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Dougherty LR, Rovenolt F, Luyet A, Jokela J, Stephenson JF. Ornaments indicate parasite load only if they are dynamic or parasites are contagious. Evol Lett 2023; 7:176-190. [PMID: 37251584 PMCID: PMC10210455 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Choosing to mate with an infected partner has several potential fitness costs, including disease transmission and infection-induced reductions in fecundity and parental care. By instead choosing a mate with no, or few, parasites, animals avoid these costs and may also obtain resistance genes for offspring. Within a population, then, the quality of sexually selected ornaments on which mate choice is based should correlate negatively with the number of parasites with which a host is infected ("parasite load"). However, the hundreds of tests of this prediction yield positive, negative, or no correlation between parasite load and ornament quality. Here, we use phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis of 424 correlations from 142 studies on a wide range of host and parasite taxa to evaluate explanations for this ambiguity. We found that ornament quality is weakly negatively correlated with parasite load overall, but the relationship is more strongly negative among ornaments that can dynamically change in quality, such as behavioral displays and skin pigmentation, and thus can accurately reflect current parasite load. The relationship was also more strongly negative among parasites that can transmit during sex. Thus, the direct benefit of avoiding parasite transmission may be a key driver of parasite-mediated sexual selection. No other moderators, including methodological details and whether males exhibit parental care, explained the substantial heterogeneity in our data set. We hope to stimulate research that more inclusively considers the many and varied ways in which parasites, sexual selection, and epidemiology intersect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R Dougherty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Faith Rovenolt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexia Luyet
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica F Stephenson
- Corresponding author: University of Pittsburgh Department of Biological Sciences, Clapp Hall, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
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2
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Galvez JR, St John ME, McLean K, Touokong CD, Gonwouo LN, Martin CH. Trophic specialization on unique resources despite limited niche divergence in a celebrated example of sympatric speciation. ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH 2022; 31:675-692. [PMID: 36211622 PMCID: PMC9542214 DOI: 10.1111/eff.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trophic niche partitioning is observed in many adaptive radiations and is hypothesized to be a central process underlying species divergence. However, patterns of dietary niche partitioning are inconsistent across radiations and there are few studies of niche partitioning in putative examples of sympatric speciation. Here, we conducted the first quantitative study of dietary niche partitioning using stomach contents and stable isotope analyses in one of the most celebrated examples of sympatric speciation: the cichlid radiation from crater lake Barombi Mbo, Cameroon. We found little evidence for trophic niche partitioning among cichlids, including the nine species coexisting in the narrow littoral zone. Stable isotope analyses supported these conclusions of substantial dietary overlap. Our data, however, did reveal that five of eleven species consume rare dietary items, including freshwater sponge, terrestrial ants, and nocturnal foraging on shrimp. Stomach contents of the spongivore (Pungu maclareni) were 20% freshwater sponge, notable considering that only 0.04% of all fishes consume sponges. Overall, we conclude that cichlid species in lake Barombi Mbo overlap considerably in broad dietary niches-in part due to the large proportion of detritus in the stomach contents of all species-but there is evidence for divergence among species in their diet specializations on unique resources. We speculate that these species may utilize these additional specialized resources during periods of low resource abundance in support of Liem's paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn R Galvez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michelle E St John
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Keara McLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Legrand Nono Gonwouo
- Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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3
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Rometsch SJ, Torres‐Dowdall J, Machado‐Schiaffino G, Karagic N, Meyer A. Dual function and associated costs of a highly exaggerated trait in a cichlid fish. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17496-17508. [PMID: 34938524 PMCID: PMC8668731 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics are apparently costly and seem to defy natural selection. This conundrum promoted the theory of sexual selection. Accordingly, exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics might be ornaments on which female choice is based and/or armaments used during male-male competition. Males of many cichlid fish species, including the adaptive radiation of Nicaraguan Midas cichlids, develop a highly exaggerated nuchal hump, which is thought to be a sexually selected trait. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of behavioral assays in F2 hybrids obtained from crossing a species with a relatively small hump and one with an exaggerated hump. Mate-choice experiments showed a clear female preference for males with large humps. In an open-choice experiment with limited territories, couples including large humped males were more successful in acquiring these territories. Therefore, nuchal humps appear to serve dual functions as an ornament for attracting mates and as an armament for direct contest with rivals. Although being beneficial in terms of sexual selection, this trait also imposes fitness costs on males possessing disproportionally large nuchal humps since they exhibit decreased endurance and increased energetic costs when swimming. We conclude that these costs illustrate trade-offs associated with large hump size between sexual and natural selection, which causes the latter to limit further exaggeration of this spectacular male trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina J. Rometsch
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Julián Torres‐Dowdall
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Gonzalo Machado‐Schiaffino
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Present address:
Department of Functional BiologyUniversity of OviedoOviedoSpain
| | - Nidal Karagic
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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4
