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Yamada N, Negoro R, Watanabe K, Fujita T. Generation of Caco-2 cells with predictable metabolism by CYP3A4, UGT1A1 and CES using the PITCh system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 50:100497. [PMID: 37037169 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells are widely used as an in vitro intestinal model. However, the expression levels of the drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 are lower in these cells than in intestinal cells. Furthermore, the majority of prodrugs in use today are ester-containing, and carboxylesterase (CES) 1 and CES2 are among the enzymes that process the prodrugs into drugs. In the human small intestine, CES1 is hardly expressed while CES2 is highly expressed, but the CES expression pattern in Caco-2 cells is the opposite. In this study, we generated CYP3A4-POR-UGT1A1-CES2 knock-in (KI) and CES1 knock-out (KO) Caco-2 (genome-edited Caco-2) cells using a PITCh system. Genome-edited Caco-2 cells were shown to express functional CYP3A4, POR, UGT1A1 and CES2 while the expression of the CES1 protein was completely knocked out. We performed transport assays using temocapril. The Papp value of temocapril in genome-edited Caco-2 cells was higher than that in WT Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, the amount of temocaprilat on the apical side in genome-edited Caco-2 cells was lower than that in WT Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that genome-edited Caco-2 cells are more suitable than WT Caco-2 cells as a model for predicting intestinal drug absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan; Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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Negoro R, Yamada N, Watanabe K, Kono Y, Fujita T. Generation of Caco-2 cells stably expressing CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1 and CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1*6 using a PITCh system. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:499-510. [PMID: 34654938 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine plays a critical role in the absorption and metabolism of orally administered drugs. Therefore, a model capable of evaluating drug absorption and metabolism in the small intestine would be useful for drug discovery. Patients with genotype UGT1A1*6 (exon 1, 211G > A) treated with the antineoplastic drug SN-38 have been reported to exhibit decreased glucuronide conjugation and increased incidence of intestinal toxicity and its severe side effects, including severe diarrhea. To ensure the safety of drugs, we must develop a drug metabolism and toxicity evaluation model which considers UGT1A1*6. In this study, we generated CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1 KI- and CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1*6 KI-Caco-2 cells for pharmaceutical research using a PITCh system. The CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1 KI-Caco-2 cells were shown to express functional CYP3A4 and UGT1A1. The CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1*6 KI-Caco-2 cells were sensitive to SN-38-induced intestinal toxicity. We thus succeeded in generating CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1 KI- and CYP3A4·POR·UGT1A1*6 KI-Caco-2 cells, which can be used in pharmaceutical research. We also developed an intestinal epithelial cell model of patients with UGT1A1*6 and showed that it was useful as a tool for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Zhou D, Kong L, Jiang Y, Wang C, Ni Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Ruan J. UGT-dependent regioselective glucuronidation of ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid and selective transport of the consequent acyl glucuronides by OATP1B1 and 1B3. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bohn T, McDougall GJ, Alegría A, Alminger M, Arrigoni E, Aura A, Brito C, Cilla A, El SN, Karakaya S, Martínez‐Cuesta MC, Santos CN. Mind the gap-deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites--a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1307-23. [PMID: 25988374 PMCID: PMC5033009 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Various secondary plant metabolites or phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids, have been associated with a variety of health benefits, such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer, most likely due to their involvement in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, discrepancies exist between their putative effects when comparing observational and intervention studies, especially when using pure compounds. These discrepancies may in part be explained by differences in intake levels and their bioavailability. Prior to exerting their bioactivity, these compounds must be made bioavailable, and considerable differences may arise due to their matrix release, changes during digestion, uptake, metabolism, and biodistribution, even before considering dose- and host-related factors. Though many insights have been gained on factors affecting secondary plant metabolite bioavailability, many gaps still exist in our knowledge. In this position paper, we highlight several major gaps in our understanding of phytochemical bioavailability, including effects of food processing, changes during digestion, involvement of cellular transporters in influx/efflux through the gastrointestinal epithelium, changes during colonic fermentation, and their phase I and phase II metabolism following absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvauxLuxembourg
| | | | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science AreaFaculty of Pharmacy, University of ValenciaAv. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/nBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Marie Alminger
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva Arrigoni
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS)WädenswilSwitzerland
| | | | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science AreaFaculty of Pharmacy, University of ValenciaAv. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/nBurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Sedef N. El
- Ege UniversityEngineering Faculty, Food Engineering DepartmentIzmirTurkey
