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Fashe MM, Le TV, Gower MN, Mulrenin IR, Dorman KF, Smith S, Fallon JK, Dumond JB, Boggess KA, Lee CR. Impact of Pregnancy on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Nicotinamide in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:556-564. [PMID: 38093631 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In pre-eclampsia models, nicotinamide (NAM) has protective effects in pre-eclampsia and is being evaluated as a therapeutic nutraceutical in clinical studies. NAM undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism by NAM N-methyltransferase to methylnicotinamide (MNA), which is subsequently metabolized to methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (M2PY) by aldehyde oxidase. However, the pharmacokinetics of NAM and its major metabolites has never been studied in pregnant individuals. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after single 1 g oral NAM dose in healthy pregnant (gestational age 24-33 weeks) and nonpregnant female volunteers (n = 6/group). Pooled urine was collected from 0 to 8 hours. NAM, MNA, and M2PY area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) data were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. No difference in the plasma AUC0→24 of NAM (median (25%-75%): 463 (436-576) vs. 510 (423, 725) μM*hour, P = 0.430) and its intermediate metabolite MNA (89.1 (60.4, 124.4) vs. 83.8 (62.7, 93.7) μM*hour, P = 0.515) was observed in pregnant and nonpregnant volunteers, respectively; however, the terminal metabolite M2PY AUC0 → 24 was significantly lower in pregnant individuals (218 (188, 254) vs. 597 (460, 653) μM*hour, P < 0.001). NAM renal clearance (CLR ; P = 0.184), MNA CLR (P = 0.180), and total metabolite formation clearance (P = 0.405) did not differ across groups; however, M2PY CLR was significantly higher in pregnant individuals (10.5 (9.3-11.3) vs. 7.5 (6.4-8.5) L/h, P = 0.002). These findings demonstrate that the PK of NAM and systemic exposure to its intermediate metabolite MNA are not significantly altered during pregnancy, and systemic exposure to NAM's major metabolite M2PY was reduced during pregnancy due to increased renal elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M Fashe
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tien V Le
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Megan N Gower
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian R Mulrenin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen F Dorman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Spenser Smith
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie B Dumond
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kim A Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Vellonen KS, Lassila T, Reinisalo M, Urtti A, Gonzalez F, Tolonen A, Smith PC, Honkakoski P. Aldehyde oxidase 1 activity and protein expression in human, rabbit, and pig ocular tissues. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106603. [PMID: 37827455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a cytosolic drug-metabolizing enzyme which has attracted increasing attention in drug development due to its high hepatic expression, broad substrate profile and species differences. In contrast, there is limited information on the presence and activity of AOX in extrahepatic tissues including ocular tissues. Because several ocular drugs are potential substrates for AOX, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the AOX1 expression and activity profile in seven ocular tissues from humans, rabbits, and pigs. AOX activities were determined using optimized assays for the established human AOX1 probe substrates 4-dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC) and phthalazine. Inhibition studies were undertaken in conjunctival and retinal homogenates using well-established human AOX1 inhibitors menadione and chlorpromazine. AOX1 protein contents were quantitated with targeted proteomics and confirmed by immunoblotting. Overall, DMAC oxidation rates varied over 10-fold between species (human ˃˃ rabbit ˃ pig) and showed 2- to 6-fold differences between tissues from the same species. Menadione seemed a more potent inhibitor of DMAC oxidation across species than chlorpromazine. Human AOX1 protein levels were highest in the conjunctiva, followed by most posterior tissues, whereas anterior tissues showed low levels. The rabbit AOX1 expression was high in the conjunctiva, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE), and choroid while lower in the anterior tissues. Quantification of pig AOX1 was not successful but immunoblotting confirmed the presence of AOX1 in all species. DMAC oxidation rates and AOX1 contents correlated quite well in humans and rabbits. This study provides, for the first time, insights into the ocular expression and activity of AOX1 among multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7355, United States
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Toni Lassila
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, FI-90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, FI-90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7355, United States
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Fashe MM, Miner TA, Fallon JK, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Smith PC, Lee CR. Pregnancy related hormones increase CYP3A mediated buprenorphine metabolism in human hepatocytes: a comparison to CYP3A substrates nifedipine and midazolam. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218703. [PMID: 37475714 PMCID: PMC10354249 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pregnancy increases the clearance of CYP3A4 substrate drugs and pregnancy-related hormones (PRHs) induce hepatic CYP3A4 expression and metabolism. However, it remains unclear to what extent the magnitude of PRH-evoked changes in hepatic CYP3A metabolism varies across multiple substrates. This study quantified the impact of PRHs on CYP3A protein concentrations and buprenorphine metabolism in human hepatocytes, and compared the magnitude of these effects to nifedipine and midazolam metabolism. Methods: Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from female donors were exposed to PRHs, administered in combination across a range of physiologically relevant concentrations, for 72 h. Absolute protein concentrations of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in SCHH membrane fractions were quantified by nanoLC-MS/MS, and norbuprenorphine (nor-BUP), dehydro-nifedipine (dehydro-NIF), and 1-hydroxy-midazolam (1-OH-MDZ) formation was evaluated. Results: Compared to control, PRH exposure increased CYP3A4, CYP3A7, and total CYP3A protein concentrations, but not CYP3A5 concentrations, and increased nor-BUP, dehydro-NIF, and 1-OH-MDZ formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The formation of nor-BUP, dehydro-NIF, and 1-OH-MDZ each positively correlated with PRH-mediated changes in total CYP3A protein concentrations. The PRH-evoked increase in nor-BUP formation was evident in all donors; however, the PRH induction of dehydro-NIF and 1-OH-MDZ formation was diminished in a hepatocyte donor with high basal CYP3A5 expression. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that PRHs increase buprenorphine, nifedipine, and midazolam metabolism in SCHH via induction of CYP3A4 and total CYP3A protein concentrations, and the magnitude of these effects vary across hepatocyte donors in a substrate-specific manner. These data provide insight into the contribution of PRH induction of CYP3A4 metabolism to increased buprenorphine clearance during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M. Fashe
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taryn A. Miner
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Amanda P. Schauer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig R. Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Lee J, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Jackson KD. Formation of CYP3A-specific metabolites of ibrutinib in vitro is correlated with hepatic CYP3A activity and 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol ratio. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:279-291. [PMID: 36350327 PMCID: PMC9926076 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib is an orally administered Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ibrutinib is metabolized primarily via oxidation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5 to M37 (the primary active metabolite), M34, and M25. The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between formation of the major CYP3A-specific ibrutinib metabolites in vitro and hepatic CYP3A activity and protein abundance, and to evaluate the utility of the endogenous CYP3A biomarker, plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-HC) to cholesterol ratio, to predict ibrutinib metabolite formation in individual cadaveric donors with matching hepatocytes. Ibrutinib (5 μM) was incubated with single-donor human liver microsomes (n = 20) and primary human hepatocytes (n = 15), and metabolites (M37, M34, and M25) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. CYP3A4/5 protein concentrations were measured by quantitative targeted absolute proteomics, and CYP3A activity was measured by midazolam 1'-hydroxylation. Ibrutinib metabolite formation positively correlated with midazolam 1'-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Plasma 4β-HC and cholesterol concentrations were measured in plasma samples obtained at the time of liver harvest from the same 15 donors with matching hepatocytes. Midazolam 1'-hydroxylation in hepatocytes correlated with plasma 4β-HC/cholesterol ratio. When an infant donor (1 year old) was excluded based on previous ontogeny studies, M37 and M25 formation correlated with plasma 4β-HC/cholesterol ratio in the remaining 14 donors (Spearman correlation coefficients [r] 0.62 and 0.67, respectively). Collectively, these data indicate a positive association among formation of CYP3A-specific ibrutinib metabolites in human hepatocytes, hepatic CYP3A activity, and plasma 4β-HC/cholesterol ratio in the same non-infant donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of PharmacyChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmaceuticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of PharmacyChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmaceuticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of PharmacyChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of PharmacyChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Vieiro P, Balla A, Gonzalez F, Urtti A, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Honkakoski P. Activity and expression of carboxylesterases and arylacetamide deacetylase in human ocular tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1483-1492. [PMID: 36195336 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multi-tissue organ, the eye possesses unique anatomy and physiology including differential expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Several hydrolytic enzymes, that play a major role in drug metabolism and bioactivation of prodrugs, have been detected in ocular tissues but data on their quantitative expression is scarce. Also, many ophthalmic drugs are prone to hydrolysis. Metabolic characterization of individual ocular tissues is useful for the drug development process, and therefore, seven individual ocular tissues from human eyes were analyzed for the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC). Generic and selective human esterase substrates 4-nitrophenyl acetate (most esterases), D-luciferin methyl ester (CES1), fluorescein diacetate and procaine (CES2), and phenacetin (AADAC) were applied to determine the enzymes' specific activities. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition studies were performed with isoform-selective inhibitors digitonin (CES1) and verapamil and diltiazem (CES2). Enzyme contents were determined using quantitative targeted proteomics, and CES2 expression was confirmed by Western blotting. The expression and activity of human CES1 among ocular tissues varied by >10-fold, with the highest levels found in the retina and iris-ciliary body. In contrast, human CES2 expression appeared lower and more similar between tissues whereas AADAC could not be detected. Inhibition studies showed that hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate is also catalyzed by enzymes other than CES2. This study provides, for the first time, quantitative information on the tissue-dependent expression of human ocular esterases which can be useful for the development of ocular drugs, prodrugs, and in pharmacokinetic modeling of the eye. Significance Statement Novel and comprehensive data on the protein expression and activities of carboxylesterases from individual human eye tissues are generated. In combination with previous reports on pre-clinical species, this study will improve understanding of interspecies differences in ocular drug metabolism and aid the development of ocular pharmacokinetics models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John K Fallon
- Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Chapel Hill, United States
| | | | - Paula Vieiro
- Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anusha Balla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Philip C Smith
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
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Fashe MM, Fallon JK, Miner TA, Tiley JB, Smith PC, Lee CR. Impact of pregnancy related hormones on drug metabolizing enzyme and transport protein concentrations in human hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1004010. [PMID: 36210832 PMCID: PMC9532936 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy alters the disposition and exposure to multiple drugs indicated for pregnancy-related complications. Previous in vitro studies have shown that pregnancy-related hormones (PRHs) alter the expression and function of certain cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in human hepatocytes. However, the impact of PRHs on hepatic concentrations of non-CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transport proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from five female donors were exposed to vehicle or PRHs (estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, cortisol, and placental growth hormone), administered individually or in combination, across a range of physiologically relevant PRH concentrations for 72 h. Absolute concentrations of 33 hepatic non-CYP DMEs and transport proteins were quantified in SCHH membrane fractions using a quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) isotope dilution nanoLC-MS/MS method. The data revealed that PRHs altered the absolute protein concentration of various DMEs and transporters in a concentration-, isoform-, and hepatocyte donor-dependent manner. Overall, eight of 33 (24%) proteins exhibited a significant PRH-evoked net change in absolute protein concentration relative to vehicle control (ANOVA p < 0.05) across hepatocyte donors: 1/11 UGTs (9%; UGT1A4), 4/6 other DMEs (67%; CES1, CES2, FMO5, POR), and 3/16 transport proteins (19%; OAT2, OCT3, P-GP). An additional 8 (24%) proteins (UGT1A1, UGT2B4, UGT2B10, FMO3, OCT1, MRP2, MRP3, ENT1) exhibited significant PRH alterations in absolute protein concentration within at least two individual hepatocyte donors. In contrast, 17 (52%) proteins exhibited no discernable impact by PRHs either within or across hepatocyte donors. Collectively, these results provide the first comprehensive quantitative proteomic evaluation of PRH effects on non-CYP DMEs and transport proteins in SCHH and offer mechanistic insight into the altered disposition of drug substrates cleared by these pathways during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M. Fashe