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Dougherty LR. Meta-analysis reveals that animal sexual signalling behaviour is honest and resource based. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:688-699. [PMID: 33723423 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animals often need to signal to attract mates and behavioural signalling may impose substantial energetic and fitness costs to signallers. Consequently, individuals often strategically adjust signalling effort to maximize the fitness payoffs of signalling. An important determinant of these payoffs is individual state, which can influence the resources available to signallers, their likelihood of mating and their motivation to mate. However, empirical studies often find contradictory patterns of state-based signalling behaviour. For example, individuals in poor condition may signal less than those in good condition to conserve resources (ability-based signalling) or signal more to maximize short-term reproductive success (needs-based signalling). To clarify this relationship, I systematically searched for published studies examining animal sexual signalling behaviour in relation to six aspects of individual state: age, mated status, attractiveness, body size, condition and parasite load. Across 228 studies and 147 species, individuals (who were predominantly male) invested more into behavioural signalling when in good condition. Overall, this suggests that animal sexual signalling behaviour is generally honest and ability-based. However, the magnitude of state-dependent plasticity was small and there was a large amount of between-study heterogeneity that remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R Dougherty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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5
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Hablützel PI, Vanhove MPM, Deschepper P, Grégoir AF, Roose AK, Volckaert FAM, Raeymaekers JAM. Parasite escape through trophic specialization in a species flock. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1437-1445. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. I. Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. P. M. Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development; Operational Directorate Natural Environment; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; Brussels Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Hasselt University; Centre for Environmental Sciences; Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology; Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - P. Deschepper
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - A. F. Grégoir
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - A. K. Roose
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - F. A. M. Volckaert
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - J. A. M. Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; Nord University; Bodø Norway
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6
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Magalhaes IS, Smith AM, Joyce DA. Quantifying mating success of territorial males and sneakers in a bower-building cichlid fish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41128. [PMID: 28128313 PMCID: PMC5269580 DOI: 10.1038/srep41128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategies and traits males evolve to mate with females are incredible in their diversity. Theory on the evolution of secondary sexual characters suggests that evolving any costly trait or strategy will pay off and stabilise in the population if it is advantageous compared to the alternative less costly strategy, but quantifying the relative success of the two can be difficult. In Lake Malawi, Africa, there are >200 species of cichlid fish in which the males form leks and spend several weeks per year building sand-castle “bowers” several times their size. We tested the idea that a less costly “sneaking” strategy could be successful by quantifying the mating success of bower-holding versus non-bower-holding males. We PIT-tagged every fish in a semi-natural experimental set-up and placed tag-readers on the side of bowers to determine which fish held a bower. We then genotyped the eggs removed from females’ mouths to assign paternity of each egg. Broods were fathered by up to 3 different males. Although paternity was mostly assigned to males that held a bower, a small number of males who did not own a bower were more successful than some of those that did, indicating a role for an alternative strategy in these bower builders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Magalhaes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.,University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A M Smith
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - D A Joyce
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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7
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Vanhove MPM, Hablützel PI, Pariselle A, Šimková A, Huyse T, Raeymaekers JAM. Cichlids: A Host of Opportunities for Evolutionary Parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:820-832. [PMID: 27595383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to high species diversity and a broad range of speciation mechanisms, cichlid fishes represent a textbook model in evolutionary biology. They are also of substantial economic value. Despite this importance, cichlid parasites remain understudied, although some are more diverse than their hosts. They may offer important insights into cichlid evolution and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. We review five major lines of research conducted on cichlid parasites so far: the study of parasite diversity and speciation; the role of parasites in cichlid diversification; the evolutionary ecology of host specificity; historical biogeography; and biological invasions. We call for more research in these areas and suggest approaches to valorise the potential that cichlid parasites hold for the study of evolutionary parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P M Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pascal I Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, CC 063, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tine Huyse
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joost A M Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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8
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Morita M, Awata S, Yorifuji M, Ota K, Kohda M, Ochi H. Bower-building behaviour is associated with increased sperm longevity in Tanganyikan cichlids. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2629-43. [PMID: 25330280 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the evolutionary relationship between spawning behaviour and sperm motility traits among Tanganyikan mouth-brooding cichlid species that have developed diverse mating behaviours and male sexual traits. Mouth-brooding behaviour is common among these fish, but different species demonstrate a range of spawning behaviours, bower construction, male sexual traits and timing of gamete release. We observed spawning behaviours and compared sperm motility traits of 28 Tanganyikan mouth-brooding cichlids to elucidate the evolutionary correlations between these traits. Sperm longevity was considerably longer in bower-building species that construct crater-shaped spawning sites compared with species that do not build bowers. Male bower builders released sperm in the pit of the bower prior to spawning, and the time from ejaculation to fertilization was longer. Conversely, most mouth-brooding cichlids deposited semen directly into the female buccal cavity, and spawned eggs were immediately picked up to be placed inside the cavity; thus, the time from ejaculation to fertilization was short. These observations suggest that increased sperm longevity is favoured in bower builders. Comparative phylogenetic analyses suggested that bower-building behaviour and greater time from ejaculation to fertilization are associated with the extension of sperm longevity, whereas sperm competition rank does not play a major role. In addition, bower-building behaviour preceded the emergence of increased sperm longevity. These results indicate that the extension of sperm longevity as a result of the emergence of bower builders may have acted as an evolutionary attractor for sperm longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morita