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Ege UniversityEngineering Faculty, Food Engineering DepartmentIzmirTurkey
| | | | - Claudia N. Santos
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaOeirasPortugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
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Bohn T, McDougall GJ, Alegría A, Alminger M, Arrigoni E, Aura A, Brito C, Cilla A, El SN, Karakaya S, Martínez‐Cuesta MC, Santos CN. Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400745 pmid: 25988374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Marie Alminger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Eva Arrigoni
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS) Wädenswil Switzerland
| | | | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Sedef N. El
- Ege University Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Izmir Turkey
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Ege University Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department Izmir Turkey
| | | | - Claudia N. Santos
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
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Abstract
While many epidemiological studies have associated the consumption of polyphenols within fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk of developing several chronic diseases, intervention studies have generally not confirmed these beneficial effects. The reasons for this discrepancy are not fully understood but include potential differences in dosing, interaction with the food matrix, and differences in polyphenol bioavailability. In addition to endogenous factors such as microbiota and digestive enzymes, the food matrix can also considerably affect bioaccessibility, uptake, and further metabolism of polyphenols. While dietary fiber (such as hemicellulose), divalent minerals, and viscous and protein-rich meals are likely to cause detrimental effects on polyphenol bioaccessibility, digestible carbohydrates, dietary lipids (especially for hydrophobic polyphenols, e.g., curcumin), and additional antioxidants may enhance polyphenol availability. Following epithelial uptake, polyphenols such as flavonoids may reduce phase II metabolism and excretion, enhancing polyphenol bioavailability. Furthermore, polyphenols may act synergistically due to their influence on efflux transporters such as p-glycoprotein. In order to understand polyphenol bioactivity, increased knowledge of the factors affecting polyphenol bioavailability, including dietary factors, is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-biotechnologies Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Fallon JK, Neubert H, Hyland R, Goosen TC, Smith PC. Targeted quantitative proteomics for the analysis of 14 UGT1As and -2Bs in human liver using NanoUPLC-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4402-13. [PMID: 23977844 DOI: 10.1021/pr4004213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted quantitative proteomics using heavy isotope dilution techniques is increasingly being utilized to quantify proteins, including UGT enzymes, in biological matrices. Here we present a multiplexed method using nanoLC-MS/MS and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to quantify 14 UGT1As and UGT2Bs in liver matrices. Where feasible, we employ two or more proteotypic peptides per protein, with only four proteins quantified with only one proteotypic peptide. We apply the method to analysis of a library of 60 human liver microsome (HLM) and matching S9 samples. Ten of the UGT isoforms could be detected in liver, and the expression of each was consistent with mRNA expression reported in the literature. UGT2B17 was unusual in that ∼30% of liver microsomes had no or little (<0.5 pmol/mg protein) content, consistent with a known common polymorphism. Liver S9 UGT concentrations were approximately 10-15% those of microsomes. The method was robust, precise, and reproducible and provides novel UGT expression data in human liver that will benefit rational approaches to evaluate metabolism in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Fallon JK, Neubert H, Goosen TC, Smith PC. Targeted precise quantification of 12 human recombinant uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A and 2B isoforms using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2076-80. [PMID: 24046331 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification methods employing stable isotope-labeled peptide standards and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are increasingly being used to measure enzyme amounts in biologic samples. Isoform concentrations, combined with catalytic information, can be used in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies to improve accuracy of in vitro/in vivo predictions. We quantified isoforms of uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and 2B in 12 commercially available recombinant UGTs (recUGTs) (n = 49 samples) using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring). Samples were trypsin-digested and analyzed using our previously published method. Two MRMs were collected per peptide and averaged. Where available, at least two peptides were measured per UGT isoform. The assay could detect UGTs in all recombinant preparations: recUGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17, with limit of detection below 1.0 pmol/mg protein for all isoforms. The assay had excellent linearity in the range observed (2-15.5 pmol/mg, after dilution). Examples of concentrations determined were 1465, 537, 538, 944, 865, 698, 604, 791, 382, 1149, 307, and 740 pmol/mg protein for the respective isoforms. There was a 6.9-fold difference between the maximum and minimum recUGT concentrations. The range of concentrations determined indicates that catalytic rates per mg total protein in vitro will not accurately reflect isoform inherent specific activity for a particular drug candidate. This is the first report of a targeted precise quantification of commercially available recUGTs. The assay has potential for use in comparing UGT amounts with catalytic activity determined using probe substrates, thus allowing representation of catalysis as per pmol of UGT isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Department. of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, (H.N.) and Groton, Connecticut, (T.C.G.)
