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Jin S, Li Z, Yang Q, Fang B, Xiang X, Peng C, Cai W. Simultaneous Characterization and Determination of Warfarin and Its Hydroxylation Metabolites in Rat Plasma by Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061141. [PMID: 35745714 PMCID: PMC9228315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Warfarin is extensively used for venous thromboembolism and other coagulopathies. In clinical settings, warfarin is administered as a mixture of S- and R-warfarin, and both enantiomers are metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes into many hydroxylation metabolites. Due to the high degree of structural similarity of hydroxylation metabolites, their profile possesses significant challenges. The previous methods generally suffer from lacking baseline resolution and/or involving complex analysis processes. To overcome this limitation, a sensitive and specific chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously identify warfarin and hydroxywarfarins enantiomers. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a HYPERSIL CHIRAL-OT column. The mass spectrometric detection was carried out in negative ion MRM mode with electrospray ionization source. The optimized method exhibited satisfactory within-run and between-run accuracy and precision with lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10.0 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL for warfarin and 7-, 10(R)-OH-warfarin enantiomers, respectively. Linear responses of warfarin enantiomers and 7-, and 10(R)-OH-warfarin enantiomers in rat plasma were observed over the range of 10.0–8000 ng/mL, and 1.00–800 ng/mL, respectively. The analytes were shown to be stable in various experimental conditions in rat plasma. Protein precipitation was used in sample preparation without a matrix effect. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study for quantitating the concentrations of S/R-warfarin, S/R-7-OH-warfarin, and S/R-10(R)-OH-warfarin and relatively quantitating 3′-, 4-, 6-, and 8-OH warfarin enantiomers in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.J.); (Q.Y.); (B.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Zhihong Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.J.); (Q.Y.); (B.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Boyu Fang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.J.); (Q.Y.); (B.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.J.); (Q.Y.); (B.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-21-2077-8068 (C.P.); +86-21-5198-0023 (W.C.)
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; (S.J.); (Q.Y.); (B.F.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-21-2077-8068 (C.P.); +86-21-5198-0023 (W.C.)
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Jafari Z, Reza Hadjmohammadi M. Enhancing enrichment ability of Co-Al- layered double hydroxides-mixed matrix membrane microextraction by deep eutectic solvent for analysis of warfarin in biological samples and its quantification via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Case Study 4: Application of Basic Enzyme Kinetics to Metabolism Studies-Real-Life Examples. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:665-684. [PMID: 34272711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An appreciation of enzyme kinetic principles can be applied in a number of drug metabolism applications. The concept for this chapter arose from a simple discussion on selecting appropriate time points to most efficiently assess metabolite profiles in a human Phase 1a clinical study (Subheading 4). By considering enzyme kinetics, a logical approach to the issue was derived. The dialog was an important learning opportunity for the participants in the discussion, and we have endeavored to capture this experience with other questions related to determination of Km and Vmax parameters, a consideration of the value of hepatocytes vs. liver microsomes, and enzyme inhibition parameters.
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Simultaneous determination of warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin in rat plasma by HPLC-FLD. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2020; 70:343-357. [PMID: 32074068 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) has been used for the first time, for direct determination of warfarin and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxywarfarin, in rat plasma. The simple and sensitive method was developed using Fortis® reversed-phase diphenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) and a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer (25 mmol L-1)/methanol/acetonitrile (70:20:10, V/V/V), adjusted to pH 7.4, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1. The diphenyl chemistry of the stationary phase provided a unique selectivity for separating the structurally related aromatic analytes, warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin, allowing their successful quantification in the complex plasma matrix. The method was linear over the range 0.01-25 μg mL-1, for warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin, and was found to be accurate, precise and selective in accordance with US FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation. The method was sensitive enough to quantify 0.01 μg mL-1 of warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin (LLOQ) using only 100 μL of plasma. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by analyzing samples obtained from rats after oral administration of a single warfarin dose, and studying warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin pharmacokinetics.