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Motobu, Japan
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9
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Møller AP, Adriaensen F, Artemyev A, Bańbura J, Barba E, Biard C, Blondel J, Bouslama Z, Bouvier JC, Camprodon J, Cecere F, Charmantier A, Charter M, Cichoń M, Cusimano C, Czeszczewik D, Demeyrier V, Doligez B, Doutrelant C, Dubiec A, Eens M, Eeva T, Faivre B, Ferns PN, Forsman JT, García-Del-Rey E, Goldshtein A, Goodenough AE, Gosler AG, Góźdź I, Grégoire A, Gustafsson L, Hartley IR, Heeb P, Hinsley SA, Isenmann P, Jacob S, Järvinen A, Juškaitis R, Korpimäki E, Krams I, Laaksonen T, Leclercq B, Lehikoinen E, Loukola O, Lundberg A, Mainwaring MC, Mänd R, Massa B, Mazgajski TD, Merino S, Mitrus C, Mönkkönen M, Morales-Fernaz J, Morin X, Nager RG, Nilsson JÅ, Nilsson SG, Norte AC, Orell M, Perret P, Pimentel CS, Pinxten R, Priedniece I, Quidoz MC, Remeš V, Richner H, Robles H, Rytkönen S, Senar JC, Seppänen JT, da Silva LP, Slagsvold T, Solonen T, Sorace A, Stenning MJ, Török J, Tryjanowski P, van Noordwijk AJ, von Numers M, Walankiewicz W, Lambrechts MM. Variation in clutch size in relation to nest size in birds. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3583-95. [PMID: 25478150 PMCID: PMC4224533 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nests are structures built to support and protect eggs and/or offspring from predators, parasites, and adverse weather conditions. Nests are mainly constructed prior to egg laying, meaning that parent birds must make decisions about nest site choice and nest building behavior before the start of egg-laying. Parent birds should be selected to choose nest sites and to build optimally sized nests, yet our current understanding of clutch size-nest size relationships is limited to small-scale studies performed over short time periods. Here, we quantified the relationship between clutch size and nest size, using an exhaustive database of 116 slope estimates based on 17,472 nests of 21 species of hole and non-hole-nesting birds. There was a significant, positive relationship between clutch size and the base area of the nest box or the nest, and this relationship did not differ significantly between open nesting and hole-nesting species. The slope of the relationship showed significant intraspecific and interspecific heterogeneity among four species of secondary hole-nesting species, but also among all 116 slope estimates. The estimated relationship between clutch size and nest box base area in study sites with more than a single size of nest box was not significantly different from the relationship using studies with only a single size of nest box. The slope of the relationship between clutch size and nest base area in different species of birds was significantly negatively related to minimum base area, and less so to maximum base area in a given study. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that bird species have a general reaction norm reflecting the relationship between nest size and clutch size. Further, they suggest that scientists may influence the clutch size decisions of hole-nesting birds through the provisioning of nest boxes of varying sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Møller
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud XI-AgroParisTech Batiment 362 Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
| | - Frank Adriaensen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Campus CGB, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
| | - Alexandr Artemyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Karelian Research Centre, Instition of Biology Petrozavodsk, 185610, Russia
| | - Jerzy Bańbura
- Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Łodź Banacha 12/16, Łodź, 90-237, Poland
| | - Emilio Barba
- Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit "Cavanilles", Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltran 2, Paterna, E-46980, Spain
| | - Clotilde Biard
- Laboratoire Ecologie-Evolution, UMR 7625, Equipe Ecophysiologie Evolutive - Evolutionary Ecophysiology Research Group, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - UPMC 7 quai Saint Bernard, case 237, Paris Cedex 05, F-75252, France
| | - Jacques Blondel
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34293, France
| | - Zihad Bouslama
- Research Laboratory "Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems", University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria
| | - Jean-Charles Bouvier
- INRA, UR 1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles Avignon, F-84000, France
| | - Jordi Camprodon
- Àrea de Biodiversitat, Grup de Biologia de la Conservació, Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya Carretera de St. Llorenç de Morunys, km. 2, Solsona, E-25280, Spain
| | | | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Motti Charter
- University of Haifa Haifa, Israel ; Society for the Protection of Nature, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- Institution of Environment Science, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Camillo Cusimano
- Stazione Inanellamento c/o Dipartimento SEN-FIMIZO, Università di Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Dorota Czeszczewik
- Department of Zoology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities Prusa 12, Siedlce, PL-08-110, Poland
| | - Virginie Demeyrier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Blandine Doligez
- Univ Lyon 1, Department of Biometry & Evolutionary Biology, CNRS UMR 5558 Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Anna Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences Wilcza 64, Warsaw, PL-00-679, Poland
| | - Marcel Eens
- Campus Drie Eiken, Department of Biology (Ethology) Building C, Antwerp (Wilrijk), B-2610, Belgium
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 5561, BioGéoSciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Peter N Ferns
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jukka T Forsman
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Eduardo García-Del-Rey
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna, E-38260, Spain
| | | | - Anne E Goodenough
- Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire Gloucestershire, GL50 4AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew G Gosler
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology & Institute of Human Sciences South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
| | - Iga Góźdź
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences Wilcza 64, Warszawa, PL-00-679, Poland
| | - Arnaud Grégoire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, et Université de Montpellier II, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34293, France
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Ian R Hartley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Philipp Heeb
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, UPS Toulouse III, Bât 4R1, salle 122 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, F-31062, France
| | - Shelley A Hinsley
- CEH Wallingford Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, U.K