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Zhou W, Di LQ, Wang J, Shan JJ, Liu SJ, Ju WZ, Cai BC. Intestinal absorption of forsythoside A in in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion and in vitro Caco-2 cell models. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1069-79. [PMID: 22773077 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of the major bioactive component forsythoside A (FTA) extracted from Forsythiae fructus. METHODS An in vitro Caco-2 cell model and a single-pass intestinal perfusion in situ model in SD rats were used. RESULTS In the in vitro Caco-2 cell model, the mean apparent permeability value (P(app)-value) was 4.15×10(-7) cm/s in the apical-to-basolateral (AP-BL) direction. At the concentrations of 2.6-10.4 μg/mL, the efflux ratio of FTA in the bi-directional transport experiments was approximately 1.00. After the transport, >96% of the apically loaded FTA was retained on the apical side, while >97% of the basolaterally loaded FTA was retained on the basolateral side. The P(app)-values of FTA were inversely correlated with the transepithelial electrical resistance. The paracellular permeability enhancers sodium caprate and EDTA, the P-gp inhibitor verapamil and the multidrug resistance related protein (MRP) inhibitors cyclosporine and MK571 could concentration-dependently increase the Papp-values, while the uptake (OATP) transporter inhibitors diclofenac sodium and indomethacin could concentration-dependently decrease the P(app)-values. The intake transporter SGLT1 inhibitor mannitol did not cause significant change in the P(app)-values. In the in situ intestinal perfusion model, both the absorption rate constant (K(a)) and the effective permeability (P(eff)-values) following perfusion of FTA 2.6, 5.2 and 10.4 μg/mL via the duodenum, jejunum and ileum had no significant difference, although the values were slightly higher for the duodenum as compared to those in the jejunum and ileum. The low, medium and high concentrations of verapamil caused the largest increase in the P(eff)-values for duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively. Sodium caprate, EDTA and cyclosporine resulted in concentration-dependent increase in the P(eff)-values. Diclofenac sodium and indomethacin caused concentration-dependent decrease in the Peff-values. Mannitol did not cause significant change in the P(app)-values for the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the intestinal absorption of FTA may occur through passive diffusion, and the predominant absorption site may be in the upper part of small intestine. Paracellular transport route is also involved. P-gp, MRPs and OATP may participate in the absorption of FTA in the intestine. The low permeability of FTA contributes to its low oral bioavailability.
