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Bacterial Toxins Active against Mosquitoes: Mode of Action and Resistance. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080523. [PMID: 34437394 PMCID: PMC8402332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus are effective and environmentally safe compounds for the control of dipteran insects of medical importance. They produce crystals that display specific and potent insecticidal activity against larvae. Bti crystals are composed of multiple protoxins: three from the three-domain Cry type family, which bind to different cell receptors in the midgut, and one cytolytic (Cyt1Aa) protoxin that can insert itself into the cell membrane and act as surrogate receptor of the Cry toxins. Together, those toxins display a complex mode of action that shows a low risk of resistance selection. L. sphaericus crystals contain one major binary toxin that display an outstanding persistence in field conditions, which is superior to Bti. However, the action of the Bin toxin based on its interaction with a single receptor is vulnerable for resistance selection in insects. In this review we present the most recent data on the mode of action and synergism of these toxins, resistance issues, and examples of their use worldwide. Data reported in recent years improved our understanding of the mechanism of action of these toxins, showed that their combined use can enhance their activity and counteract resistance, and reinforced their relevance for mosquito control programs in the future years.
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de Melo Chalegre KD, Tavares DA, Romão TP, de Menezes HSG, Nascimento NA, de Oliveira CMF, de-Melo-Neto OP, Silva-Filha MHNL. Co-selection and replacement of resistance alleles toLysinibacillus sphaericusin aCulex quinquefasciatuscolony. FEBS J 2015; 282:3592-602. [PMID: 26131741 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniella A. Tavares
- Department of Entomology; Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães; FIOCRUZ; Recife Brazil
| | - Tatiany P. Romão
- Department of Entomology; Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães; FIOCRUZ; Recife Brazil
| | | | - Nathaly A. Nascimento
- Department of Entomology; Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães; FIOCRUZ; Recife Brazil
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Srisucharitpanit K, Yao M, Promdonkoy B, Chimnaronk S, Tanaka I, Boonserm P. Crystal structure of BinB: A receptor binding component of the binary toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Proteins 2014; 82:2703-12. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Srisucharitpanit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Science; Burapha University, Saensook; Muang District Chon Buri 20131 Thailand
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency; 113 Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng Khlong Luang Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sarin Chimnaronk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University; Salaya, Phuttamonthon Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
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Kale A, Hire RS, Hadapad AB, D'Souza SF, Kumar V. Interaction between mosquito-larvicidal Lysinibacillus sphaericus binary toxin components: analysis of complex formation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1045-1054. [PMID: 23974012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The two components (BinA and BinB) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus binary toxin together are highly toxic to Culex and Anopheles mosquito larvae, and have been employed world-wide to control mosquito borne diseases. Upon binding to the membrane receptor an oligomeric form (BinA2.BinB2) of the binary toxin is expected to play role in pore formation. It is not clear if these two proteins interact in solution as well, in the absence of receptor. The interactions between active forms of BinA and BinB polypeptides were probed in solution using size-exclusion chromatography, pull-down assay, surface plasmon resonance, circular dichroism, and by chemically crosslinking BinA and BinB components. We demonstrate that the two proteins interact weakly with first association and dissociation rate constants of 4.5×10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and 0.8 s(-1), resulting in conformational change, most likely, in toxic BinA protein that could kinetically favor membrane translocation of the active oligomer. The weak interactions between the two toxin components could be stabilized by glutaraldehyde crosslinking. The cross-linked complex, interestingly, showed maximal Culex larvicidal activity (LC50 value of 1.59 ng mL(-1)) reported so far for combination of BinA/BinB components, and thus is an attractive option for development of new bio-pesticides for control of mosquito borne vector diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kale
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Singkhamanan K, Promdonkoy B, Srikhirin T, Boonserm P. Amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of the BinB subunit of Lysinibacillus sphaericus binary toxin play a critical role during receptor binding and membrane insertion. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:65-70. [PMID: 23743006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The binary toxin produced by Lysinibacillus sphaericus is composed of BinA and BinB subunits that work together in governing toxicity against mosquito larvae. BinA is proposed to be important for toxicity, whereas BinB has been shown to act as a specific receptor-binding component. The precise function of both subunits, however, is not well established. Here, we investigated the function of the N-terminal region of BinB subunit initially by introducing triple alanine substitutions at positions 35PEI37 and 41FYN43. Both block mutations abolished the larvicidal activity. Single point mutations (P35A, E36A, I37A, F41A, Y42A, N43A) were generated in order to identify amino acids that are critical for the toxin activity. Mosquito-larvicidal activity was significantly reduced in P35A, E36A, F41A and Y42A mutants. However, these mutants retained ability to form in vitro interaction with the BinA counterpart. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that P35A, F41A and N43A bind to the larval midgut membrane at comparable levels to that of the wild type BinB. In contrast, greatly reduced binding activity was observed in the Y42A, suggesting an important role of this residue in receptor binding. Alanine substitution at P35 resulted in a marked decrease in membrane penetration, indicating its functional importance for the membrane insertion. These results suggest the important roles of the N-terminal region of BinB in both the receptor recognition and the membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonnut Singkhamanan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Kunthic T, Promdonkoy B, Srikhirin T, Boonserm P. Essential role of tryptophan residues in toxicity of binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. BMB Rep 2012; 44:674-9. [PMID: 22027002 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.10.