| | - Paul Isenmann
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Staffan Jacob
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, UPS Toulouse III, Bât 4R1, salle 122 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Antero Järvinen
- University of Helsinki Kilpisjarvi Biological Station, P.O.Box 17, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Rimvydas Juškaitis
- Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre Akademijos 2, Vilnius, LT-08412, Lithuania
| | - Erkki Korpimäki
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University Tartu Tartu, EE-51014, Estonia
| | - Toni Laaksonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Bernard Leclercq
- Crx. St. Pierre 6 rue Morcueil, Fleurey Sur Ouche, F-21410, France
| | - Esa Lehikoinen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Olli Loukola
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Arne Lundberg
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Uppsala University Uppsala, S-75236, Sweden
| | - Mark C Mainwaring
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Raivo Mänd
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu 46 Vanemuise Str., Tartu, EE-51014, Estonia
| | - Bruno Massa
- Stazione Inanellamento c/o Dipartimento SEN-FIMIZO, Università di Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Tomasz D Mazgajski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64 Warszawa PL-00-679, Poland
| | - Santiago Merino
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, E-28002, Spain
| | - Cezary Mitrus
- Department of Zoology, Rzeszów University Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszów, PL-35-601, Poland
| | - Mikko Mönkkönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä POB 35, Jyväskylä, FIN-40014, Finland ; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle & Evolutive, CNRS 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | - Judith Morales-Fernaz
- Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, E-28006, Spain
| | - Xavier Morin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34293, France
| | - Ruedi G Nager
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Jan-Åke Nilsson
- Ecology Building, Animal Ecology, Lund University Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Sven G Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity, Lund University Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Ana C Norte
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Marine Research, University of Coimbra Apartado 3046, Coimbra, PT-3001-401, Portugal
| | - Markku Orell
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Philippe Perret
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Carla S Pimentel
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Rianne Pinxten
- Campus Drie Eiken, Department of Biology (Ethology), Building C Antwerp (Wilrijk) B-2610, Belgium
| | - Ilze Priedniece
- Latvian Fund for Nature Dzirnavu Street 73-2, Riga, LV-1011, Latvia
| | - Marie-Claude Quidoz
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Vladimir Remeš
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Palacky University Olomouc, CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz Richner
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE), University of Bern Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Robles
- Falculty of Sciences, Evolutionary Ecology Group (GIBE), University of A Coruña Campus Zapateira, A Coruña, E-15008, Spain ; Evolutionary Ecology Group (EVECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Middelheimcampus, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
| | - Seppo Rytkönen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Juan Carlos Senar
- Unidad Asociada CSIC de Ecología Evolutiva y de la Conducta, Nat-Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janne T Seppänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Luís P da Silva
- Department Life Science, IMAR CMA, University Coimbra Coimbra, PT-3004517, Portugal
| | | | - Tapio Solonen
- Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy Neitsytsaarentie 7b B 147, Helsinki, FIN-00960, Finland
| | | | - Martyn J Stenning
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, U.K
| | - János Török
- Behavioral Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology & Ecology, Eötvös Lorand University Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences Wojska Polskiego 71 C, Poznań, PL-60-625, Poland
| | - Arie J van Noordwijk
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Doevendaalsesteg, 10, Wageningen, NL-6708 BP, the Netherlands
| | - Mikael von Numers
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University Artillerigatan 6, Biocity, Åbo, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Wiesław Walankiewicz
- Department of Zoology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12 Siedlce PL-08-110, Poland
| | - Marcel M Lambrechts
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175 Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
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Magalhaes IS, Croft GE, Joyce DA. Altering an extended phenotype reduces intraspecific male aggression and can maintain diversity in cichlid fish. PeerJ 2013; 1:e209. [PMID: 24349896 PMCID: PMC3845871 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced male aggression towards different phenotypes generating negative frequency-dependent intrasexual selection has been suggested as a mechanism to facilitate the invasion and maintenance of novel phenotypes in a population. To date, the best empirical evidence for the phenomenon has been provided by laboratory studies on cichlid fish with different colour polymorphisms. Here we experimentally tested the hypothesis in a natural population of Lake Malawi cichlid fish, in which males build sand-castles (bowers) to attract females during seasonal leks. We predicted that if bower shape plays an important role in male aggressive interactions, aggression among conspecific males should decrease when their bower shape is altered. Accordingly, we allocated randomly chosen bowers in a Nyassachromis cf. microcephalus lek into three treatments: control, manipulated to a different shape, and simulated manipulation. We then measured male behaviours and bower shape before and after these treatments. We found that once bower shape was altered, males were involved in significantly fewer aggressive interactions with conspecific males than before manipulation. Mating success was not affected. Our results support the idea that an extended phenotype, such as bower shape, can be important in maintaining polymorphic populations. Specifically, reduced male conspecific aggression towards males with different extended phenotypes (here, bower shapes) may cause negative frequency-dependent selection, allowing the invasion and establishment of a new phenotype (bower builder). This could help our understanding of mechanisms of diversification within populations, and in particular, the overall diversification of bower shapes within Lake Malawi cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Santos Magalhaes
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , UK ; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Guy E Croft
- Petersfield House, Dog Kennel Lane, Hadlow Down , East Sussex , UK
| | - Domino A Joyce
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , UK
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11