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Li C, Zhang L, Zhou L, Wo SK, Lin G, Zuo Z. Comparison of intestinal absorption and disposition of structurally similar bioactive flavones in Radix Scutellariae. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 14:23-34. [PMID: 22167378 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Radix Scutellariae is a commonly used herbal medicine. Baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A are three major bioactive flavones in Radix Scutellariae and share similar chemical structures. The intestinal absorption and disposition of baicalein have been systematically investigated by our group before. In this study, the intestinal absorption and disposition of wogonin and oroxylin A were further explored and compared with the profiles of baicalein to find potential structure-activity relationship. Absorptive models including Caco-2 cell monolayer model and rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model as well as in vitro enzymatic kinetic study were employed in the current study. The absorption of baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A were favorable with wogonin showing the highest permeability based on two absorptive models. However, three flavones underwent a fast and extensive phase II metabolism. The intestinal metabolism of three flavones exhibited species difference between human and rat. Oroxylin A demonstrated the highest intrinsic clearance of glucuronidation among three flavones. The multidrug resistance proteins might be involved in the efflux of their intracellularly formed conjugated metabolites. The pathway of intestinal absorption and disposition of B, W, and OA was similar. However, the extent of permeability and metabolism was different among three flavones which might be due to the number and position of the hydroxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bruyère A, Declèves X, Bouzom F, Ball K, Marques C, Treton X, Pocard M, Valleur P, Bouhnik Y, Panis Y, Scherrmann JM, Mouly S. Effect of Variations in the Amounts of P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2) and CYP3A4 along the Human Small Intestine on PBPK Models for Predicting Intestinal First Pass. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1596-607. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bruyère
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Xavier Declèves
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Francois Bouzom
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Kathryn Ball
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Catie Marques
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Xavier Treton
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Patrice Valleur
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Yoram Bouhnik
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Yves Panis
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
| | - Stephane Mouly
- INSERM U705-CNRS UMR 7157, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Department of Non-Clinical Modelling, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France, Department of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Clichy, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Paris, France, Department of Digestive Surgery, Beaujon Hospital,
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Brand W, Boersma MG, Bik H, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Vervoort J, Barron D, Meinl W, Glatt H, Williamson G, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Phase II metabolism of hesperetin by individual UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases and rat and human tissue samples. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:617-25. [PMID: 20056724 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase II metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) is the predominant metabolic pathway during the first-pass metabolism of hesperetin (4'-methoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone). In the present study, we have determined the kinetics for glucuronidation and sulfonation of hesperetin by 12 individual UGT and 12 individual SULT enzymes as well as by human or rat small intestinal, colonic, and hepatic microsomal and cytosolic fractions. Results demonstrate that hesperetin is conjugated at positions 7 and 3' and that major enzyme-specific differences in kinetics and regioselectivity for the UGT and SULT catalyzed conjugations exist. UGT1A9, UGT1A1, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A3 are the major enzymes catalyzing hesperetin glucuronidation, the latter only producing 7-O-glucuronide, whereas UGT1A7 produced mainly 3'-O-glucuronide. Furthermore, UGT1A6 and UGT2B4 only produce hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide, whereas UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15 conjugate both positions. SULT1A2 and SULT1A1 catalyze preferably and most efficiently the formation of hesperetin 3'-O-sulfate, and SULT1C4 catalyzes preferably and most efficiently the formation of hesperetin 7-O-sulfate. Based on expression levels SULT1A3 and SULT1B1 also will probably play a role in the sulfo-conjugation of hesperetin in vivo. The results help to explain discrepancies in metabolite patterns determined in tissues or systems with different expression of UGTs and SULTs, e.g., hepatic and intestinal fractions or Caco-2 cells. The incubations with rat and human tissue samples support an important role for intestinal cells during first-pass metabolism in the formation of hesperetin 3'-O-glucuronide and 7-O-glucuronide, which appear to be the major hesperetin metabolites found in vivo.