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Majidi SM, Hadjmohammadi MR. Hydrophobic borneol-based natural deep eutectic solvents as a green extraction media for air-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction of warfarin in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461030. [PMID: 32192705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new generation of water-immiscible natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was synthesized using borneol as a hydrogen-bonding acceptor and decanoic acid, oleic acid, and thymol as a hydrogen-bonding donor in different molar ratios. These green hydrophobic solvents which are chemically stable in aqueous solutions were used as extraction solvents for isolation and pre-concentration of warfarin in biological samples. In this method, fine droplets of DESs were dispersed into the sample solution by using the air-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction method to accelerate the cloudy emulsion system formation and increase the mass transfer of the analyte to the DES-rich phase. The borneol based deep eutectic solvent is a worthy generation of the extraction solvents in the ALLME method due to low-cost and less toxicity. A Plackett-Burman design was utilized for screening the experimental parameters. The effective parameters were then optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD). Optimized extraction conditions were pH of sample solution of 3.9, number of aspiration/dispersion cycles of 15, the volume of DES of 60 μL, and rate and time of centrifuge of 6000 rpm and 10 min, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the developed NADES-ALLME method exhibited a wide linear range of 5-500 µg L - 1 for plasma and urine samples with satisfactory recoveries above 88.80%. Limit of detections (LODs) and Limit of quantifications (LOQs) of warfarin were in the ranges of 0.5-2.7 and 1.65-8.91, respectively. The enrichment factors were obtained in the range of 148-164 and precisions were lower than 5.87%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully employed for the analysis of warfarin in human urine and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maedeh Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayiiboulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hadjmohammadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayiiboulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran.
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Ranjbar bandforuzi S, Hadjmohammadi MR. Solvent bar microextraction using a reverse micelle containing extraction phase for the determination of warfarin from human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qayyum A, Najmi MH, Mansoor Q, Farooqi ZUR, Naveed AK, Hanif A, Kazmi SAR, Ismail M. Frequency of Common CYP2C9 Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Warfarin Dose Requirement in Pakistani Population. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 23:800-806. [PMID: 27313202 DOI: 10.1177/1076029616654264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 (CYP2C9) gene result in interindividual variability in warfarin dose requirement. There is a need for characterization of genotype frequency distribution in different populations for construction of customized dosing algorithms to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of warfarin therapy. This study was carried out in Pakistani population to evaluate the contribution of common CYP2C9 polymorphisms to warfarin therapy. A total of 550 stable patients taking warfarin were enrolled after medical history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations. Single blood sample was collected after informed consent. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genotype analysis for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. A number of samples were also analyzed by direct DNA sequencing for validation of the results. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Genotype frequency distribution of CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 was found to be different from other populations. Of these 2 polymorphisms, CYP2C9*2 did not demonstrate significant effect on warfarin dose requirement, whereas CYP2C9*3 did show significant effect ( P value = .012). It is concluded that there is a need to study genotype frequency distribution and their effect on warfarin dose variability among different populations due to diversity in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Qayyum
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Fazaia Medical College, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Hasan Najmi
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Mansoor
- 3 Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia-Ur-Rehman Farooqi
- 4 Department of Medical Technology, ShifaTameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Khaliq Naveed
- 5 Department of Biochemistry, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Hanif
- 3 Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ismail
- 3 Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Peyrovi M, Hadjmohammadi M. Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of warfarin from human plasma and urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1623-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moazameh Peyrovi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Mazandran; Niroo-Havayii Boulevard 47416-95447 Babolsar Iran
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Gholivand MB, Torkashvand M, yavari E. Electrooxidation behavior of warfarin in Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and its determination in real samples. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction of warfarin from biological samples and its determination using HPLC. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Case study 3. Application of basic enzyme kinetics to metabolism studies: real-life examples. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 24523124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
An appreciation of the principles of enzyme kinetics can be applied in a number of drug metabolism applications. The concept for this chapter arose from a simple discussion on selecting appropriate time points to most efficiently assess metabolite profiles in a human Phase 1a clinical study (Subheading 4). By considering enzyme kinetics, a logical approach to the issue was derived. The dialog was an important learning opportunity for the participants in the discussion, and we have endeavored to capture this experience with other questions related to determination of K m and V max parameters, a consideration of the value of hepatocytes versus liver microsomes and enzyme inhibition parameters.