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Maan ME, Sefc KM. Colour variation in cichlid fish: developmental mechanisms, selective pressures and evolutionary consequences. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:516-28. [PMID: 23665150 PMCID: PMC3778878 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cichlid fishes constitute one of the most species-rich families of vertebrates. In addition to complex social behaviour and morphological versatility, they are characterised by extensive diversity in colouration, both within and between species. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying colour variation in this group and the selective pressures responsible for the observed variation. We specifically address the evidence for the hypothesis that divergence in colouration is associated with the evolution of reproductive isolation between lineages. While we conclude that cichlid colours are excellent models for understanding the role of animal communication in species divergence, we also identify taxonomic and methodological biases in the current research effort. We suggest that the integration of genomic approaches with ecological and behavioural studies, across the entire cichlid family and beyond it, will contribute to the utility of the cichlid model system for understanding the evolution of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine E. Maan
- University of Groningen, Behavioural Biology, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina M. Sefc
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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Raeymaekers JAM, Hablützel PI, Grégoir AF, Bamps J, Roose AK, Vanhove MPM, Van Steenberge M, Pariselle A, Huyse T, Snoeks J, Volckaert FAM. Contrasting parasite communities among allopatric colour morphs of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Tropheus. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:41. [PMID: 23409983 PMCID: PMC3599415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to different ecological environments is thought to drive ecological speciation. This phenomenon culminates in the radiations of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes. Multiple characteristic traits of cichlids, targeted by natural or sexual selection, are considered among the driving factors of these radiations. Parasites and pathogens have been suggested to initiate or accelerate speciation by triggering both natural and sexual selection. Three prerequisites for parasite-driven speciation can be inferred from ecological speciation theory. The first prerequisite is that different populations experience divergent infection levels. The second prerequisite is that these infection levels cause divergent selection and facilitate adaptive divergence. The third prerequisite is that parasite-driven adaptive divergence facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation. Here we investigate the first and the second prerequisite in allopatric chromatically differentiated lineages of the rock-dwelling cichlid Tropheus spp. from southern Lake Tanganyika (Central Africa). Macroparasite communities were screened in eight populations belonging to five different colour morphs. RESULTS Parasite communities were mainly composed of acanthocephalans, nematodes, monogeneans, copepods, branchiurans, and digeneans. In two consecutive years (2011 and 2012), we observed significant variation across populations for infection with acanthocephalans, nematodes, monogeneans of the genera Gyrodactylus and Cichlidogyrus, and the copepod Ergasilus spp. Overall, parasite community composition differed significantly between populations of different colour morphs. Differences in parasite community composition were stable in time. The genetic structure of Tropheus populations was strong and showed a significant isolation-by-distance pattern, confirming that spatial isolation is limiting host dispersal. Correlations between parasite community composition and Tropheus genetic differentiation were not significant, suggesting that host dispersal does not influence parasite community diversification. CONCLUSIONS Subject to alternating episodes of isolation and secondary contact because of lake level fluctuations, Tropheus colour morphs are believed to accumulate and maintain genetic differentiation through a combination of vicariance, philopatric behaviour and mate discrimination. Provided that the observed contrasts in parasitism facilitate adaptive divergence among populations in allopatry (which is the current situation), and promote the evolution of reproductive isolation during episodes of sympatry, parasites might facilitate speciation in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost A M Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Ch, Deberiotstraat, 32, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Case TI. Disease avoidance as a functional basis for stigmatization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:3433-52. [PMID: 22042920 PMCID: PMC3189356 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stigmatization is characterized by chronic social and physical avoidance of a person(s) by other people. Infectious disease may produce an apparently similar form of isolation-disease avoidance-but on symptom remission this often abates. We propose that many forms of stigmatization reflect the activation of this disease-avoidance system, which is prone to respond to visible signs and labels that connote disease, irrespective of their accuracy. A model of this system is presented, which includes an emotional component, whereby visible disease cues directly activate disgust and contamination, motivating avoidance, and a cognitive component, whereby disease labels bring to mind disease cues, indirectly activating disgust and contamination. The unique predictions of this model are then examined, notably that people who are stigmatized evoke disgust and are contaminating. That animals too show avoidance of diseased conspecifics, and that disease-related stigma targets are avoided in most cultures, also supports this evolutionary account. The more general implications of this approach are then examined, notably how it can be used to good (e.g. improving hygiene) or bad (e.g. racial vilification) ends, by yoking particular labels with cues that connote disease and disgust. This broadening of the model allows for stigmatization of groups with little apparent connection to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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15
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GENNER MJ, YOUNG KA, HAESLER MP, JOYCE DA. Indirect mate choice, direct mate choice and species recognition in a bower-building cichlid fish lek. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1387-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MAAN MARTINEE, VAN ROOIJEN ANNEMC, VAN ALPHEN JACQUESJM, SEEHAUSEN OLE. Parasite-mediated sexual selection and species divergence in Lake Victoria cichlid fish. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bray RA, Hendrix SS. A new genus and species of Macroderoididae, and other digeneans from fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa. J Parasitol 2007; 93:860-5. [PMID: 17918366 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1084.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malawitrema staufferi n. gen., n. sp., an unusual digenean, is described from Clarias mossambicus (type host) and Bagrus meridionalis from Lake Malawi. It has a small, pyriform body, with a spinous tegument. The ceca are relative short, not reaching to the testes. The 2 testes are symmetrical in the middle hind body. The cirrus sac is long and narrow, reaching into hind body. The genital pore is median, immediately anterior to the ventral sucker. The ovary is pretesticular, and a canalicular seminal vesicle and Laurer's canal are present. The uterus usually reaches distinctly posteriorly to testes. The eggs are small. The follicular vitellarium is in 2 small fields just anterior to testes. The ventrally subterminal excretory pore leads to a claviform vesicle. This species does not fit clearly into any known family of digeneans and is placed in the Macroderoididae as a temporary measure. Other digeneans reported from Lake Malawi include Haplorchoides cahirinus (Looss, 1896) in C. mossambicus and B. meridionalis; Astiotrema turneri Bray, van Oosterhout, Blais & Cable, 2006 in Protomelas annectens, P. cf. taeniolatus, Labeotropheus fuelleborni, Ctenopharynx (Otopharynx) pictus, and Pseudotropheus zebra; Glossidium pedatum Looss, 1899 in C. mossambicus and B. meridionalis; and an unidentifiable sanguinicolid from Bathyclarias nyasensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Bray