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taryn A. Miner
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jacqueline B. Tiley
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig R. Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Craig R. Lee,
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7
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Sandoval P, Chuang BC, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Chowdhury SK, Griffin RJ, Xia CQ, Iwasaki S, Chothe PP. Sinusoidal Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3 and Bile Canalicular Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 Play an Essential Role in the Hepatobiliary Disposition of a Synthetic Cyclic Dinucleotide (STING Agonist). AAPS J 2022; 24:99. [PMID: 36123502 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is central to the elimination of many drugs from the body involving multiple processes and understanding of these processes is important to quantitively assess hepatic clearance of drugs. The synthetic STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes protein) agonist is a new class of drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a potential anticancer therapy. In this study, we used ML00960317 (synthetic STING agonist) to investigate the hepatobiliary disposition of this novel molecular entity. A bile-duct cannulated (BDC) rat study indicated that biliary excretion is the major route of elimination for ML00960317 (84% of parent dose in bile). The human biliary clearance using in vitro sandwich cultured human hepatocyte model predicted significant biliary excretion of ML00960317 (biliary excretion index (BEI) of 47%). Moreover, the transport studies using transporter expressing cell lines, hepatocytes, and membrane vesicles indicated that ML00960317 is a robust substrate of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and MRP2. Using relative expression factor approach, the combined contribution of OATP1B1 (fraction transported (ft) = 0.62) and OATP1B3 (ft = 0.31) was found to be 93% of the active uptake clearance of ML00960317 into the liver. Furthermore, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3-mediated uptake of ML00960317 was inhibited by rifampicin with IC50 of 6.5 and 2.3 μM, respectively indicating an in vivo DDI risk (R value of 1.5 and 2.5 for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, respectively). These results highlighted an important role of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and MRP2 in the hepatobiliary disposition of ML00960317. These pathways may act as rate-determining steps in the hepatic clearance of ML00960317 thus presenting clinical DDI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sandoval
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA
| | - Bei-Ching Chuang
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Boston Pharmaceuticals, 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 400, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA
| | - Cindy Q Xia
- ReNAgade Therapeutics Management Co., 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chrome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA.
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8
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Saran C, Fu D, Ho H, Klein A, Fallon JK, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. A novel differentiated HuH-7 cell model to examine bile acid metabolism, transport and cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14333. [PMID: 35995956 PMCID: PMC9395349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cell lines serve as economical and reproducible alternatives for primary human hepatocytes. However, the utility of hepatic cell lines to examine bile acid homeostasis and cholestatic toxicity is limited due to abnormal expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and the absence of canalicular formation. We discovered that culturing HuH-7 human hepatoma cells with dexamethasone (DEX) and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for two weeks, with Matrigel overlay after one week, resulted in a shorter and improved differentiation process. These culture conditions increased the expression and function of the major bile acid uptake and efflux transporters, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and the bile salt export pump (BSEP), respectively, in two-week cultures of HuH-7 cells. This in vitro model was further characterized for expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and cellular bile acids. Differentiated HuH-7 cells displayed a marked shift in bile acid composition and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1, CYP8B1, CYP3A4, and bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) mRNAs compared to control. Inhibition of taurocholate uptake and excretion after a 24-h treatment with prototypical cholestatic drugs suggests that differentiated HuH-7 cells are a suitable model to examine cholestatic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dong Fu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry Ho
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Klein
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Zhao Y, Haney MJ, Fallon JK, Rodriguez M, Swain CJ, Arzt CJ, Smith PC, Loop MS, Harrison EB, El-Hage N, Batrakova EV. Using Extracellular Vesicles Released by GDNF-Transfected Macrophages for Therapy of Parkinson Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1933. [PMID: 35741061 PMCID: PMC9222008 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that facilitate transport of proteins, lipids, and genetic material, playing important roles in intracellular communication. They have remarkable potential as non-toxic and non-immunogenic nanocarriers for drug delivery to unreachable organs and tissues, in particular, the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we developed a novel platform based on macrophage-derived EVs to treat Parkinson disease (PD). Specifically, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of EVs secreted by autologous macrophages that were transfected ex vivo to express glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). EV-GDNF were collected from conditioned media of GDNF-transfected macrophages and characterized for GDNF content, size, charge, and expression of EV-specific proteins. The data revealed that, along with the encoded neurotrophic factor, EVs released by pre-transfected macrophages carry GDNF-encoding DNA. Four-month-old transgenic Parkin Q311(X)A mice were treated with EV-GDNF via intranasal administration, and the effect of this therapeutic intervention on locomotor functions was assessed over a year. Significant improvements in mobility, increases in neuronal survival, and decreases in neuroinflammation were found in PD mice treated with EV-GDNF. No offsite toxicity caused by EV-GDNF administration was detected. Overall, an EV-based approach can provide a versatile and potent therapeutic intervention for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.J.H.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Matthew J. Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.J.H.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - John K. Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (N.E.-H.)
| | - Carson J. Swain
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Camryn J. Arzt
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Matthew Shane Loop
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Emily B. Harrison
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (N.E.-H.)
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.J.H.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.K.F.); (C.J.S.); (C.J.A.); (P.C.S.); (M.S.L.); (E.B.H.)
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10
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Gbolahan OB, O'Neil BH, McRee AJ, Sanoff HK, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Ivanova A, Moore DT, Dumond J, Asher GN. A Phase I evaluation of the effect of curcumin on dose-limiting toxicity and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in participants with solid tumors. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1304-1315. [PMID: 35157783 PMCID: PMC9099132 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin inhibits UDP‐glucuronyltransferases, a primary metabolic pathway for cancer chemotherapeutic agents like irinotecan. Concurrent administration of both agents may exacerbate irinotecan toxicity. We conducted this phase I study to determine the safety of concurrent curcumin and irinotecan administration. Ten participants with advanced solid tumors received one of four doses (1, 2, 3, and 4 g) of a curcumin phosphatidylcholine complex (PC) orally daily, and 200 mg/m2 of i.v. infusion irinotecan on days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PC. Thirteen participants received 4 g of PC (MTD) to assess the effect on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of irinotecan and its metabolites, SN‐38 and SN‐38G. Irinotecan, SN‐38, and SN‐38G exposure equivalence with and without curcumin was assessed using area under the plasma concentration‐time curves from 0 to 6 h (AUC0‐6h). Safety assessments and disease responses were also evaluated. The combination of irinotecan and PC was well‐tolerated. Because there was no dose limiting toxicity, the maximum dose administered (4 g) was defined as the recommended phase II dose of PC. PC did not significantly alter the plasma exposure and other PK properties of irinotecan and its metabolites. There was no apparent increase in the incidence of irinotecan‐associated toxicities. The objective response rate was 3/19 (22%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5–39%), median progression free survival and overall survival (n = 23) were 4 months (95% CI: 2.9–8.9 months) and 8.4 months (95% CI: 3.7 – not evaluable [NE]), respectively. Future studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide B Gbolahan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | - Autumn J McRee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hanna K Sanoff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Dominic T Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Julie Dumond
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Gary N Asher
- Department of Family Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 590 Manning Drive, CB# 7595, Chapel Hill, USA
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11
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Haney MJ, Zhao Y, Fallon JK, Yue W, Li SM, Lentz EE, Erie D, Smith PC, Batrakova EV. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Optimization of the Cell Source. Adv Nanobiomed Res 2021; 1:2100064. [PMID: 34927169 PMCID: PMC8680291 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a next generation drug delivery system that combines nanoparticle size with extraordinary ability to cross biological barriers, reduced immunogenicity, and low offsite toxicity profiles. A successful application of this natural way of delivering biological compounds requires deep understanding EVs intrinsic properties inherited from their parent cells. Herein, we evaluated EVs released by cells of different origin, with respect to drug delivery to the brain for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The morphology, size, and zeta potential of EVs secreted by primary macrophages (mEVs), neurons (nEVs), and astrocytes (aEVs) were examined by nanoparticle NTA, DLS, cryoTEM, and AFM. Spherical nanoparticles with average size 110-130 nm and zeta potential around -20 mV were identified for all EVs types. mEVs showed the highest levels of tetraspanins and integrins compared to nEVs and aEVs, suggesting superior adhesion and targeting to the inflamed tissues by mEVs. Strikingly, aEVs were preferentially taken up by neuronal cells in vitro, followed by mEVs and nEVs. Nevertheless, the brain accumulation levels of mEVs in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease were significantly higher than those of nEVs or aEVs. Therefore, mEVs were suggested as the most promising nanocarrier system for drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John K. Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wang Yue
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel M. Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily E. Lentz
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dorothy Erie
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Cuko L, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Rondini EA, Pant A, Fallon JK, Wilson EM, Peraino NJ, Westrick JA, Smith PC, Kocarek TA. Negative Regulation of Human Hepatic Constitutive Androstane Receptor by Cholesterol Synthesis Inhibition: Role of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:706-717. [PMID: 34011532 PMCID: PMC11025015 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The squalene synthase inhibitor squalestatin 1 (Squal1) is a potent and efficacious inducer of CYP2B expression in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and rat liver. To determine whether Squal1 is also an inducer of human CYP2B, the effects of Squal1 treatment were evaluated in primary cultured human hepatocytes, differentiated HepaRG cells, and humanized mouse livers. Squal1 treatment did not increase CYP2B6 mRNA levels in human hepatocytes or HepaRG cells and only slightly and inconsistently increased CYP2B6 mRNA content in humanized mouse liver. However, treatment with farnesol, which mediates Squal1's effect on rat CYP2B expression, increased CYP2B6 mRNA levels in HepaRG cells expressing the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), but not in cells with knocked-down CAR. To determine the impact of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition on CAR activation, the effects of pravastatin (Prava) were determined on CITCO-mediated gene expression in primary cultured human hepatocytes. Prava treatment abolished CITCO-inducible CYP2B6 expression, but had less effect on rifampicin-mediated CYP3A4 induction, and CITCO treatment did not affect Prava-inducible HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) expression. Treatment with inhibitors of different steps of cholesterol biosynthesis attenuated CITCO-mediated CYP2B6 induction in HepaRG cells, and Prava treatment increased HMGCR expression and inhibited CYP2B6 induction with comparable potency. Transfection of HepG2 cells with transcriptionally active sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) reduced CAR-mediated transactivation, and inducible expression of transcriptionally active SREBP2 attenuated CITCO-inducible CYP2B6 expression in HepaRG cells. These findings suggest that Squal1 does not induce CYP2B6 in human hepatocytes because Squal1's inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis interferes with CAR activation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor squalestatin 1 induces rat hepatic CYP2B expression indirectly by causing accumulation of an endogenous isoprenoid that activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). This study demonstrates that squalestatin 1 does not similarly induce CYP2B6 expression in human hepatocytes. Rather, inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis interferes with CAR activity, likely by activating sterol regulatory element binding proteins. These findings increase our understanding of the endogenous processes that modulate human drug-metabolizing gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberta Cuko
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Zofia Duniec-Dmuchowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Asmita Pant
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (L.C., Z.D.-D., E.A.R., A.P., T.A.K.) and Department of Chemistry (N.J.P., J.A.W.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon (E.M.W.)