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Choi KY, Jung EO, Yun H, Yang YH, Kazlauskas RJ, Kim BG. Development of colorimetric HTS assay of cytochrome p450 for ortho-specific hydroxylation, and engineering of CYP102D1 with enhanced catalytic activity and regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1231-8. [PMID: 23780920 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A current challenge in high-throughput screening (HTS) of hydroxylation reactions by P450 is a fast and sensitive assay for regioselective hydroxylation against millions of mutants. We have developed a solid-agar plate-based HTS assay for screening ortho-specific hydroxylation of daidzein by sensing formaldehyde generated from the O-dealkylation reaction. This method adopts a colorimetric dye, pararosaniline, which has previously been used as an aldehyde-specific probe within cells. The rationale for this method lies in the fact that the hydroxylation activity at ortho-carbon position to COH correlates with a linear relationship to O-dealkylation activity on chemically introduced methoxy group at the corresponding COH. As a model system, a 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) hydroxylase (CYP102D1 F96V/M246I), which catalyzes hydroxylation at ortho positions of the daidzein A/B-ring, was examined for O-dealklyation activity, by using permethylated daidzein as a surrogate substrate. By using the developed indirect bishydroxylation screening assay, the correlation coefficient between O-dealkylation and bishydroxylation activity for the template enzyme was 0.72. For further application of this assay, saturation mutants at A273/G274/T277 were examined by mutant screening with a permethylated daidzein analogue substrate (A-ring inactivated in order to find enhanced 3'-regioselectiviy). The whole-cell biotransformation of daidzein by final screened mutant G1 (A273H/G274E/T277G) showed fourfold increased conversion yield, with 14.3 mg L(-1) production titer and greatly increased 3'-regioselectiviy (3'/6=11.8). These results show that there is a remarkably high correlation (both in vitro and in vivo), thus suggesting that this assay would be ideal for a primary HTS assay for P450 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, 151-742 Seoul, South Korea
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Development of a chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous analysis of warfarin and hydroxywarfarin metabolites: application to the analysis of patients serum samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1271:207-16. [PMID: 23246089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of warfarin (WAR) along with the five positional and optical isomers is challenging because of the difficulty to simultaneously separate and quantitate these chiral compounds. Currently, no effective chiral CE-MS methods exist for the simultaneous enantioseparation of WAR and all its hydroxylated metabolites in a single run. Polymeric surfactants (aka. molecular micelles) are particularly compatible with micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) because they have a wider elution window for enantioseparation and do not interfere with the MS detection of chiral drugs. Using polysodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylvalinate (poly-L,L-SULV) as a chiral pseudophase in MEKC-MS baseline separation of WAR, its five metabolites along with the internal standard was obtained in 45 min. This is in comparison to 100 min required for separation of the same mixture with packed column CEC-MS using a vancomycin chiral stationary phase. Serum samples were extracted with mixed-mode anion-exchange (MAX) cartridge with recoveries of greater than 85.2% for all WAR and hydroxywarfarin (OH-WAR) metabolites. Utilizing the tandem MS and multiple reaction monitoring mode, the MEKC-MS/MS method was used to simultaneously generate calibration curves over a concentration range from 2 to 5000 ng/mL for R- and S-warfarin, 5 to 1000 ng/mL for R- and S-6-, 7-, 8- and 10-OH-WAR and 10 to 1000 ng/mL for R and S-4'-OH-WAR. For the first time, the limits of detection and quantitation for most WAR metabolites by MEKC-MS/MS were found to be at levels of 2 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the first time to analyze WAR and its metabolites in plasma samples of 55 patients undergoing WAR therapy, demonstrating the potential of chiral MEKC-MS/MS method to accurately quantitate with high sensitivity.