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus sphaericus produces mosquito-larvicidal binary toxin composed of BinA and BinB. While BinB is expected to bind to a specific receptor on the cell membrane, BinA interacts to BinB or BinB receptor complex and translocates into the cytosol to exert its activity via unknown mechanism. To investigate functional roles of aromatic cluster in BinA, amino acids at positions Y213, Y214, Y215, W222 and W226 were substituted by leucine. All mutant proteins were highly produced and their secondary structures were not affected by these substitutions. All mutants are able to insert into lipid monolayers as observed by Langmuir-Blodgett trough and could permeabilize the liposomes in a similar manner as the wild type. However, mosquito-larvicidal activity was abolished for W222L and W226L mutants suggesting that tryptophan residues at both positions play an important role in the toxicity of BinA, possibly involved in the cytopathological process after toxin entry into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thittaya Kunthic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Berry C. The bacterium, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, as an insect pathogen. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 109:1-10. [PMID: 22137877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the first bacteria with insecticidal activity against mosquito larvae were reported in the 1960s, many have been described, with the most potent being isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis or Lysinibacillus sphaericus (formerly and best known as Bacillus sphaericus). Given environmental concerns over the use of broad spectrum synthetic chemical insecticides and the evolution of resistance to these, industry placed emphasis on the development of bacteria as alternative control agents. To date, numerous commercial formulations of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) are available in many countries for control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes. Within the past few years, commercial formulations of L. sphaericus (Ls) have become available. Because Bti has been in use for more than 30 years, its properties are well know, more so than those of Ls. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarise the most critical aspects of Ls and the various proteins that account for its insecticidal properties, especially the mosquitocidal activity of the most common isolates studied. Data are reviewed for the binary toxin, which accounts for the activity of sporulated cells, as well as for other toxins produced during vegetative growth, including sphaericolysin (active against cockroaches and caterpillars) and the different mosquitocidal Mtx and Cry toxins. Future studies of these could well lead to novel potent and environmentally compatible insecticidal products for controlling a range of insect pests and vectors of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Romão TP, de-Melo-Neto OP, Silva-Filha MHNL. The N-terminal third of the BinB subunit from the Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin is sufficient for its interaction with midgut receptors in Culex quinquefasciatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 321:167-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Tangsongcharoen C, Boonserm P, Promdonkoy B. Functional characterization of truncated fragments of Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin BinB. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 106:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singkhamanan K, Promdonkoy B, Chaisri U, Boonserm P. Identification of amino acids required for receptor binding and toxicity of theBacillus sphaericusâbinary toxin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 303:84-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Boonyos P, Soonsanga S, Boonserm P, Promdonkoy B. Role of cysteine at positions 67, 161 and 241 of a Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin BinB. BMB Rep 2010; 43:23-8. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.1.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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The C-Terminal Domain of BinA Is Responsible for Bacillus sphaericus Binary Toxin BinA–BinB Interaction. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:509-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sanitt P, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Targeted Mutagenesis at Charged Residues in Bacillus sphaericus BinA Toxin Affects Mosquito-Larvicidal Activity. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:230-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cys31, Cys47, and Cys195 in BinA Are Essential for Toxicity of a Binary Toxin from Bacillus sphaericus. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:334-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yuan Z, Rang C, Maroun RC, Juárez-Pérez V, Frutos R, Pasteur N, Vendrely C, Charles JF, Nielsen-Leroux C. Identification and molecular structural prediction analysis of a toxicity determinant in the Bacillus sphaericus crystal larvicidal toxin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2751-60. [PMID: 11322897 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The operon containing the genes encoding the subunits of the binary crystal toxin of Bacillus sphaericus strain LP1-G, BinA and BinB (41.9 kDa and 51.4 kDa, respectively), was cloned and sequenced. Purified crystals were not toxic to Culex pipiens larvae. Comparison of the amino-acid sequences of this strain (Bin4) with those of the three other known toxin types (Bin1, Bin2 and Bin3) revealed mutations at six positions, including a serine at position 93 of BinA4, whereas all other types of BinA toxin from B. sphaericus had a leucine at this position. Reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis was performed to replace this serine in BinA4 from LP1-G with a leucine and the leucine in the BinA2 protein from strain 1593 with a serine. Native and mutated genes were cloned and overexpressed. Inclusion bodies were tested on C. pipiens larvae. Unlike the native Bin4 toxin, the mutated protein was toxic, and the reciprocal mutation in Bin2 led to a significant loss of toxicity. In vitro receptor-binding studies showed similar binding behaviour for native and mutated toxins. In the absence of any experimental data on the 3D structure of these proteins, sequence analysis and secondary-structure predictions were performed. Amino acid 93 of the BinA polypeptide probably belongs to an alpha helix that is sensitive to amino-acid modifications. Position 93 may be a key element in the formation of the BinA-BinB complex responsible for the toxicity and stability of B. sphaericus Bin toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yuan
- CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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