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13
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Beaudoin JJ, Bezençon J, Sjöstedt N, Fallon JK, Brouwer KLR. Role of Organic Solute Transporter Alpha/Beta in Hepatotoxic Bile Acid Transport and Drug Interactions. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:34-35. [PMID: 32294204 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporter (OST) α/β is a key bile acid transporter expressed in various organs, including the liver under cholestatic conditions. However, little is known about the involvement of OSTα/β in bile acid-mediated drug-induced liver injury (DILI), a major safety concern in drug development. This study investigated whether OSTα/β preferentially transports more hepatotoxic, conjugated, primary bile acids and to what extent xenobiotics inhibit this transport. Kinetic studies with OSTα/β-overexpressing cells revealed that OSTα/β preferentially transported bile acids in the following order: taurochenodeoxycholate > glycochenodeoxycholate > taurocholate > glycocholate. The apparent half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for OSTα/β-mediated bile acid (5 µM) transport inhibition by fidaxomicin, troglitazone sulfate, and ethinyl estradiol were: 210, 334, and 1050 µM, respectively, for taurochenodeoxycholate; 97.6, 333, and 337 µM, respectively, for glycochenodeoxycholate; 140, 265, and 527 µM, respectively, for taurocholate; 59.8, 102, and 117 µM, respectively, for glycocholate. The potential role of OSTα/β in hepatocellular glycine-conjugated bile acid accumulation and cholestatic DILI was evaluated using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). Treatment of SCHH with the farnesoid X receptor agonist chenodeoxycholate (100 µM) resulted in substantial OSTα/β induction, among other proteomic alterations, reducing glycochenodeoxycholate and glycocholate accumulation in cells+bile 4.0- and 4.5-fold, respectively. Treatment of SCHH with troglitazone and fidaxomicin together under cholestatic conditions resulted in increased hepatocellular toxicity compared with either compound alone, suggesting that OSTα/β inhibition may accentuate DILI. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the role of OSTα/β in preferential disposition of bile acids associated with hepatotoxicity, the impact of xenobiotics on OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport, and the role of this transporter in SCHH and cholestatic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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14
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Morse BL, Fallon JK, Kolur A, Hogan AT, Smith PC, Hillgren KM. Comparison of Hepatic Transporter Tissue Expression in Rodents and Interspecies Hepatic OCT1 Activity. AAPS J 2021; 23:58. [PMID: 33903987 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic clearance may be uptake rate limited by organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). While comparison of OATP activity has been investigated across species, little has been reported for OCT1. Additionally, while data on interspecies transporter expression in the liver exist, quantitative comparison of these transporters in multiple tissues is lacking. In the current research, the pharmacokinetics of OCT1 substrates (sumatriptan and metformin) were assessed in Oct knockout rats for comparison with previous Oct1/2-/- mice data and OCT1 pharmacogenetics in humans. Effect of OCT1 inhibitors verapamil and erlotinib on OCT1 substrate liver partitioning was also evaluated in rats. Expression of 18 transporters, including Oatps and Octs, in 9 tissues from mice and rats was quantitated using nanoLC/MS-MS, along with uptake transporters in hepatocytes from 5 species. Interspecies differences in OCT1 activity were further evaluated via uptake of OCT1 substrates in hepatocytes with corresponding in vivo liver partitioning in rodents and monkey. In Oct1-/- rats, sumatriptan hepatic clearance and liver partitioning decreased; however, metformin pharmacokinetics were unaffected. OCT1 inhibitor coadministration decreased sumatriptan liver partitioning. In rodents, Oatp expression was highest in the liver, although comparable expression of Oatps in other tissues was determined. Expression of Octs was highest in the kidney, with liver Oct1 expression comparably lower than Oatps. Liver partitioning of OCT1 substrates was lower in rodents than in monkey, in agreement with the highest OCT1 expression and uptake of OCT1 substrates in monkey hepatocytes. Species-dependent OCT1 activity requires consideration when translating preclinical data to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anil Kolur
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Andrew T Hogan
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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15
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Khatri R, Fallon JK, Sykes C, Kulick N, Rementer RJB, Miner TA, Schauer AP, Kashuba ADM, Boggess KA, Brouwer KLR, Smith PC, Lee CR. Pregnancy-Related Hormones Increase UGT1A1-Mediated Labetalol Metabolism in Human Hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655320. [PMID: 33995076 PMCID: PMC8115026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-related hormones (PRH) are recognized as important regulators of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme expression and function. However, the impact of PRH on the hepatic expression and function of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) remains unclear. Using primary human hepatocytes, we evaluated the effect of PRH exposure on mRNA levels and protein concentrations of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and other key UGT enzymes, and on the metabolism of labetalol (a UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 substrate commonly prescribed to treat hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from female donors were exposed to the PRH estradiol, estriol, estetrol, progesterone, and cortisol individually or in combination. We quantified protein concentrations of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and four additional UGT1A isoforms in SCHH membrane fractions and evaluated the metabolism of labetalol to its glucuronide metabolites in SCHH. PRH exposure increased mRNA levels and protein concentrations of UGT1A1 and UGT1A4 in SCHH. PRH exposure also significantly increased labetalol metabolism to its UGT1A1-derived glucuronide metabolite in a concentration-dependent manner, which positively correlated with PRH-induced changes in UGT1A1 protein concentrations. In contrast, PRH did not alter UGT2B7 mRNA levels or protein concentrations in SCHH, and formation of the UGT2B7-derived labetalol glucuronide metabolite was decreased following PRH exposure. Our findings demonstrate that PRH alter expression and function of UGT proteins in an isoform-specific manner and increase UGT1A1-mediated labetalol metabolism in human hepatocytes by inducing UGT1A1 protein concentrations. These results provide mechanistic insight into the increases in labetalol clearance observed in pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Khatri
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Natasha Kulick
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca J B Rementer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taryn A Miner
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kim A Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Salluce G, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Sauer A, Urtti A, Honkakoski P. Carboxylesterase Activities and Protein Expression in Rabbit and Pig Ocular Tissues. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1305-1316. [PMID: 33595329 PMCID: PMC8023712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions constitute an important pathway of drug metabolism and a significant route of prodrug activation. Many ophthalmic drugs and prodrugs contain ester groups that greatly enhance their permeation across several hydrophobic barriers in the eye before the drugs are either metabolized or released, respectively, via hydrolysis. Thus, the development of ophthalmic drug therapy requires the thorough profiling of substrate specificities, activities, and expression levels of ocular esterases. However, such information is scant in the literature, especially for preclinical species often used in ophthalmology such as rabbits and pigs. Therefore, our aim was to generate systematic information on the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in seven ocular tissue homogenates from these two species. The hydrolytic activities were measured using a generic esterase substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and, in the absence of validated substrates for rabbit and pig enzymes, with selective substrates established for human CES1, CES2, and AADAC (d-luciferin methyl ester, fluorescein diacetate, procaine, and phenacetin). Kinetics and inhibition studies were conducted using these substrates and, again due to a lack of validated rabbit and pig CES inhibitors, with known inhibitors for the human enzymes. Protein expression levels were measured using quantitative targeted proteomics. Rabbit ocular tissues showed significant variability in the expression of CES1 (higher in cornea, lower in conjunctiva) and CES2 (higher in conjunctiva, lower in cornea) and a poor correlation of CES expression with hydrolytic activities. In contrast, pig tissues appear to express only CES1, and CES3 and AADAC seem to be either low or absent, respectively, in both species. The current study revealed remarkable species and tissue differences in ocular hydrolytic enzymes that can be taken into account in the design of esterase-dependent prodrugs and drug conjugates, the evaluation of ocular effects of systemic drugs, and in translational and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | | | - Giulia Salluce
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198584 Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, United States
