 mg/kg body weight (i.p.) and the mice exhibited acute neurotoxic symptoms. Upon indirect stimulation, it inhibited the twitching of frog's gastrocnemius muscle in a dose dependent manner. NN-X-PLA(2) was weakly anticoagulant and devoid of cytotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemorrhage, edema inducing, and directlytic activities and effects on platelet aggregation process. Upon chemical modification independently with p-bromophenacyl bromide and acetic anhydride, NN-X-PLA(2) lost both enzymatic and toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shashidharamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mnasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
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Wei JF, Wei XL, Chen QY, Huang T, Qiao LY, Wang WY, Xiong YL, He SH. N49 phospholipase A2, a unique subgroup of snake venom group II phospholipase A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1760:462-71. [PMID: 16413680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with Asn at its site 49 was purified from the snake venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by using SP-Sephadex C25, Superdex 75, Heparin-Sepharose (FF) and HPLC reverse-phage C18 chromatography and designated as TM-N49. It showed a molecular mass of 13.875 kDa on MALDI-TOF. TM-N49 does not possess enzymatic, hemolytic and hemorrhagic activities. It fails to induce platelet aggregation by itself, and does not inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. However, it exhibits potent myotoxic activity causing inflammatory cell infiltration, severe myoedema, myonecrosis and myolysis in the gastrocnemius muscles of BALB/c mice. Phylogenetic analysis found that that TM-N49 combined with two phospholipase A2s from Trimeresurus stejnegeri, TsR6 and CTs-R6 cluster into one group. Structural and functional analysis indicated that these phospholipase A2s are distinct from the other subgroups (D49 PLA2, S49 PLA2 and K49 PLA2) and represent a unique subgroup of snake venom group II PLA2, named N49 PLA2 subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fu Wei
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, the Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515031, China
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Tsai IH, Chen YH, Wang YM. Comparative proteomics and subtyping of venom phospholipases A2 and disintegrins of Protobothrops pit vipers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1702:111-9. [PMID: 15450855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the venom diversity and systematics of pit vipers under the genus Protobothrops, the venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) of P. mangshanensis, P. elegans and P. tokarensis were purified and characterized for the first time. The results were compared with the corresponding venom data of other co-generic species including P. mucrosquamatus, P. flavoviridis and P. jerdonii. Based on sequence features at the N-terminal regions, we identified five PLA2 subtypes, i.e., the Asp49-PLA2s with N6, E6 or R6 substitution and the Lys49-PLA2. However, not all subtypes were expressed in each of the species. Venom N6-PLA2s from P. mangshanensis and P. tokarensis venom were weakly neurotoxic toward chick biventer cervicis tissue preparations. The venoms of P. tokarensis and P. flavoviridis contained identical PLA2 isoforms. In most Protobothrop disintegrins, sequences flanking the RGD-motif are conserved. Phylogenetic analyses based on amino acid sequences of both families of the acidic PLA2s and the disintegrins clarify that these species could belong to a monophyletic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tsai IH, Wang YM, Chen YH, Tsai TS, Tu MC. Venom phospholipases A2 of bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri): molecular characterization, geographic variations and evidence of multiple ancestries. Biochem J 2004; 377:215-23. [PMID: 12959640 PMCID: PMC1223832 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 09/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) were purified from the Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom obtained from various localities in Taiwan and three provinces in China, by gel filtration followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The precise molecular mass and N-terminal sequence of each PLA2 were determined. In addition to the six previously documented PLA2 isoforms of this species, we identified ten novel isoforms. The venom gland cDNAs of individual specimens of the viper from four localities were used for PCR and subsequent cloning of the PLA2s. The molecular masses and partial sequences of most of the purified PLA2s matched with those deduced from a total of 13 distinct cDNA sequences of these clones. Besides the commonly known Asp49 or Lys-49 PLA2s of crotalid venoms, a novel type of PLA2 with Asn-49 substitution at the Ca2+-binding site was discovered. This type of PLA2 is non-catalytic, but may cause local oedema and appears to be a venom marker of many tree vipers. In particular, we showed that T. stejnegeri displayed high geographic variations of the PLA2s within and between their Taiwanese and Chinese populations, which can be explained by geological isolation and prey ecology. A phylogenetic tree of the acidic venom PLA2s of this species and other related Asian vipers reveals that T. stejnegeri contains venom genes related to those from several sympatric pit vipers, including the genera Tropedolaemus and Gloydius besides the Trimeresurus itself. Taken together, these findings may explain the exceptionally high variations in the venom as well as the evolutionary advantage of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei 107, Taiwan.
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Tsai I, Wang Y, Chen Y. Variations of Phospholipases A2in the Geographic Venom Samples of Pitvipers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120026919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tsai IH, Wang YM, Chen YH, Tu AT. Geographic variations, cloning, and functional analyses of the venom acidic phospholipases A2 of Crotalus viridis viridis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 411:289-96. [PMID: 12623078 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Geographic venom samples of Crotalus viridis viridis were obtained from South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. From these samples, the phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) were purified and their N-terminal sequences, precise masses, and in vitro enzymatic activities were determined. We purified two to four distinct acidic PLA(2)s from each sample; some of them displayed different inhibition specificities toward mammalian platelets. One of the acidic PLA(2)s induced edema, but had no anti-platelet activity. There was also a common basic PLA(2) myotoxin in all the samples. We have cloned five acidic PLA(2)s and several hybrid-like nonexpressing PLA(2)s. Molecular masses and N-terminal sequences of the purified PLA(2)s were matched with those deduced from the cDNA sequences, and the complete amino acid sequences of five novel acidic PLA(2)s were thus solved. They share 78% or greater sequence identity, and a cladogram based on the sequences of many venom acidic PLA(2)s of New World pit vipers revealed at least two subtypes. The results contribute to a better understanding of the ecogenetic adaptation of rattlesnakes and the structure-activity relationships and evolution of the acidic PLA(2)s in pit viper venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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