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Markert JA, Arnegard ME. Size-dependent use of territorial space by a rock-dwelling cichlid fish. Oecologia 2007; 154:611-21. [PMID: 17885765 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Territoriality fundamentally influences animal mating systems and patterns of population structure. Although territory ownership is already known to contribute importantly to male reproductive success and the ecological coexistence of African rock-dwelling cichlids, the significance of variation in territory features has received little attention in these fishes. In Lake Malawi, males of Pseudotropheus tropheops "orange chest" defend territories on either of two substrate classes at Harbour Island: flat rock slabs lacking crevices and caves, or structurally complex boulder fields containing cave shelters. Focal watches of this species demonstrated that both territory size and occupancy on either substrate type depend on the size of male residents. Males larger than a threshold size exclusively held the largest and most structurally complex territories. After removal of conspecific residents, more vacant territorial areas on cave-containing substrate were reoccupied by "orange chest" males in full breeding coloration compared to vacant areas on flat substrate. These findings suggest competition among "orange chest" males for complex rocky substrate. Defense of caves was associated with enhanced male courtship rates: the number of caves within a male's territory was a better predictor of courtship activity than was male size or territory area. In addition to territories being crucial for male reproductive success and therefore likely playing a role in sexual selection, male-male competition for caves in rock-dwelling cichlids may be promoted by the ecological advantage of enemy-free space. Smaller "orange chest" males lacking caves tended to move into adjacent boulder fields in the presence of predators, particularly at night. In contrast, males defending caves were more likely to remain on their territories when nocturnal predators were present. The territorial behaviors of P. tropheops "orange chest" that we observed in situ provide an instructive natural framework for testing the roles of substrate and ecology in the mating systems of rock-dwelling cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Markert
- Population Ecology Branch, Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
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20
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Blais J, Rico C, van Oosterhout C, Cable J, Turner GF, Bernatchez L. MHC adaptive divergence between closely related and sympatric African cichlids. PLoS One 2007; 2:e734. [PMID: 17710134 PMCID: PMC1939875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The haplochromine cichlid species assemblages of Lake Malawi and Victoria represent some of the most important study systems in evolutionary biology. Identifying adaptive divergence between closely-related species can provide important insights into the processes that may have contributed to these spectacular radiations. Here, we studied a pair of sympatric Lake Malawi species, Pseudotropheus fainzilberi and P. emmiltos, whose reproductive isolation depends on olfactory communication. We tested the hypothesis that these species have undergone divergent selection at MHC class II genes, which are known to contribute to olfactory-based mate choice in other taxa. Methodology/Principal Findings Divergent selection on functional alleles was inferred from the higher genetic divergence at putative antigen binding sites (ABS) amino acid sequences than at putatively neutrally evolving sites at intron 1, exon 2 synonymous sequences and exon 2 amino acid residues outside the putative ABS. In addition, sympatric populations of these fish species differed significantly in communities of eukaryotic parasites. Conclusions/Significance We propose that local host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics may have driven adaptive divergence in MHC alleles, influencing odor-mediated mate choice and leading to reproductive isolation. These results provide the first evidence for a novel mechanism of adaptive speciation and the first evidence of adaptive divergence at the MHC in closely related African cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Blais
- Département de Biologie, Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Rico
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biological Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George F. Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mating craters of Cyathopharynx furcifer (Cichlidae) are individually specific, extended phenotypes. Anim Behav 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maan ME, van der Spoel M, Jimenez PQ, van Alphen JJ, Seehausen O. Fitness correlates of male coloration in a Lake Victoria cichlid fish. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ark020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
The 500-1000 cichlid species endemic to Lake Malawi constitute one of the most rapid and extensive radiations of vertebrates known. There is a growing debate over the role natural and sexual selection have played in creating this remarkable assemblage of species. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lake Malawi species flock has been confounded by the lack of appropriate morphological characters and an exceptional rate of speciation, which has allowed ancestral molecular polymorphisms to persist within species. To overcome this problem we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to reconstruct the evolution of species within three genera of Lake Malawi sand-dwelling cichlids that construct elaborate male display platforms, or bowers. Sister taxa with distinct bower morphologies, and that exist in discrete leks separated by only 1-2 m of depth, are divergent in both sexually selected and ecological traits. Our phylogeny suggests that the forces of sexual and ecological selection are intertwined during the speciation of this group and that specific bower characteristics and trophic morphologies have evolved repeatedly. These results suggest that trophic morphology and bower form may be inappropriate characters for delineating taxonomic lineages. Specifically the morphological characters used to describe the genera Lethrinops and Tramitichromis do not define monophyletic clades. Using a combination of behavioural and genetic characters, we were able to identify several cryptic cichlid species on a single beach, which suggests that sand dweller species richness has been severely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kidd