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Morse BL, Chen LH, Catlow JT, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Hillgren KM. Expansion of Knowledge on OCT1 Variant Activity In Vitro and In Vivo Using Oct1/2 -/- Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631793. [PMID: 33658943 PMCID: PMC7917185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) in humans is gaining attention as data emerges regarding its role in physiology, drug exposure, and drug response. OCT1 variants with decreased in vitro function correlate well with altered exposure of multiple OCT1 substrates in variant carriers. In the current research, we investigate mechanisms behind activity of OCT1 variants in vitro by generating cell lines expressing known OCT1 variants and quantifying membrane OCT1 protein expression with corresponding OCT1 activity and kinetics. Oct knockout mice have provided additional insight into the role of Oct1 in the liver and have reproduced effects of altered OCT1 activity observed in the clinic. To assess the complex effect of Oct1 depletion on pharmacokinetics of prodrug proguanil and its active moiety cycloguanil, both of which are OCT1 substrates, Oct1/2-/- mice were used. Decreased membrane expression of OCT1 was demonstrated for all variant cell lines, although activity was substrate-dependent, as reported previously. Lack of change in activity for OCT1*2 resulted in increased intrinsic activity per pmol of OCT1 protein, particularly for sumatriptan but also for proguanil and cycloguanil. Similar to that reported in humans with decreased OCT1 function, systemic exposure of proguanil was minimally affected in Oct1/2-/- mice. However, proguanil liver partitioning and exposure decreased. Cycloguanil exposure decreased following proguanil administration in Oct1/2-/- mice, as did the systemic metabolite:parent ratio. When administered directly, systemic exposure of cycloguanil decreased slightly; however liver partitioning and exposure were decreased in Oct1/2-/- mice. Unexpectedly, following proguanil administration, the metabolite ratio in the liver changed only minimally, and liver partitioning of cycloguanil was affected in Oct1/2-/- mice to a lesser extent following proguanil administration than direct administration of cycloguanil. In conclusion, these in vitro and in vivo data offer additional complexity in understanding mechanisms of OCT1 variant activity as well as the effects of these variants in vivo. From cell lines, it is apparent that intrinsic activity is not directly related to OCT1 membrane expression. Additionally, in situations with a more complicated role of OCT1 in drug pharmacokinetics there is difficulty translating in vivo impact simply from intrinsic activity from cellular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lisa Hong Chen
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John T Catlow
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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18
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Nautiyal M, Qasem RJ, Fallon JK, Wolf KK, Liu J, Dixon D, Smith PC, Mosedale M. Characterization of primary mouse hepatocyte spheroids as a model system to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105010. [PMID: 33022361 PMCID: PMC7736539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from genetically defined and/or diverse lines and disease models are a valuable resource for studying the impact of genetic and environmental factors on drug response and disease. However, standard monolayer cultures result in a rapid decline in mouse hepatocyte viability and functionality. Therefore, we evaluated 3D spheroid methodology for long-term culture of primary mouse hepatocytes, initially to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Primary hepatocytes isolated from male and female C57BL/6J mice were used to generate spheroids by spontaneous self-aggregation in ultra-low attachment plates. Spheroids with well-defined perimeters were observed within 5 days after seeding and retained morphology, ATP, and albumin levels for an additional 2 weeks in culture. Global microarray profiling and quantitative targeted proteomics assessing 10 important drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters demonstrated maintenance of mRNA and protein levels in spheroids over time. Activities for 5 major P450 enzymes were also stable and comparable to activities previously reported for human hepatocyte spheroids. Time- and concentration-dependent decreases in ATP and albumin were observed in response to the DILI-causing drugs acetaminophen, fialuridine, AMG-009, and tolvaptan. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful long-term culture of mouse hepatocytes as spheroids and their utility to support investigations of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nautiyal
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Rani J Qasem
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America; College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John K Fallon
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Kristina K Wolf
- LifeNet Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Jingli Liu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Philip C Smith
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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Qasem RJ, Fallon JK, Nautiyal M, Mosedale M, Smith PC. Differential Detergent Fractionation of Membrane Protein From Small Samples of Hepatocytes and Liver Tissue for Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:87-96. [PMID: 33148403 PMCID: PMC7750260 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fractionation of enough membrane protein from limited samples is challenging for MS-based quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. This study evaluated differential detergent fractionation (DDF) of membrane protein from progressively smaller numbers of primary mouse hepatocytes (5 million down to 50,000 cells) and limited liver tissue (25-50 mg) in quantifying select DMEs and transporters by QTAP. Two non-ionic detergents, digitonin and Triton-X-100, were applied in sequence to permeabilize cells and extract membrane proteins. Comparison was made with a membrane protein extraction kit and with homogenization in hypotonic buffer and subsequent differential centrifugation (DC). DDF produced linear membrane protein yields with increasing hepatocyte numbers and better permeabilization evidenced by the higher ratio of cytosolic to membrane protein yields. DDF produced 5-times more membrane protein from liver tissue than DC. The concentration of DMEs and transporters remained consistent in the fractions prepared by DDF from progressively smaller numbers of hepatocytes, but declined in kit fractions. In liver tissue, the concentrations were comparatively higher in DDF versus kit and DC. In conclusion, sequential digitonin and Triton-X-100 fractionation of membrane protein from limited samples is efficient, reproducible and cost-effective for QTAP of DMEs and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani J Qasem
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John K Fallon
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manisha Nautiyal
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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20
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Bezençon J, Saran C, Hussner J, Beaudoin JJ, Zhang Y, Shen H, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Brouwer KLR. Endogenous Coproporphyrin I and III are Altered in Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2-Deficient (TR -) Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:404-411. [PMID: 33058892 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on coproporphyrin (CP)-I and CP-III (CPs) as endogenous biomarkers for organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). Previous data showed that CPs are also substrates of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP/Mrp) 2 and 3. This study was designed to examine the impact of loss of Mrp2 function on the routes of excretion of endogenous CPs in wild-type (WT) Wistar compared to Mrp2-deficient TR- rats. To exclude possible confounding effects of rat Oatps, the transport of CPs was investigated in Oatp-overexpressing HeLa cells. Results indicated that CPs are substrates of rodent Oatp1b2, and that CP-III is a substrate of Oatp2b1. Quantitative targeted absolute proteomic (QTAP) analysis revealed no differences in Oatps, but an expected significant increase in Mrp3 protein levels in TR- compared to WT rat livers. CP-I and CP-III concentrations measured by LC-MS/MS were elevated in TR- compared to WT rat liver, while CP-I and CP-III estimated biliary clearance was decreased 75- and 840-fold in TR- compared to WT rats, respectively. CP-III concentrations were decreased 14-fold in the feces of TR- compared to WT rats, but differences in CP-I were not significant. In summary, the disposition of CPs was markedly altered by loss of Mrp2 and increased Mrp3 function as measured in TR- rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bezençon
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chitra Saran
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janine Hussner
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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21
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Morse BL, Kolur A, Hudson LR, Hogan AT, Chen LH, Brackman RM, Sawada GA, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Hillgren KM. Pharmacokinetics of Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) Substrates in Oct1/2 Knockout Mice and Species Difference in Hepatic OCT1-Mediated Uptake. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:93-105. [PMID: 31771949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) plays a role in hepatic uptake of drugs, affecting in vivo exposure, distinguished primarily through pharmacogenetics of the SLC22A1 gene. The role of OCT1 in vivo has not been confirmed, however, via drug-drug interactions that similarly affect exposure. In the current research, we used Oct1/2 knockout mice to assess the role of Oct1 in hepatic clearance and liver partitioning of clinical substrates and assess the model for predicting an effect of OCT1 function on pharmacokinetics in humans. Four OCT1 substrates (sumatriptan, fenoterol, ondansetron, and tropisetron) were administered to wild-type and knockout mice, and plasma, tissue, and urine were collected. Tissue transporter expression was evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vitro, uptake of all compounds in human and mouse hepatocytes and human OCT1- and OCT2-expressing cells was evaluated. The largest effect of knockout was on hepatic clearance and liver partitioning of sumatriptan (2- to 5-fold change), followed by fenoterol, whereas minimal changes in the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron and tropisetron were observed. This aligned with uptake in mouse hepatocytes, in which inhibition of uptake of sumatriptan and fenoterol into mouse hepatocytes by an OCT1 inhibitor was much greater compared with ondansetron and tropisetron. Conversely, inhibition of all four substrates was evident in human hepatocytes, in line with reported clinical pharmacogenetic data. These data confirm the role of Oct1 in the hepatic uptake of the four OCT1 substrates and elucidate species differences in OCT1-mediated hepatocyte uptake that should be considered when utilizing the model to predict effects in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Studies in carriers of SLC22A1 null variants indicate a role of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) in the hepatic uptake of therapeutic agents, although OCT1-mediated drug-drug interactions have not been reported. This work used Oct1/2 knockout mice to confirm the role of Oct1 in the hepatic clearance and liver partitioning in mice for OCT1 substrates with reported pharmacogenetic effects. Species differences observed in mouse and human hepatocyte uptake clarify limitations of the knockout model for predicting exposure changes in humans for some OCT1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Anil Kolur
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Loyd R Hudson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Andrew T Hogan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Lisa Hong Chen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Ryan M Brackman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Geri A Sawada
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., A.K., L.R.H., A.T.H., L.H.C., R.M.B., G.A.S., K.M.H.); and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.)