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Hadjmohammadi M, Ghambari H. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of warfarin from human plasma and its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jones DR, Miller GP. Assays and applications in warfarin metabolism: what we know, how we know it and what we need to know. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:857-74. [PMID: 21480820 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.576247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) is the most widely prescribed oral anticoagulant in the world; nevertheless, its clinical use is complicated by unpredictability in dose requirements to achieve and maintain optimal anticoagulation. Variations in warfarin metabolism among patients contribute to unpredictability in therapeutic responses. Studying the clinical relevance of warfarin metabolism poses a significant analytical challenge. Warfarin is given to patients as an equal mixture of R and S enantiomers. Both drugs undergo extensive metabolism through different pathways to generate > 20 structurally similar isomeric metabolites. AREAS COVERED The article discusses how analytical methods have evolved to effectively resolve and quantify individual metabolites. The authors also discuss how the application of these methods has identified clinically relevant metabolic pathways for warfarin and fostered the investigation of clinical biomarkers for patient responses to therapy. The article additionally presents the power of these methods and how aspects of warfarin metabolism have led to the use of warfarin as a phenotyping probe for multiple drug metabolizing enzymes. EXPERT OPINION Progress in these areas has been hampered by shortcomings in analytical methods and a narrow focus on one metabolic pathway. Recent advances in liquid chromatographic-mass spectral methods can rapidly analyze most warfarin metabolites. It is now possible to effectively assess alternate metabolic pathways and expand biomarker analyses for clinical and phenotyping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 516, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Simultaneous measurement of S-warfarin, R-warfarin, S-7-hydroxywarfarin and R-7-hydroxywarfarin in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:305-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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New high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of (R)-warfarin and (S)-warfarin using chiral separation on a glycopeptide-based stationary phase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3226-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Indirect determination of the microsomal oxidase activity of hepatocytes and the effect of ximedone on this activity during streptococcal angina. Pharm Chem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-009-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brown CM, Reisfeld B, Mayeno AN. Cytochromes P450: A Structure-Based Summary of Biotransformations Using Representative Substrates. Drug Metab Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530701836662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang ZY, King BM, Pelletier RD, Wong YN. Delineation of the interactions between the chemotherapeutic agent eribulin mesylate (E7389) and human CYP3A4. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:707-16. [PMID: 18431572 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eribulin mesylate (E7389), a structurally simplified, synthetic analog of the marine natural product halichondrin B, acts by inhibiting microtubule dynamics via mechanisms distinct from those of other tubulin-targeted agents. Eribulin is currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Since drug-induced modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, is a frequent cause of drug-drug interactions, we examined the effects of eribulin on the activity and expression of hepatic and recombinant CYP3A4 (rCYP3A4) in vitro. METHODS Identification of the enzyme(s) responsible for eribulin metabolism was based on compound depletion and metabolite formation in reaction mixtures containing subcellular liver fractions or primary human hepatocytes, plus recombinant Phases I and II metabolic enzymes. The role of the enzyme(s) identified was confirmed using enzyme-selective inhibitors and the correlation with prototypic enzyme activity. The effect of eribulin on enzymatic activity was characterized using both microsomal preparations and recombinant enzymes, while the possible modulation of protein expression was evaluated in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. RESULTS Eribulin was primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, resulting in the formation of at least four monooxygenated metabolites. In human liver microsomal preparations, eribulin suppressed the activities of CYP3A4-mediated testosterone and midazolam hydroxylation with an apparent K (i) of approximately 20 microM. Eribulin competitively inhibited the testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, nifedipine dehydration, and R-warfarin 10-hydroxylation activities of rCYP3A4, with an average apparent K (i) of approximately 10 microM. These inhibitions were reversible, with no apparent mechanism-based inactivation. Eribulin did not induce the expression or activities of CYP1A and CYP3A enzymes in human primary hepatocytes, and clinically relevant concentrations of eribulin did not inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of various therapeutic agents, including carbamazepine, diazepam, paclitaxel, midazolam, tamoxifen, or terfenadine. CONCLUSIONS Eribulin was predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4. Although eribulin competitively inhibited the testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, nifedipine dehydration, and R-warfarin 10-hydroxylation activities of rCYP3A4, it did not induce or inhibit hepatic CYP3A4 activity at clinically relevant concentrations. As eribulin does not appear to affect the metabolism of other therapeutic agents by CYP3A4, our data suggest that eribulin would not be expected to inhibit the metabolism of concurrently administered drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4, suggesting a minimal risk of drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Zhang