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13
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Eguchi A, Murakami A, Ohigashi H. Novel bioassay system for evaluating anti-oxidative activities of food items: Use of basolateral media from differentiated Caco-2 cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:1367-75. [PMID: 16298867 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500045624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including superoxide and nitric oxide (NO), are known to be mediators of oxidative stress and play pivotal roles in the onset of numerous life style-related diseases. While a number of studies have shown that naturally occurring anti-oxidants may be applicable for prevention and therapy for those diseases, most in vitro anti-oxidation tests reported have not provided significant insight into the absorption efficiency or metabolism of dietary anti-oxidants in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, we established a novel assay system by focusing on the bioconversion of food constituents using differentiated Caco-2 cells as a model of human intestinal epithelial cells. Various fresh food preparations [ginger, garlic, shimeji (Hypsizigus marmoreus), onion, carrot] were added to the apical side of differentiated Caco-2 monolayers. After incubation, the medium was recovered and tested for its inhibitory effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced generation in differentiated HL-60 cells, and on combined lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and interferon (IFN)-gamma -induced NO generation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The garlic preparation (25% v/v) basolateral medium abolished generation without any cytotoxicity toward HL-60 cells, though it was cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells. In the NO generation tests, all of the food preparations showed notable inhibitory activity, while the garlic preparation (5% v/v) basolateral medium inhibited NO generation with substantial cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, the carrot preparation (1% v/v) basolateral medium inhibited NO generation in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 or Caco-2 cells, and its activities were higher than those of the carrot preparation alone (1% v/v). Our results indicate that the present assay system is appropriate and reliable for determination of the anti-oxidative efficacy of dietary phytochemicals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Eguchi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Park MY, Kwon HJ, Sung MK. Intestinal absorption of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin; A comparative study using two in vitro absorption models. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:9-14. [PMID: 20016696 PMCID: PMC2788160 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe products are one of the top selling health-functional foods in Korea, however the adequate level of intake to achieve desirable effects are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the intestinal uptake and metabolism of physiologically active aloe components using in vitro intestinal absorption model. The Caco-2 cell monolayer and the everted gut sac were incubated with 5-50 microM of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin. The basolateral appearance of test compounds and their glucuronosyl or sulfated forms were quantified using HPLC. The % absorption of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin was ranged from 5.51% to 6.60%, 6.60% to 11.32%, and 7.61% to 13.64%, respectively. Up to 18.15%, 18.18%, and 38.86% of aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin, respectively, was absorbed as glucuronidated or sulfated form. These results suggest that a significant amount is transformed during absorption. The absorption rate of test compounds except aloesin was similar in two models; more aloesin was absorbed in the everted gut sac than in the Caco-2 monolayer. These results provide information to establish adequate intake level of aloe supplements to maintain effective plasma level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, 52 Hyochangwon-gil, Yonsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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15
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Mouly S, Meune C, Bergmann JF. Mini-series: I. Basic science. Uncertainty and inaccuracy of predicting CYP-mediated in vivo drug interactions in the ICU from in vitro models: focus on CYP3A4. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:417-29. [PMID: 19132343 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) contribute significantly to the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Important advances in the knowledge of human drug-metabolizing enzymes have fueled the integration of in vitro drug metabolism and clinical DDIs studies for use in drug development programs and in the clinical setting. The activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein are critical determinant of drug clearance, interindividual variability in drug disposition and clinical efficacy, and appears to be involved in the mechanism of numerous clinically relevant DDIs. Cell-based in vitro models are being increasingly applied in elucidating the pharmacokinetic profile of drug candidates during the preclinical steps of drug development. Human liver, intestinal samples and recombinant human CYP3A4 are now readily available as in vitro screening tools to predict the potential for in vivo DDIs. Although it is easy to determine in vitro metabolic DDIs, the interpretation and extrapolation of in vitro interaction data to in vivo situations requires a good understanding of pharmacokinetic principles. Clinicians and pharmacokineticists should recognize that in vitro models may not be clinically relevant in all situations. In the current article, research will be presented on drug metabolism and DDIs along with examples illustrating the utility of specific in vitro or in vivo approaches. In addition, the impact and clinical relevance of complexities such as dosing-route dependent effects, multi-site kinetics of drug-metabolizing enzymes and non-CYP determinants of metabolic clearance will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouly
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Internal Medicine Department, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U705, CNRS UMR7157, University of Paris VII, Paris, France.