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22
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Burgunder E, Fallon JK, White N, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymph Nodes: A Cross-Species Comparison of the Effect of Drug Transporter Expression, Viral Infection, and Sex in Humanized Mice, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:360-368. [PMID: 31235531 PMCID: PMC6695867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a "kick and kill" strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node are important to prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, the factors responsible for drug distribution and concentration into these tissues are largely unknown. Although humanized mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are crucial to HIV research, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across species. This study investigated the influence of drug transporter expression, viral infection, and sex on ARV penetration within lymph nodes of animal models and humans. Six ARVs were dosed for 10 days in humanized mice and NHPs. Plasma and lymph nodes were collected at necropsy, 24 hours after the last dose. Human lymph node tissue and plasma from deceased patients were collected from tissue banks. ARV, active metabolite, and endogenous nucleotide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and drug transporter expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. In NHPs and humans, lymph node ARV concentrations were greater than or equal to plasma, and tenofovir diphosphate/deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration ratios achieved efficacy targets in lymph nodes from all three species. There was no effect of infection or sex on ARV concentrations. Low drug transporter expression existed in lymph nodes from all species, and no predictive relationships were found between transporter gene/protein expression and ARV penetration. Overall, common preclinical models of HIV infection were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes, and low transporter expression suggests primarily passive drug distribution in these tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across preclinical species used for HIV eradication research, and the influence of drug transporters, HIV infection, and sex on ARV distribution and concentration into the lymph node is largely unknown. Here we show that two animal models of HIV infection (humanized mice and nonhuman primates) were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes. Additionally, we found that drug transporter expression was minimal and-along with viral infection and sex-did not affect ARV penetration into lymph nodes from any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burgunder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Paul Luciw
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
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Speer JE, Gunasekara DB, Wang Y, Fallon JK, Attayek PJ, Smith PC, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Molecular transport through primary human small intestinal monolayers by culture on a collagen scaffold with a gradient of chemical cross-linking. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:36. [PMID: 31061676 PMCID: PMC6487070 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The luminal surface of the small intestine is composed of a monolayer of cells overlying a lamina propria comprised of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The ECM provides a porous substrate critical for nutrient exchange and cellular adhesion. The enterocytes within the epithelial monolayer possess proteins such as transporters, carriers, pumps and channels that participate in the movement of drugs, metabolites, ions and amino acids and whose function can be regulated or altered by the properties of the ECM. Here, we characterized expression and function of proteins involved in transport across the human small intestinal epithelium grown on two different culture platforms. One strategy employs a conventional scaffolding method comprised of a thin ECM film overlaying a porous membrane while the other utilizes a thick ECM hydrogel placed on a porous membrane. The thick hydrogel possesses a gradient of chemical cross-linking along its length to provide a softer substrate than that of the ECM film-coated membrane while maintaining mechanical stability. Results The monolayers on both platforms possessed goblet cells and abundant enterocytes and were impermeable to Lucifer yellow and fluorescein-dextran (70 kD) indicating high barrier integrity. Multiple transporter proteins were present in both primary-cell culture formats at levels similar to those present in freshly isolated crypts/villi; however, expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in the monolayers on the conventional scaffold was substantially less than that on the gradient cross-linked scaffold and freshly isolated crypts/villi. Monolayers on the conventional scaffold failed to transport the BCRP substrate prazosin while cells on the gradient cross-linked scaffold successfully transported this drug to better mimic the properties of in vivo small intestine. Conclusions The results of this comparison highlight the need to create in vitro intestinal transport platforms whose characteristics mimic the in vivo lamina propria in order to accurately recapitulate epithelial function. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0165-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Speer
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Dulan B Gunasekara
- 2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - John K Fallon
- 3Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- 2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- 3Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Christopher E Sims
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.,2Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA
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Émond JP, Labriet A, Desjardins S, Rouleau M, Villeneuve L, Hovington H, Brisson H, Lacombe L, Simonyan D, Caron P, Périgny M, Têtu B, Fallon JK, Klein K, Smith PC, Zanger UM, Guillemette C, Lévesque E. Factors Affecting Interindividual Variability of Hepatic UGT2B17 Protein Expression Examined Using a Novel Specific Monoclonal Antibody. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:444-452. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shi P, Liao M, Chuang BC, Griffin R, Shi J, Hyer M, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Li C, Xia CQ. Efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein dominantly expresses on the membrane of red blood cells, hinders partitioning of its substrates into the cells, and alters drug-drug interaction profiles. Xenobiotica 2018; 48:1173-1183. [PMID: 29098941 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1397812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. Red blood cell (RBC) partitioning is important in determining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a compound; however, active transport across RBC membranes is not well understood, particularly without transporter-related cell membrane proteomics data. 2. In this study, we quantified breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/Bcrp) and MDR1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) protein expression in RBCs from humans, monkeys, dogs, rats and mice using nanoLC/MS/MS, and evaluated their effect on RBC partitioning and plasma exposure of their substrates. BCRP-specific substrate Cpd-1 and MDR1-specific substrate Cpd-2 were characterized using Caco-2 Transwell® system and then administered to Bcrp or P-gp knockout mice. 3. The quantification revealed BCRP/Bcrp but not MDR1/P-gp to be highly expressed on RBC membranes. The knockout mouse study indicated BCRP/Bcrp pumps the substrate out of RBCs, lowering its partitioning and thus preventing binding to intracellular targets. This result was supported by a Cpd-1 and Bcrp inhibitor ML753286 drug-drug interaction (DDI) study in mice. Because of enhanced partitioning of Cpd-1 into RBCs after BCRP/Bcrp inhibition, Cpd-1 plasma concentration changed much less extent with genetic or chemical knockout of Bcrp albeit marked blood concentration increase, suggesting less DDI effect. 4. This finding is fundamentally meaningful to RBC partitioning, pharmacokinetics and DDI studies of BCRP-specific substrates.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Caco-2 Cells
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Interactions
- Erythrocyte Membrane/drug effects
- Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Shi
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Bei-Ching Chuang
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Robert Griffin
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Judy Shi
- b Cancer Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA , and
| | - Marc Hyer
- b Cancer Pharmacology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA , and
| | - John K Fallon
- c Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- c Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Chao Li
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Cindy Q Xia
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co , 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
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Gunasekara DB, Speer J, Wang Y, Nguyen DL, Reed MI, Smiddy NM, Parker JS, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. A Monolayer of Primary Colonic Epithelium Generated on a Scaffold with a Gradient of Stiffness for Drug Transport Studies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13331-13340. [PMID: 30350627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are frequently used for in vitro physiologic and drug transport studies of the colon, but there exists significant pressure to improve assay throughput as well as to achieve tighter control of experimental variables than can be achieved with animals. Thus, development of a primary in vitro colonic epithelium cultured as high resistance with transport protein expression and functional behavior similar to that of a native colonic would be of enormous value for pharmaceutical research. A collagen scaffold, in which the degree of collagen cross-linking was present as a gradient, was developed to support the proliferation of primary colonic cells. The gradient of cross-linking created a gradient in stiffness across the scaffold, enabling the scaffold to resist deformation by cells. mRNA expression and quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry of cells growing on these surfaces as a monolayer suggested that the transporters present were similar to those in vivo. Confluent monolayers acted as a barrier to small molecules so that drug transport studies were readily performed. Transport function was evaluated using atenolol (a substrate for passive paracellular transport), propranolol (a substrate for passive transcellular transport), rhodamine 123 (Rh123, a substrate for P-glycoprotein), and riboflavin (a substrate for solute carrier transporters). Atenolol was poorly transported with an apparent permeability ( Papp) of <5 × 10-7 cm s-1, while propranolol demonstrated a Papp of 9.69 × 10-6 cm s-1. Rh123 was transported in a luminal direction ( Papp,efflux/ Papp,influx = 7) and was blocked by verapamil, a known inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Riboflavin was transported in a basal direction, and saturation of the transporter was observed at high riboflavin concentrations as occurs in vivo. It is anticipated that this platform of primary colonic epithelium will find utility in drug development and physiological studies, since the tissue possesses high integrity and active transporters and metabolism similar to that in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulan B Gunasekara
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel S Parker
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
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Fallon JK, Houvig N, Booth-Genthe CL, Smith PC. Quantification of membrane transporter proteins in human lung and immortalized cell lines using targeted quantitative proteomic analysis by isotope dilution nanoLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:150-157. [PMID: 29544106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Information is needed on the expression of transporters in lung to inform drug development and therapeutic decisions. Much of the information currently available is from semiquantitative gene expression or immunometric densitometry studies reported in the literature. NanoLC-MS/MS (MRM mode) isotope dilution targeted quantitative proteomics was used here to quantify twelve selected transporters in fresh human lung membrane fraction samples and in the membrane fraction of selected immortalized human lung epithelial cell line samples. Fractionation was undertaken by homogenization in crude membrane lysis buffer followed by differential centrifugation of the homogenate. In lung membranes we found OATPs to be the most highly expressed transporters of those measured, followed by PEPT2 and ABCs (P-gp & BCRP). SLC22A transporters (OCTs 2 & 3 and OCTN1) were also found to be expressed. OATP2A1, also known as the prostaglandin transporter, was the most highly expressed transporter, being low in two subjects who were at least occasional smokers. One subject, a non-smoker, had an OATP2A1 concentration that was 8.4 times higher than the next nearest concentration, which itself was higher than the concentration of any other transporter. OATP2A1 is known, from gene expression and animal functional studies, to be present in lung. These results inform the understanding of xenobiotic disposition in the lung and show the distinct profile of transporters in lung compared to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nicole Houvig
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Catherine L Booth-Genthe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Achour B, Dantonio A, Niosi M, Novak JJ, Fallon JK, Barber J, Smith PC, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Goosen TC. Quantitative Characterization of Major Hepatic UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes in Human Liver Microsomes: Comparison of Two Proteomic Methods and Correlation with Catalytic Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1102-1112. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Ma Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Wang Y, Fallon JK, Liu F. Extreme low dose of 5-fluorouracil reverses MDR in cancer by sensitizing cancer associated fibroblasts and down-regulating P-gp. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180023. [PMID: 28662182 PMCID: PMC5491115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective, meaningful study of extreme low dose of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) as a metronomic agent targeting cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to reverse Multidrug resistance (MDR) by sensitizing cancer associated fibroblasts and down-regulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The combination of 5FU and Taxol inhibited resistant KB-8-5 tumor growth by 79% and H460/Tax-R tumor growth by 55%. The inhibition was significant for both tumor types compared with Taxol treatment alone (p<0.001 and p = 0.0067, respectively). Nevertheless, the low-dose 5FU (2.2 mg/kg compared to the therapeutic dose of 50-150 mg/kg) showed negligible tumor inhibitory effect. The tumor growth inhibition study on resistant tumors demonstrated that the continuous administration of low dose 5FU with Taxol significantly inhibited the tumor growth. The treatment overcomes drug resistance in tumors by down-regulating multi-drug resistance transporter protein (P-gp), and more importantly, by eliminating CAFs recruited by resistant tumors. Compared with traditional metronomic chemotherapy, 5FU as metronomic agent targeting CAFs can avoid the disadvantages resulted from the concomitant administration of antiangiogenetic drug. The approach has good translational potential for clinical trials when treating stroma-rich drug resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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Abstract
In this study, we first investigated the change of the morphology of paclitaxel (PTX) nanocrystals by varying the type of stabilizer and increasing the amount of D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) in PTX/TPGS nanocrystals. Rod-shaped nanocrystals changed into relatively thermally stable spherical micelles as the amount of TPGS increased to 1/20 (PTX/TPGS). With these increasing amounts of TPGS, higher cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were observed in P-glycoprotein-overexpressing PTX-resistant (H460/TaxR) cancer cells. Compared to Taxol, PTX/Pluronic F127 (F127) (1/5) nanocrystals, PTX/TPGS (1/5) nanocrystals and PTX/TPGS (1/40) micelles showed significantly sustained in vitro release profiles. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that PTX from these nanoformulations was cleared more rapidly than PTX from Taxol after intravenous administration. However, although presenting an unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile, the biodistribution study showed that PTX/TPGS (1/40) micelles were more effective in promoting accumulation of PTX in drug resistant tumors than Taxol, due to the P-gp inhibition effect of TPGS.