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eisai Research Institute, 4 Corporate Drive, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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Kuroda Y, Saito M, Sakai H, Yamaoka T. Rapid Characterization of Drug-drug Interaction in Plasma Protein Binding using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 23:120-7. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.23.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jin M, Chen X, Chen H. Determination of Warfarin and Coumatetralyl in Serum by HPLC Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600923043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi‐cong Jin
- a Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐hong Chen
- a Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Heng‐ping Chen
- a Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, P. R. China
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Guo Y, Weller P, Farrell E, Cheung P, Fitch B, Clark D, Wu SY, Wang J, Liao G, Zhang Z, Allard J, Cheng J, Nguyen A, Jiang S, Shafer S, Usuka J, Masjedizadeh M, Peltz G. In silico pharmacogenetics of warfarin metabolism. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:531-6. [PMID: 16680137 PMCID: PMC1459533 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic approaches can be instrumental for predicting individual differences in response to a therapeutic intervention. Here we used a recently developed murine haplotype-based computational method to identify a genetic factor regulating the metabolism of warfarin, a commonly prescribed anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and a large variation in individual dosing. After quantification of warfarin and nine of its metabolites in plasma from 13 inbred mouse strains, we correlated strain-specific differences in 7-hydroxywarfarin accumulation with genetic variation within a chromosomal region encoding cytochrome P450 2C (Cyp2c) enzymes. This computational prediction was experimentally confirmed by showing that the rate-limiting step in biotransformation of warfarin to its 7-hydroxylated metabolite was inhibited by tolbutamide, a Cyp2c isoform-specific substrate, and that this transformation was mediated by expressed recombinant Cyp2c29. We show that genetic variants responsible for interindividual pharmacokinetic differences in drug metabolism can be identified by computational genetic analysis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shao-yong Wu
- Chemical Services, Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve Shafer
- Stanford University Department of Anesthesiology, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Gary Peltz
- Departments of Genetics and Genomics
- Correspondence to: Gary Peltz, M.D., Ph.D. , Roche Palo Alto S3-1, 3431 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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24
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Zhang ZY, Pelletier RD, Wong YN, Sugawara M, Zhao N, Littlefield BA. Preferential inducibility of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by TCDD: Differential regulation in primary human hepatocytes versus transformed human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:399-407. [PMID: 16426572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) induction, a marker of aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor activation, has been associated with carcinogenicity of the environmental agent 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Consistently, we show that TCDD treatment led to induction of CYP1A1 in responsive human cancer cell lines including HepG2, LS174T, and MCF-7, as determined by Western blotting and CYP1A form-selective R-warfarin 6- and 8-hydroxylation. TCDD, however, preferably induced CYP1A2, not CYP1A1, in primary human hepatocytes. Such CYP1A form-preferred induction at the protein level was apparently uncorrelated with non-preferred mRNA induction in any cells studied. Moreover, while both genes were up-regulated by TCDD in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 at the mRNA level was distinguishable, indicated by the marked differences in activation kinetics and the response to the protein synthesis inhibitors, anisomycin and cycloheximide. Furthermore, formation of total benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-DNA adducts was not altered following BaP exposure in TCDD-treated primary hepatocytes, whereas significantly elevated, in a CYP1A1-dependent manner, in the treated HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings, demonstrating the complexities of TCDD-associated human Ah receptor function and differential regulations of CYP 1A enzymes, suggest clearly the need for caution when extrapolating data obtained in cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Zhang
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eisai Research Institute, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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25
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Jin MC, Chen XH. Rapid determination of three anticoagulant rodenticides in whole blood by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2741-6. [PMID: 16921552 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood using warfarin as internal standard (IS) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) has been developed and validated. The target compounds were extracted from the whole blood with ethyl acetate and separated on an XDB C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d. x 5 microm) by using a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% acetic acid/methanol (12/88, v/v) at a constant flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. The analytes were detected using negative ESI-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The molecular ions [M-H]- of m/z 527, 541,523 and 307 were selected for the quantification for bromadiolone, flocoumafen, brodifacoum and the IS, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.995) in the concentration range of 0.50-100.00 ng/mL. The method showed a satisfactory sensitivity (0.05-0.5 ng/mL using 200 microL blood), precision (RSD < 11.9%), accuracy (recovery: 82.0-96.1%) and selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the determination of the analytes for the diagnoses of poisoned human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Cong Jin
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo 315010, China.