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16
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Ritter JK. Intestinal UGTs as potential modifiers of pharmacokinetics and biological responses to drugs and xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:93-107. [PMID: 17269897 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the biological catalysts of glucuronidation, a major pathway of conjugative metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. In addition to the liver and kidney, UGTs are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, where they have the potential to influence the pharmacokinetics and biological effects of ingested drugs and xenobiotics. This paper reviews the current evidence for the contributions of intestinal UGTs to presystemic 'first-pass' metabolism and drug bioavailability, the extent of enterohepatic cycling and the clearance of drugs from plasma, as well as their influence on biological responses to drugs, including drug toxicity. The prediction of the effects of intestinal glucuronidation on these processes depends on knowledge of the types and amounts of UGTs expressed in the small intestine and their specific glucuronidating activities. Whereas the types of UGTs expressed in human gastrointestinal tract are well characterized, further research is needed to understand the absolute amounts of UGTs in the small intestine and the causes of observed high-interindividual variability in the intestinal expression of UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Ritter
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Box 980613, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA.
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Ishida K, Honda M, Shimizu T, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Stereoselective Metabolism of Carvedilol by the .BETA.-Naphthoflavone-Inducible Enzyme in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1930-3. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Mutsuko Honda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Takako Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yukiya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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18
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Zuo Z, Zhang L, Zhou L, Chang Q, Chow M. Intestinal absorption of hawthorn flavonoids – in vitro, in situ and in vivo correlations. Life Sci 2006; 79:2455-62. [PMID: 16989871 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified hyperoside (HP), isoquercitrin (IQ) and epicatechin (EC) to be the major active flavonoid components of the hawthorn phenolic extract from hawthorn fruits demonstrating inhibitory effect on in vitro Cu(+2)-mediated low density lipoproteins oxidation. Among these three hawthorn flavonoids, EC was the only one detectable in plasma after the oral administration of hawthorn phenolic extract to rats. The present study aims to investigate the intestinal absorption mechanisms of these three hawthorn flavonoids by in vitro Caco-2 monolayer model, rat in situ intestinal perfusion model and in vivo pharmacokinetics studies in rats. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of the co-occurring components in hawthorn phenolic extract on the intestinal absorption of these three major hawthorn flavonoids, intestinal absorption transport profiles of HP, IQ and EC in forms of individual pure compound, mixture of pure compounds and hawthorn phenolic extract were studied and compared. The observations from in vitro Caco-2 monolayer model and in situ intestinal perfusion model indicated that all three studied hawthorn flavonoids have quite limited permeabilities. EC and IQ demonstrated more extensive metabolism in the rat in situ intestinal perfusion model and in vivo study than in Caco-2 monolayer model. Moreover, results from the Caco-2 monolayer model, rat in situ intestinal perfusion model as well as the in vivo pharmacokinetics studies in rats consistently showed that the co-occurring components in hawthorn phenolic extract might not have significant effect on the intestinal absorption of the three major hawthorn flavonoids studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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19
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Gregory PA, Gardner-Stephen DA, Rogers A, Michael MZ, Mackenzie PI. The caudal-related homeodomain protein Cdx2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α cooperatively regulate the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 gene promoter. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:527-36. [PMID: 16788384 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000215068.06471.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, contains several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) of the UGT1A and UGT2B subfamilies. UGT2B7 is one particular enzyme expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract that possesses broad substrate specificity towards orally administered drugs. Because the caudal-related homeodomain protein 2 (Cdx2) regulates many gastrointestinal properties, we sought to determine whether it could regulate the UGT2B7 promoter in the colon-derived cell line Caco-2. Levels of Cdx2 and UGT2B7 were measured in differentiated and non-differentiated Caco-2 cells by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The capacity of the UGT2B7 gene promoter to drive expression of the luciferase reporter gene was assessed by transfection into Caco-2 cells, with transcription factor expression plasmids. Mutation of putative transcription factor binding sites and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to define important regulatory regions of the UGT2B7 gene promoter. The levels of Cdx2 