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Fallon JK, Smith PC, Xia CQ, Kim MS. Quantification of Four Efflux Drug Transporters in Liver and Kidney Across Species Using Targeted Quantitative Proteomics by Isotope Dilution NanoLC-MS/MS. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2280-8. [PMID: 27356525 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression levels of several efflux drug transporters in the liver and kidney were evaluated across species to address potential roles of the transporters in species dependent excretion of drugs and their metabolites. METHODS Four efflux transporters, namely MDR1/P-gp, BCRP/Bcrp, MRP2/Mrp2 and MRP3/Mrp3 in liver and kidney in three preclinical species and humans were quantified using targeted quantitative proteomics by isotope dilution nanoLC-MS/MS. RESULTS In liver, the level of P-gp was highest in monkey and lowest in rat. The concentration of BCRP/Bcrp was highest in dog followed by monkey. MRP2/Mrp2 level was highest in monkey and rat, whereas MRP3/Mrp3 levels were similar in human, monkey and dog. In the kidney, the concentrations of MDR1/P-gp in human and monkey were roughly 2 to 3-fold higher than in rat and dog. In rat, BCRP/Bcrp concentrations were substantially higher than in any of the other species. MRP2/Mrp2 concentrations were similar across species, whereas expression of MRP3/Mrp3 was highest in rat. CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicated that the pattern of hepatic and renal expression of the transporters was quite species dependent. This information should be helpful in the estimation of transport mediated drug and metabolites excretion in liver and kidney across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Cindy Q Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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Knights KM, Spencer SM, Fallon JK, Chau N, Smith PC, Miners JO. Scaling factors for the in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IV-IVE) of renal drug and xenobiotic glucuronidation clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:1153-64. [PMID: 26808419 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the scaling factors required for inclusion of renal drug glucuronidation clearance in the prediction of total clearance via glucuronidation (CLUGT ). METHODS Microsomal protein per gram of kidney (MPPGK) was determined for human 'mixed' kidney (n = 5) microsomes (MKM). The glucuronidation activities of deferiprone (DEF), propofol (PRO) and zidovudine (AZT) by MKM and paired cortical (KCM) and medullary (KMM) microsomes were measured, along with the UGT 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7 protein contents of each enzyme source. Unbound intrinsic clearances (CLint,u,UGT ) for PRO and morphine (MOR; 3- and 6-) glucuronidation by MKM, human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant UGT1A9 and 2B7 were additionally determined. Data were scaled using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IV-IVE) approaches to assess the influence of renal CLint,u,UGT on the prediction accuracy of the calculated CLUGT values of PRO and MOR. RESULTS MPPGK was 9.3 ± 2.0 mg g(-1) (mean ± SD). The respective rates of DEF (UGT1A6), PRO (UGT1A9) and AZT (UGT2B7) glucuronidation by KCM were 1.4-, 5.2- and 10.5-fold higher than those for KMM. UGT 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7 were the only enzymes expressed in kidney. Consistent with the activity data, the abundance of each of these enzymes was greater in KCM than in KMM. The abundance of UGT1A9 in MKM (61.3 pmol mg(-1) ) was 2.7 fold higher than that reported for HLM. CONCLUSIONS Scaled renal PRO glucuronidation CLint,u,UGT was double that of liver. Renal CLint,u,UGT should be accounted for in the IV-IVE of UGT1A9 and considered for UGT1A6 and 2B7 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Knights
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - Shane M Spencer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Nuy Chau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
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Asher GN, Fallon JK, Smith PC. UGT concentrations in human rectal tissue after multidose, oral curcumin. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00222. [PMID: 27069633 PMCID: PMC4804320 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated that curcumin is a substrate for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs), with a putative ability to both induce expression and inhibit function, highlighting the potential for interaction with some drugs. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effect of oral curcumin on intestinal UGT expression. Healthy volunteers, ages 40–80 years, who had received recent screening colonoscopy were recruited. Participants did not have any gastrointestinal or bleeding disorders, lab abnormalities, or recent antibiotic use. All participants received daily curcuminoid extract, 4 g, for 30 days. Untreated, rectal mucosal pinch biopsies were obtained at baseline and at 30 days. Microsomes were prepared from biopsy samples, using sequential centrifugation. Quantification of 14 UGT 2As and 2Bs was performed by LC‐MS/MS(MS, mass spectrometry), using quantitative‐ targeted absolute proteomics. Lowest LODs were ~0.1 pmol/mg protein. Comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Paired baseline and 30 days biopsy samples were available for 38 participants. UGTs 1A10 and 2B17 were detected in 35 and 33 paired samples, respectively, while all other UGTs were below the limit of quantification (BLOQ). Median baseline UGT1A10 concentration was 0.60 pmol/mg (95% CI:0.32–0.92), and 0.60 pmol/mg (95% CI:0.43–1.00) after 30 days (P = 0.23). For UGT2B17, median baseline concentration was 0.83 pmol/mg (95% CI:0.32–1.62), and 1.18 pmol/mg (95% CI:0.39–1.77) after 30 days (P = 0.24). We found no differences in rectal mucosal UGT concentrations before and after 30 days of oral curcumin administration, indicating that daily curcumin use is unlikely to alter colonic UGT expression. Distal gut biopsies may not accurately reflect the proximal gut environment where UGT expression and curcumin concentrations may be higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary N Asher
- Department of Family Medicine School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599
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Ma Y, Lin Z, Fallon JK, Zhao Q, Liu D, Wang Y, Liu F. New mouse xenograft model modulated by tumor-associated fibroblasts for human multi-drug resistance in cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2699-705. [PMID: 26352907 PMCID: PMC4583831 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an MDR tumor model that is modulated by tumor-associated fibroblasts. Studies on proliferation of tumor cell lines including paclitaxel-sensitive and resistant cell lines were performed. The expressions of P-gp and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antigen were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Quantitative P-gp analyses of different cell lines were accomplished by nanoUPLC-MS/MS. Tumor cell colony formation assay and established xenograft model was used to investigate the relationship between P-gp expression, fibroblast levels and tumorigenesis. The mouse xenograft model was developed after co-inoculation with MDR tumor cells and NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. There was no correlation between tumorigenesis in vivo and the growth rate of cells in vitro. The proliferation among different cell lines had no significant differences, but the P-gp expression and tumor growth in the xenograft model were fairly different. P-gp determination and α-SMA immunofluorescence staining clarified the relationship between P-gp expression, fibroblast levels and tumorigenesis. It was more difficult for tumor cells with higher P-gp levels to recruit fibroblasts in vivo, resulting in lower tumorigenesis due to the lack of structural and chemical support during tumor progression. In the established paclitaxel-resistant mouse xenograft model, no obvious antitumor effect was observed after Taxol treatment, but a significant decrease in tumor size for the group treated with gemcitabine sensitive to the model. The results show that the added fibroblasts do not disturb the applicability of the model in MDR. Therefore, this mouse xenograft MDR model could serve as an effective tool for MDR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure‑Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Margaillan G, Rouleau M, Klein K, Fallon JK, Caron P, Villeneuve L, Smith PC, Zanger UM, Guillemette C. Multiplexed Targeted Quantitative Proteomics Predicts Hepatic Glucuronidation Potential. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1331-5. [PMID: 26076694 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase II metabolism is prominently governed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in humans. These enzymes regulate the bioactivity of many drugs and endogenous small molecules in many organs, including the liver, a major site of regulation by the glucuronidation pathway. This study determined the expression of hepatic UGTs by targeted proteomics in 48 liver samples and by measuring the glucuronidation activity using probe substrates. It demonstrates the sensitivity and accuracy of nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to establish the complex expression profiles of 14 hepatic UGTs in a single analysis. UGT2B7 is the most abundant UGT in our collection of livers, expressed at 69 pmol/mg microsomal proteins, whereas UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT2B4, and UGT2B15 are similarly abundant, averaging 30-34 pmol/mg proteins. The average relative abundance of these five UGTs represents 81% of the measured hepatic UGTs. Our data further highlight the strong relationships in the expression of several UGTs. Most notably, UGT1A4 correlates with most measured UGTs, and the expression levels of UGT2B4/UGT2B7 displayed the strongest correlation. However, significant interindividual variability is observed for all UGTs, both at the level of enzyme concentrations and activity (coefficient of variation: 45%-184%). The reliability of targeted proteomics quantification is supported by the high correlation between UGT concentration and activity. Collectively, these findings expand our understanding of hepatic UGT profiles by establishing absolute hepatic concentrations of 14 UGTs and further suggest coregulated expression between most abundant hepatic UGTs. Data support the value of multiplexed targeted quantitative proteomics to accurately assess specific UGT concentrations in liver samples and hepatic glucuronidation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Margaillan
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., C.G.); Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (K.K., U.M.Z.); Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics (C.G.)