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26
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Locatelli I, Kmetec V, Mrhar A, Grabnar I. Determination of warfarin enantiomers and hydroxylated metabolites in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography with achiral and chiral separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 818:191-8. [PMID: 15734158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An assay comprising two simple, selective and isocratic HPLC methods with UV detection was developed and validated for measuring warfarin enantiomers and all five warfarin monohydroxylated metabolites in patient blood plasma. Following liquid/liquid extraction from 1 ml of blood plasma a baseline separation of analytes was achieved on chiral (alpha(1) acid glycoprotein - AGP) and achiral (C(18)) column. Both methods were consistent (R.S.D.<6.9% for warfarin enantiomers and<8.9% for monohydroxylated metabolites) and linear (r>0.998). The limits of detection were 25 ng/ml for warfarin enantiomers, 25 ng/ml for 4'-, 10-, 6- and 7-hydroxywarfarin, 35 ng/ml for 8-hydroxywarfarin and 50 ng/ml for racemic warfarin. In a clinical study in 204 patients, it was confirmed that the assay is appropriate for evaluation of influences of genetic polymorphisms, demographic factors and concomitant drug treatment on warfarin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Locatelli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Ufer M, Kammerer B, Kirchheiner J, Rane A, Svensson JO. Determination of phenprocoumon, warfarin and their monohydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:217-26. [PMID: 15315768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method for the quantification of phenprocoumon, warfarin, and their known monohydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine was developed using a simple, selective solid-phase extraction scheme. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Luna C18 column and step gradient elution resulted in a total run time of about 13 min. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were < or = 40 nM for the parent compounds and < or = 25 nM for the metabolites and the limit of detection (LOD) was < or = 2.5 nM for all analytes. Average recovery was 84% (+/- 3.7) and 74% (+/- 13.2) in plasma and urine, respectively. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were < or = 8.6 and < or = 10.6% in plasma and urine, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of phenprocoumon samples from four healthy volunteers and should prove useful for future comparative studies of warfarin and phenprocoumon pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Ufer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Weaver R, Graham KS, Beattie IG, Riley RJ. Cytochrome P450 inhibition using recombinant proteins and mass spectrometry/multiple reaction monitoring technology in a cassette incubation. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:955-66. [PMID: 12814974 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.7.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition profiles are now required for the registration of novel molecular entities. This method uses combined substrates (phenacetin, diclofenac, S-mephenytoin, bufuralol, and midazolam) with combined recombinant P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) in an attempt to limit interactions with other more minor P450s and associated reductases. Kinetic analysis of single substrate with single P450 (sP450) yielded apparent Km values of 25, 2, 20, 9, and 3 microM, for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4, respectively. Combined substrates with combined P450s (cP450) yielded apparent Km values of 65, 4, 19, 7, and 2 microM. Selectivity of the substrates for each P450 isoform was checked. Phenacetin proved to be the least selective substrate. However, the ratio of the various P450s was modified in the final assay such that metabolism of phenacetin by other enzymes was approximately 20% of the metabolism by CYP1A2. IC50 determinations with alpha-naphthoflavone (0.04 microM), sulfaphenazole (0.26 microM), tranylcypromine (9 microM), quinidine (0.02 microM), and ketoconazole (0.01 microM) were similar for sP450 and cP450 enzymes. The assay was further evaluated with 11 literature compounds and 52 in-house new chemical entities, and the data compared with radiometric/fluorescent values. The overall protein level of the assay was reduced from the original starting point, as this led to some artificially high IC50 measurements when compared with existing lower protein assays (radiometric/fluorometric). This method offers high throughput P450 inhibition profiling with potential advantages over current radiometric or fluorometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weaver
- Physical & Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough UK LE11 5RH.
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29
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:234-240. [PMID: 11857770 DOI: 10.1002/jms.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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