and UGT2B7 mRNAs were co-ordinately increased in differentiated Caco2 cells compared to non-differentiated cells. Cdx2 activates the UGT2B7 proximal promoter by binding to two adjacent sites. Promoter activation requires Cdx2 binding to both sites wherein these proteins interact to form a putative functional dimer. Dimerization was shown to be dependent on redox state using extracts depleted of dithiothreitol. In addition, Cdx2 was shown to cooperatively activate the UGT2B7 promoter in conjunction with hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha), a mechanism previously observed to regulate other intestine-specific genes. The present study is the first to define transcription factors involved in the control of intestinal UGT2B expression. The demonstration that Cdx2 and HNF1alpha are important regulators of UGT2B7 expression will aid in defining pathways for coordinate control of drug metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gregory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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20
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Nikolic D, Li Y, Chadwick LR, van Breemen RB. In vitro studies of intestinal permeability and hepatic and intestinal metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Pharm Res 2006; 23:864-72. [PMID: 16715376 PMCID: PMC1764547 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The absorption potential and metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) were investigated. 8-PN is a potent estrogen with the potential to be used for the relief of menopausal symptoms in women. METHODS Monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cancer cell line Caco-2 and human hepatocytes were incubated with 8-PN to model its intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism, respectively. RESULTS The apparent permeability coefficients for 8-PN in the apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical directions of a Caco-2 monolayer were 5.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-5) and 4.9 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5) cm/s, respectively, indicating good intestinal absorption via passive diffusion. Both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of 8-PN were detected in the Caco-2 cell incubations. The 4'-O-glucuronide was the predominant Caco-2 cell metabolite, followed by 7-O-sulfate and 4'-O-sulfate. Both phase I and phase II metabolites of 8-PN were formed by human hepatocytes. The 7-O-glucuronide was the most abundant hepatocyte metabolite, and no sulfate conjugates were detected. Incubations with various cDNA-expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases indicated that the isozymes UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A8, and UGT1A9 were responsible for glucuronidation of 8-PN. CONCLUSIONS Although orally administered 8-PN should be readily absorbed from the intestine, its bioavailability should be reduced significantly by intestinal and hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- *Corresponding author: Richard B. van Breemen, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612-7231, Telephone (312) 996-9353, FAX (312) 996-7107, E-mail
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Kern SM, Bennett RN, Needs PW, Mellon FA, Kroon PA, Garcia-Conesa MT. Characterization of metabolites of hydroxycinnamates in the in vitro model of human small intestinal epithelium caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7884-7891. [PMID: 14690369 DOI: 10.1021/jf030470n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids are antioxidant phenolic compounds which are widespread in plant foods, contribute significantly to total polyphenol intakes, and are absorbed by humans. The extent of their putative health benefit in vivo depends largely on their bioavailability. However, the mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of these phenolic compounds have not been described. In this study, we used the in vitro Caco-2 model of human small intestinal epithelium to investigate the metabolism of the major dietary hydroxycinnamates (ferulate, sinapate, p-coumarate, and caffeate) and of diferulates. The appearance of metabolites in the medium versus time was monitored, and the various conjugates and derivatives produced were identified by HPLC-DAD, LC/MS, and enzyme treatment with beta-glucuronidase or sulfatase. Enterocyte-like differentiated Caco-2 cells have extra- and intracellular esterases able to de-esterify hydroxycinnamate and diferulate esters. In addition, intracellular UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases existing in Caco-2 cells are able to form the sulfate and the glucuronide conjugates of methyl ferulate, methyl sinapate, methyl caffeate, and methyl p-coumarate. However, only the sulfate conjugates of the free acids, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and p-coumaric acid, were detected after 24 h. The O-methylated derivatives, ferulic and isoferulic acid, were the only metabolites detected following incubation of Caco-2 cells with caffeic acid. These results show that the in vitro model system differentiated Caco-2 cells have the capacity to metabolize dietary hydroxycinnamates, including various phase I (de-esterification) and phase II (glucuronidation, sulfation, and O-methylation) reactions, and suggests that the human small intestinal epithelium plays a role in the metabolism and bioavailability of these phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Kern
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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22