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Margaillan G, Rouleau M, Fallon JK, Caron P, Villeneuve L, Turcotte V, Smith PC, Joy MS, Guillemette C. Quantitative profiling of human renal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and glucuronidation activity: a comparison of normal and tumoral kidney tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:611-9. [PMID: 25650382 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes is central to the clearance of many drugs. However, significant discrepancies about the relative abundance and activity of individual UGT enzymes in the normal kidney prevail among reports, whereas glucuronidation in tumoral kidney has not been examined. In this study, we performed an extensive profiling of glucuronidation metabolism in normal (n = 12) and tumor (n = 14) kidneys using targeted mass spectrometry quantification of human UGTs. We then correlated UGT protein concentrations with mRNA levels assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and with conjugation activity for the major renal UGTs. Beyond the wide interindividual variability in expression levels observed among kidney samples, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and UGT1A6 are the most abundant renal UGTs in both normal and tumoral tissues based on protein quantification. In normal kidney tissues, only UGT1A9 protein levels correlated with mRNA levels, whereas UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 quantification correlated significantly with their mRNA levels in tumor kidneys. Data support that posttranscriptional regulation of UGT2B7 and UGT1A6 expression is modulating glucuronidation in the kidney. Importantly, our study reveals a significant decreased glucuronidation capacity of neoplastic kidneys versus normal kidneys that is paralleled by drastically reduced UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 mRNA and protein expression. UGT2B7 activity is the most repressed in tumors relative to normal tissues, with a 96-fold decrease in zidovudine metabolism, whereas propofol and sorafenib glucuronidation is decreased by 7.6- and 5.2-fold, respectively. Findings demonstrate that renal drug metabolism is predominantly mediated by UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 and is greatly reduced in kidney tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Margaillan
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Véronique Turcotte
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Melanie S Joy
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Canada (G.M., M.R., P.C., L.V., V.T., C.G.); Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (M.S.J.)
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Yang X, Wang D, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Fallon JK, Liu D, Xu XE, Wang Y, He Z, Liu F. Theranostic nanoemulsions: codelivery of hydrophobic drug and hydrophilic imaging probe for cancer therapy and imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2773-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a theranostic nanoemulsion (TNE) that can codeliver the conjugates of a hydrophobic drug paclitaxel (PTX) and a hydrophilic imaging probe sulforhodamine B (SRB). Materials & methods: The TNE was established using core-matched technology, and can achieve high encapsulation efficiency and synchronized release of the loaded cargo. It has been examined for a correlation between the dynamic uptake of PTX and the intensity of SRB imaging signal in different organs. Results & discussion: Our data demonstrate that the TNE, with improved circulation time, increases therapeutic efficacy and imaging efficiency in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer. The TNE could not satisfy the demand of visual diagnosis in the living animal because of interference. We therefore formulated a long-circulating theranostic nanoemulsion (LCTNE). Results showed that the LCTNE can meet imaging requirements in vivo. Conclusion: The LCTNE plays a good therapeutic and diagnostic role for subcutaneous tumors in the living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan Eastern Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xian Emma Xu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA
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Wang Y, Liu D, Zheng Q, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Ma Y, Fallon JK, Fu Q, Haynes M, Lin G, Zhang R, Wang D, Yang X, Zhao L, He Z, Liu F. Disulfide bond bridge insertion turns hydrophobic anticancer prodrugs into self-assembled nanomedicines. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5577-83. [PMID: 25188744 PMCID: PMC4334225 DOI: 10.1021/nl502044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly observed that hydrophobic molecules alone cannot self-assemble into stable nanoparticles, requiring amphiphilic or ionic materials to support nanoparticle stability and function in vivo. We report herein newly self-assembled nanomedicines through entirely different mechanisms. We present proof-of-concept methodology and results in support of our hypothesis that disulfide-induced nanomedicines (DSINMs) are promoted and stabilized by the insertion of a single disulfide bond into hydrophobic molecules, in order to balance the competition between intermolecular forces involved in the self-assembly of nanomedicines. This hypothesis has been explored through diverse synthetic compounds, which include four first-line chemotherapy drugs (paclitaxel, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, and gemcitabine), two small-molecule natural products and their derivatives, as well as a fluorescent probe. Such an unprecedented and highly reproducible system has the potential to serve as a synthetic platform for a wide array of safe and effective therapeutic and diagnostic nanomedicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Chemistry, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of
Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University
of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Matthew
T. Haynes
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Guimei Lin
- School
of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinggang Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based
Drug Design and Discovery,
Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical
University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Ma Y, Liu D, Wang D, Wang Y, Fu Q, Fallon JK, Yang X, He Z, Liu F. Combinational delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic anticancer drugs in single nanoemulsions to treat MDR in cancer. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2623-30. [PMID: 24712391 PMCID: PMC4144753 DOI: 10.1021/mp400778r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
this study, we developed the core-matched nanoemulsions
(NEs) functionalized by vitamin E (VE) and tocopherol poly(ethylene
glycol)succinate (TPGS) to codeliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs,
paclitaxel (PTX) and 5-fluoroucacil (5-FU), in order to achieve
synergistic effects and overcome PTX resistance in a multi-drug-resistant
(MDR) human epidermal carcinoma cell line KB-8-5. Antitumor effect
of the combination therapy based on core-matched technology (CMT)
was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice. The core-matched NEs showed
entrapment efficiency of >90% and were of nanoscale particle size
and negative zeta-potential. The combined core-matched NEs exhibited
concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity against PTX-sensitive
KB-3-1 cells and PTX-resistant KB-8-5 cells as well as an obviously
increased G2/M phase block. The improvements in therapeutic
response over either PTX–VE or 5-FU–TPGS therapy alone
were demonstrated by the ability to effectively induce the apoptosis
of tumor cells via up-regulation of tumor suppressor p53 and β-tubulin
and by the significant inhibition of cell cycle progression. The combination
therapy led to dramatic inhibition of tumor growth with little toxicity
in vivo, especially in the PTX-resistant KB-8-5 tumors, whereas Taxol
had little therapeutic effect. This was mainly ascribed to the synergism
of PTX and 5-FU and the reverse of MDR by the inhibition of ATPase
activity by VE and TPGS. Coencapsulation of two chemotherapeutic
agents with different mechanisms allows simultaneous interruption
of diverse anticancer pathways, resulting in increased therapeutic
response and low toxicity. The CMT markedly facilitated the long circulation
of PTX and 5-FU, which was closely associated with the high accumulation
of chemotherapeutic agents within the tumors and the improvement
of antitumor efficacy. The current study demonstrated the feasibility
of incorporating PTX and 5-FU targeting to different pathways into
a single core-matched NE for the reversal of MDR and synergism in
cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Higgins JW, Bao JQ, Ke AB, Manro JR, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ. Utility of Oatp1a/1b-knockout and OATP1B1/3-humanized mice in the study of OATP-mediated pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution: case studies with pravastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, and carboxydichlorofluorescein. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:182-92. [PMID: 24194513 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated hepatic uptake is generally conserved between rodents and humans at a gross pharmacokinetic level, the presence of three major hepatic OATPs with broad overlap in substrate and inhibitor affinity, and absence of rodent-human orthologs preclude clinical translation of single-gene knockout/knockin findings. At present, changes in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pravastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, and carboxydichlorofluorescein were studied in oatp1a/1b-knockout mice lacking the three major hepatic oatp isoforms, and in knockout mice with liver-specific knockin of human OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Relative to wild-type controls, oatp1a/1b-knockout mice exhibited 1.6- to 19-fold increased intravenous and 2.1- to 115-fold increased oral drug exposure, due to 33%-75% decreased clearance, 14%-60% decreased volume of distribution, and ≤74-fold increased oral bioavailability, with the magnitude of change depending on the contribution of oatp1a/1b to pharmacokinetics. Hepatic drug distribution was 4.2- to 196-fold lower in oatp1a/1b-knockout mice; distributional attenuation was less notable in kidney, brain, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Knockin of OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 partially restored control clearance, volume, and bioavailability values (24%-142% increase, ≤47% increase, and ≤77% decrease vs. knockout, respectively), such that knockin pharmacokinetic profiles were positioned between knockout and wild-type mice. Consistent with liver-specific humanization, only hepatic drug distribution was partially restored (1.3- to 6.5-fold increase vs. knockout). Exposure and liver distribution changes in OATP1B1-humanized versus knockout mice predicted the clinical impact of OATP1B1 on oral exposure and contribution to human hepatic uptake of statins within 1.7-fold, but only after correcting for human/humanized mouse liver relative protein expression factor (OATP1B1 = 2.2, OATP1B3 = 0.30).
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Higgins
- Drug Disposition (J.W.H., J.Q.B., A.B.K., M.J.Z.-G.) and Global Statistical Sciences (J.R.M.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S., M.J.Z.-G.)