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies and Department of Zoology, Suite 400, Gregg Hall, 35 Colovos Road, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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24
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Tobler M, Plath M, Burmeister H, Schlupp I. Black spots and female association preferences in a sexual/asexual mating complex (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Møller AP. A review of developmental instability, parasitism and disease. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2006; 6:133-40. [PMID: 16269271 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Developmental instability is reflected in imprecise development caused by perturbations of the developmental process, while developmental stability reflects the ability to avoid or reduce such perturbations by developmental means. Developmental instability has been hypothesized to reflect overall individual condition, and asymmetric or otherwise aberrant individuals have thus been predicted to be particularly severely affected by disease and parasitism. An extensive review of the literature on animals, including humans, revealed consistent relationships between increased bilateral asymmetry and elevated risk of parasitism. Parasitism, including parasitism of mothers, is a cause of asymmetry as shown by a number of experiments, and asymmetric individuals are differentially susceptible to a range of different parasites. Extensive studies of humans have shown that asymmetric individuals also suffer disproportionately from a range of different diseases including mental diseases. Studies of transgenic organisms have now demonstrated that single genes associated with disease is a sufficient cause of increased asymmetry. A number of studies have also shown that activation of the immune system causes increased asymmetry in developing individuals, and that asymmetry and immunity show negative covariation. These findings may have important implications for the study of susceptibility of hosts to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Pape Møller
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bât. A, 7ème étage, 7 quai St. Bernard, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Borgia G. Preexisting Male Traits Are Important in the Evolution of Elaborated Male Sexual Display. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(06)36006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Svensson O, Kvarnemo C. The importance of sperm competition risk and nest appearance for male behavior and female choice in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ari085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Venesky MD, Andraso GM, Ropski SJ. Research Article: Behavior of male Kenyi Cichlids, Pseudotropheus lombardoi, in response to visual and olfactory cues from females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1893/0005-3155(2005)076[0077:rabomk]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Brandstätter A, Salzburger W, Sturmbauer C. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Cyprichromini, a lineage of open-water cichlid fishes endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 34:382-91. [PMID: 15619449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a phylogeny of the Cyprichromini, a lineage of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika, showing progressive adaptation towards pelagic life style. Our study is based upon three mitochondrial gene segments, 443 bp of the control region, 402 bp of the cytochrome b gene and the entire NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (1047 bp). The topologies obtained by different tree building methods subdivide the Cyprichromini into four distinct lineages: the Paracyprichromis-, the Cyprichromis zonatus-, the Cyprichromis microlepidotus-lineage, and a lineage comprising Cyprichromis pavo and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Our study thus corroborates the distinctness of C. zonatus which was recently described formally. Concerning ecology and mating behavior, a clear evolutionary trend towards progressive adaptation to the pelagic zone emerges during the evolution of the Cyprichromini. The linearized tree analysis further shows that the four lineages have split almost contemporaneously. The mean Kimura-2-parameter distance among the four lineages emerging from the primary radiation of the Cyprichromini amounts to 7.21% and is in close agreement to that previously found for the primary radiation of the tribe Tropheini (7.01%), a lineage of rock-dwelling cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. To date, the influence of lake level fluctuations as promoters of diversification has been demonstrated only for rock-dwelling cichlids. Based on the agreement in temporary patterns of diversification, we suggest that Pleistocene lake level changes have left a similar genetic imprint in a group of cichlid fishes that progressively colonized the open water during their radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Brandstätter
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstr. 44, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Svensson O, Kvarnemo C. Sexually selected nest-building -Pomatoschistus minutus males build smaller nest-openings in the presence of sneaker males. J Evol Biol 2003; 16:896-902. [PMID: 14635904 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both natural selection and sexual selection may act on nest-building. We tested experimentally how different regimes of egg-predation and male-male competition influence nest-building before mating, using the marine fish sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. Males with sneaker males present built the smallest nest-openings, smaller than males held alone or with Pomatoschistus microps males (which may predate eggs and compete over nest-sites but not compete over fertilizations). Males with visual access to other nest-building males tended also to build smaller openings than males held alone or with P. microps. Males with egg-predators present built nests with openings not differing significantly from any other treatment. Our results indicate that the small nest-openings found in the sneaker male treatment are sexually selected through protection against sneaking or by female choice. Across treatments, time span before a male started to build his nest also explained variation in nest-opening width; males starting late built larger nest-openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Svensson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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KNIGHT ME, TURNER GF, RICO C, VAN OPPEN MJH, HEWITT GM. Microsatellite paternity analysis on captive Lake Malawi cichlids supports reproductive isolation by direct mate choice. Mol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. KNIGHT
- Biodiversity and Ecology Division, University of Southampton, Bassett Cresent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK, ,
| | - G. F. TURNER
- Biodiversity and Ecology Division, University of Southampton, Bassett Cresent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK, ,
| | - C. RICO
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - M. J. H. VAN OPPEN
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - G. M. HEWITT