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Bock-Hennig BS, Kohle C, Nill K, Bock KW. Influence of t-butylhydroquinone and beta-naphthoflavone on formation and transport of 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronide in Caco-2/TC-7 cell monolayers. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:123-8. [PMID: 11841785 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Caco-2 cells have been established as a model system for intestinal biotransformation and permeability. When grown on Transwell polycarbonate filters they develop morphologic and biochemical characteristics of enterocytes with well separated apical and basolateral surfaces. In addition, Caco-2/TC-7 cells have proven to be useful to study regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by Ah receptor agonists and antioxidant-type inducers such as beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) and t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). In the present investigation, formation and transport of 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronide was studied in intact Caco-2 cell monolayers. The following results were obtained: when loaded with 50-200 microM MUF either apically or basolaterally, MUF-GA was the major metabolite which was mostly released (80%) at the basolateral surface, probably via the multidrug resistance protein isoform MRP3; MUF sulfate formation was low (5 +/-2%). Pretreatment of cells with 80 microM TBHQ or 50 microM BNF for 72 hr before addition of 100 microM MUF enhanced basolateral secretion of MUF-GA 1.4- and 1.7-fold, respectively. However, at >200 microM MUF, MUF-GA secretion and induction was smaller, probably due to inhibition of intracellular UGT activity. MRP3 protein was localized to the basolateral surface of Caco-2 cells but was not induced by TBHQ or BNF. The results suggest that MUF-GA is mostly secreted basolaterally in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Treatment with TBHQ or BNF significantly enhanced MUF-GA formation in the intact cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Bock-Hennig
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Tubingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074, Tubingen, Germany.
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Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA. The role of hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2001; 33:273-97. [PMID: 11768770 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, the methods and enzymology of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) lag behind that of the cytochromes P450 (CYPs). About 15 human UGTs have been identified, and knowledge about their regulation, substrate selectivity, and tissue distribution has progressed recently. Alamethicin has been characterized as a treatment to remove the latency of microsomal glucuronidations. Most UGT isoforms appear to have a distinct hepatic and/or extrahepatic expression, resulting in significant expression in kidney, intestine, and steroid target tissues. The gastrointestinal tract possesses a complex expression pattern largely containing members of the UGT1A subfamily. Thus, these forms are poised to participate in the first pass metabolism of oral drugs. The authors and others have identified a significant expression of UGT1A1 in human small intestine, an enzyme possessing considerable allelic variability and a polymorphic expression pattern in intestine. Intestinal glucuronidation therefore plays a major role not only in first pass metabolism, but also in the degree of interindividual variation in overall oral bioavailability. Due to issues such as significant genetic variability and tissue localization in first-pass organs, clearance due to UGT1A1 should be minimized for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Fisher
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., PGRD, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Galijatovic A, Otake Y, Walle UK, Walle T. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 by the flavonoid chrysin in Caco-2 cells--potential role in carcinogen bioinactivation. Pharm Res 2001; 18:374-9. [PMID: 11442279 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011019417236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables and beverages have been demonstrated to be protective in cancer. Recently, we showed that the flavonoid chrysin induced UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity and expression in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. In the present study, we determined the specific UGT isoform(s) induced and whether this induction facilitates glucuronidation and potential detoxification of the colon carcinogen 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-hydroxy-PhIP). METHODS The induction was studied by immunoblot analysis with UGT isoform-specific antibodies, by Northern blot analysis and using quercetin as an isoform-specific catalytic probe. Glucuronidation of N-hydroxy-PhIP was characterized using both recombinant UGTs and control and chrysin-treated microsomes. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with 25 microM chrysin induced UGT1A1 without affecting the expression of UGTs 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7. Northern blot analysis showed markedly increased expression of UGT1AI mRNA after chrysin treatment. Similarly, glucuronidation of quercetin was greatly increased in a UGT1A1-specific way. The induction of UGT1A1 in the Caco-2 cells resulted in a 10-fold increase in the glucuronidation of N-hydroxy-PhIP. CONCLUSION Dietary flavonoid-mediated induction of intestinal UGT1A1 may be important for the glucuronidation and detoxification of colon and other carcinogens as well as for the presystemic metabolism of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galijatovic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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