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Fallon JK, Neubert H, Hyland R, Goosen TC, Smith PC. Targeted quantitative proteomics for the analysis of 14 UGT1As and -2Bs in human liver using NanoUPLC-MS/MS with selected reaction monitoring. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4402-13. [PMID: 23977844 DOI: 10.1021/pr4004213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted quantitative proteomics using heavy isotope dilution techniques is increasingly being utilized to quantify proteins, including UGT enzymes, in biological matrices. Here we present a multiplexed method using nanoLC-MS/MS and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to quantify 14 UGT1As and UGT2Bs in liver matrices. Where feasible, we employ two or more proteotypic peptides per protein, with only four proteins quantified with only one proteotypic peptide. We apply the method to analysis of a library of 60 human liver microsome (HLM) and matching S9 samples. Ten of the UGT isoforms could be detected in liver, and the expression of each was consistent with mRNA expression reported in the literature. UGT2B17 was unusual in that ∼30% of liver microsomes had no or little (<0.5 pmol/mg protein) content, consistent with a known common polymorphism. Liver S9 UGT concentrations were approximately 10-15% those of microsomes. The method was robust, precise, and reproducible and provides novel UGT expression data in human liver that will benefit rational approaches to evaluate metabolism in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Fallon JK, Neubert H, Goosen TC, Smith PC. Targeted precise quantification of 12 human recombinant uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A and 2B isoforms using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2076-80. [PMID: 24046331 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification methods employing stable isotope-labeled peptide standards and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are increasingly being used to measure enzyme amounts in biologic samples. Isoform concentrations, combined with catalytic information, can be used in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies to improve accuracy of in vitro/in vivo predictions. We quantified isoforms of uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and 2B in 12 commercially available recombinant UGTs (recUGTs) (n = 49 samples) using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring). Samples were trypsin-digested and analyzed using our previously published method. Two MRMs were collected per peptide and averaged. Where available, at least two peptides were measured per UGT isoform. The assay could detect UGTs in all recombinant preparations: recUGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17, with limit of detection below 1.0 pmol/mg protein for all isoforms. The assay had excellent linearity in the range observed (2-15.5 pmol/mg, after dilution). Examples of concentrations determined were 1465, 537, 538, 944, 865, 698, 604, 791, 382, 1149, 307, and 740 pmol/mg protein for the respective isoforms. There was a 6.9-fold difference between the maximum and minimum recUGT concentrations. The range of concentrations determined indicates that catalytic rates per mg total protein in vitro will not accurately reflect isoform inherent specific activity for a particular drug candidate. This is the first report of a targeted precise quantification of commercially available recUGTs. The assay has potential for use in comparing UGT amounts with catalytic activity determined using probe substrates, thus allowing representation of catalysis as per pmol of UGT isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Department. of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, (H.N.) and Groton, Connecticut, (T.C.G.)
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Delong RK, Risor A, Kanomata M, Laymon A, Jones B, Zimmerman SD, Williams J, Witkowski C, Warner M, Ruff M, Garrad R, Fallon JK, Hickey AJ, Sedaghat-Herati R. Characterization of biomolecular nanoconjugates by high-throughput delivery and spectroscopic difference. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1851-62. [PMID: 22943129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanoparticle conjugates have the potential for delivering siRNA, splice-shifting oligomers or nucleic acid vaccines, and can be applicable to anticancer therapeutics. This article compares tripartite conjugates with gold nanoparticles or synthetic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimers. MATERIALS & METHODS Interactions with model liposomes of a 1:1 molar ratio of tripalmitin:cholesterol or phospholipid:cholesterol were investigated by high-throughput absorbance, as well as fluorescence difference and cellular luminescence assays. RESULTS Spectral differences and dynamic light-scattering spectroscopy shifts demonstrated the interaction of conjugates with liposomes. Biological activity was demonstrated by upregulation of gene expression via splice-shifting oligomers, delivery of anti-B-Raf siRNA in cultured human cancer cells or tuberculosis antigen 85B plasmid expression vector in a coculture model of antigen presentation. CONCLUSION The data suggests that gold nanoparticles and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoconjugates may have potential for binding, stabilization and delivery of splice-shifting oligomers, siRNA and nucleic acid vaccines for preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Delong
- Missouri State University, Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Silicone oil is used as a valve lubricant in pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). Its possible impact on drug delivery, through such effects as particle aggregation, has recently been discussed. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a range of directly spiked silicone oil amounts on pMDI performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS pMDI canisters containing a corticosteroid medicinal compound, HFA134a and accurately measured amounts of silicone oil (0, 200, 400 and 550 µg) were prepared. Samples were characterized for actuation weight, aerodynamic size (by Andersen cascade impaction, ACI), charge (by electrical low-pressure impaction, ELPI) and product appearance by visual imaging. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Actuation weights were unaffected by silicone oil. A small increase in aerodynamic size was observed in the presence of silicone oil as a shift from stage 5 to impactor throat. No significant change in medicinal compound recovery was seen (t-tests, p > 0.05). Fine particle fraction as a percentage of dose delivered (FPF) was unchanged, as was particle size distribution derived from charge measurements, with the addition of silicone oil (t-tests, p > 0.05). Canister opening did not indicate container interaction but that sedimentation occurred in the presence of silicone oil. Decanted suspensions containing silicone oil were more transparent. Possible interactions inside and outside the pMDI canister are described. CONCLUSION As demonstrated previously with an alternative experimental design the study showed that silicone oil has little effect on product performance, when added to a model pMDI formulation at levels that could potentially be observed as a leachable from the metering valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Garcia-Contreras L, Muttil P, Fallon JK, Kabadi M, Gerety R, Hickey AJ. Pharmacokinetics of sequential doses of capreomycin powder for inhalation in guinea pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2612-8. [PMID: 22330920 PMCID: PMC3346614 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06145-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global control of tuberculosis (TB) is at risk by the spread of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB). Treatment of MDR TB is lengthy and involves injected drugs, such as capreomycin, that have severe side effects. It was previously reported that a single daily dose of inhaled capreomycin had a positive effect on the bacterial burden of TB-infected guinea pigs. The modest effect observed was possibly due to a dose that resulted in insufficient time of exposure to therapeutic systemic and local levels of the drug. In order to determine the length of time that systemic and local drug concentrations are above therapeutic levels during the treatment period, the present study investigated the disposition of capreomycin powders after sequential pulmonary administration of doses of 20 mg/kg of body weight. Capreomycin concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue of animals receiving a series of one, two, or three doses of capreomycin inhalable powder were significantly higher (50- to 100-fold) at all time points than plasma concentrations at the same time points or those observed in animals receiving capreomycin solution by intramuscular (i.m.) injection (10- to 100-fold higher). Notably, at the end of each dosing period, capreomycin concentrations in the lungs were approximately 100-fold higher than those in plasma and severalfold higher than the MIC, suggesting that sufficient capreomycin remains in the lung environment to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No accumulation of capreomycin powder was detected in the lungs after 3 pulmonary doses. These results indicate that the systemic disposition of capreomycin after inhalation is the same as when injected i.m. with the advantage that higher drug concentrations are present at all times in the lungs, the primary site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Garcia-Contreras
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Pavan Muttil
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony J. Hickey
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Medicine in Need, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- RTI, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Harbourt DE, Fallon JK, Ito S, Baba T, Ritter JK, Glish GL, Smith PC. Quantification of human uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A isoforms in liver, intestine, and kidney using nanobore liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:98-105. [PMID: 22050083 DOI: 10.1021/ac201704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uridine-disphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes catalyze the formation of glucuronide conjugates of phase II metabolism. Methods for absolute quantification of UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 were previously established utilizing stable isotope peptide internal standards with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The current method expands upon this by quantifying eight UGT1A isoforms by nanobore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a linear ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer platform. Recombinant enzyme digests of each of the isoforms were used to determine assay linearity and detection limits. Enzyme expression level in human liver, kidney, and intestinal microsomal protein was determined by extrapolation from spiked stable isotope standards. Intraday and interday variability was <25% for each of the enzyme isoforms. Enzyme expression varied from 3 to 96 pmol/mg protein in liver and intestinal microsomal protein digests. Expression levels of UGT1A7, 1A8, and 1A10 were below detection limits (<1 pmol/mg protein) in human liver microsome (HLMs). In kidney microsomes the expression of UGT1A3 was below detection limits, but levels of UGT1A4, 1A7, 1A9, and 1A10 protein were higher relative to that of liver, suggesting that renal glucuronidation could be a significant factor in renal elimination of glucuronide conjugates. This novel method allows quantification of all nine UGT1A isoforms, many previously not amenable to measurement with traditional methods such as immunologically based assays. Quantitative measurement of proteins involved in drug disposition, such as the UGTs, significantly improves the ability to evaluate and interpret in vitro and in vivo studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harbourt
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Fallon JK, Kicman AT, Hutt AJ, Cowan DA, Henry JA. Enantiomeric analysis of MDMA (Ecstasy) in plasma and urine by capillary gc: A preliminary investigation of the stereoselective disposition in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Fallon
- Drug Control Centre and Department of Pharmacy, King’s College London, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX
| | - A T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre and Department of Pharmacy, King’s College London, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX
| | - A J Hutt
- Drug Control Centre and Department of Pharmacy, King’s College London, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX
| | - D A Cowan
- Drug Control Centre and Department of Pharmacy, King’s College London, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX
| | - J A Henry
- Academic Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY
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Fallon JK, Harbourt DE, Maleki SH, Kessler FK, Ritter JK, Smith PC. Absolute quantification of human uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzyme isoforms 1A1 and 1A6 by tandem LC-MS. Drug Metab Lett 2008; 2:210-222. [PMID: 19356096 DOI: 10.2174/187231208785425764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UGT enzymes catalyze the formation of glucuronic acid conjugates. Specifically selected representative stable isotope (C(13), N(15)) labeled peptide internal standards of each enzyme were employed to quantify UGTs 1A1 and 1A6 by LC-MS/MS using isotope dilution techniques. Inter day variability (n=5) for human liver microsomes was <or= 8.0 % for UGT1A1 and <or= 19 % for UGT1A6. Comparison within a human liver microsomal library showed a strong correlation with Western blot for UGT1A1 concentrations (r=0.988). The data presented indicates that an accurate and reproducible method for UGT absolute quantification can be established using LC-MS/MS analysis of characteristic peptides within the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kicman AT, Fallon JK, Cowan DA, Walker C, Easmon S, Mackintosh D. Candida albicans in Urine Can Produce Testosterone: Impact on the Testosterone/Epitestosterone Sports Drug Test. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.10.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg., 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
| | - John K Fallon
- Drug Control Centre, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg., 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
| | - David A Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg., 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Walker
- Drug Control Centre, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg., 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Easmon
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Rd., Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - David Mackintosh
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Rd., Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
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Kicman AT, Fallon JK, Cowan DA, Walker C, Easmon S, Mackintosh D. Candida albicans in urine can produce testosterone: impact on the testosterone/epitestosterone sports drug test. Clin Chem 2002; 48:1799-801. [PMID: 12324504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Bldg., 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom.
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