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Abstract
Rapid evolutionary radiations provide insight into the fundamental processes involved in species formation. Here we examine the diversification of one such group, the cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, which have radiated from a single ancestor into more than 400 species over the past 700 000 years. The phylogenetic history of this group suggests: (i) that their divergence has proceeded in three major bursts of cladogenesis; and (ii) that different selective forces have dominated each cladogenic event. The first episode resulted in the divergence of two major lineages, the sand- and rock-dwellers, each adapted to a major benthic macrohabitat. Among the rock-dwellers, competition for trophic resources then drove a second burst of cladogenesis, which resulted in the differentiation of trophic morphology. The third episode of cladogenesis is associated with differentiation of male nuptial colouration, most likely in response to divergent sexual selection. We discuss models of speciation in relation to this observed pattern. We advocate a model, divergence with gene flow, which reconciles the disparate selective forces responsible for the diversification of this group and suggest that the nonadaptive nature of the tertiary episode has significantly contributed to the extraordinary species richness of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Danley
- Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
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Turner GF, Seehausen O, Knight ME, Allender CJ, Robinson RL. How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? Mol Ecol 2001; 10:793-806. [PMID: 11298988 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The endemic cichlid fishes of Lakes Malawi, Tanganyika and Victoria are textbook examples of explosive speciation and adaptive radiation, and their study promises to yield important insights into these processes. Accurate estimates of species richness of lineages in these lakes, and elsewhere, will be a necessary prerequisite for a thorough comparative analysis of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing rates of diversification. This review presents recent findings on the discoveries of new species and species flocks and critically appraises the relevant evidence on species richness from recent studies of polymorphism and assortative mating, generally using behavioural and molecular methods. Within the haplochromines, the most species-rich lineage, there are few reported cases of postzygotic isolation, and these are generally among allopatric taxa that are likely to have diverged a relatively long time in the past. However, many taxa, including many which occur sympatrically and do not interbreed in nature, produce viable, fertile hybrids. Prezygotic barriers are more important, and persist in laboratory conditions in which environmental factors have been controlled, indicating the primary importance of direct mate preferences. Studies to date indicate that estimates of alpha (within-site) diversity appear to be robust. Although within-species colour polymorphisms are common, these have been taken into account in previous estimates of species richness. However, overall estimates of species richness in Lakes Malawi and Victoria are heavily dependent on the assignation of species status to allopatric populations differing in male colour. Appropriate methods for testing the specific status of allopatric cichlid taxa are reviewed and preliminary results presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Turner
- Division of Biodiversity & Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
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Danley PD, Markert JA, Arnegard ME, Kocher TD. Divergence with gene flow in the rock-dwelling cichlids of Lake Malawi. Evolution 2000; 54:1725-37. [PMID: 11108599 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the past two million years, more than 450 species of haplochromine cichlids have diverged from a single common ancestor in Lake Malawi. Several factors have been implicated in the diversification of this monophyletic clade, including changes in lake level and low levels of gene flow across limited geographic scales. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of recent lake-level fluctuations on patterns of allelic diversity in the genus Metriaclima, to describe the patterns of population structure within this genus, and to identify barriers to migration. This was accomplished through an analysis of allele frequencies at four microsatellite loci. Twelve populations spanning four species within Metriaclima were surveyed. The effect of lake-level fluctuations can be seen in the reduced genetic diversity of the most recently colonized sites; however, genetic diversity is not depressed at the species level. Low levels of population structure exist among populations, yet some gene flow persists across long stretches of inhospitable habitat. No general barrier to migration was identified. The results of this study are interpreted with respect to several speciation models. Divergence via population bottlenecks is unlikely due to the large allelic diversity observed within each species. Genetic drift and microallopatric divergence are also rejected because some gene flow does occur between adjacent populations. However, the reduced levels of gene flow between populations does suggest that minor changes in the selective environment could cause the divergence of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Danley
- Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824, USA.
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The nature of species in ancient lakes: Perspectives from the fishes of Lake Malawi. ADV ECOL RES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(00)31006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Danley PD, Markert JA, Arnegard ME, Kocher TD. DIVERGENCE WITH GENE FLOW IN THE ROCK-DWELLING CICHLIDS OF LAKE MALAWI. Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[1725:dwgfit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Knight ME, Turner GF. Reproductive isolation among closely related Lake Malawi cichlids: can males recognize conspecific females by visual cues? Anim Behav 1999; 58:761-768. [PMID: 10512649 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1999.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about mate recognition systems among the species-rich cichlid flocks of the African Great Lakes. Such knowledge is critical to our understanding of how evolutionary processes have brought about the current diversity. In the present study we focused on three anatomically similar species of rocky shore cichlid fish Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) spp. from Lake Malawi. We scored male responses to heterospecific and conspecific females which were enclosed in separate watertight transparent chambers. Any male behaviour we observed was therefore due to visual cues alone. Although males of some species could clearly identify conspecific females on visual cues alone, others could not. In cases where conspecific and heterospecific females were phenotypically similar, males could not consistently distinguish between them. Further experiments are required, however, to see whether males can recognize these females using alternative means, such as olfactory cues. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Knight
- Biodiversity and Ecology Division, University of Southampton
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