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Buyel JF. Product safety aspects of plant molecular farming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1238917. [PMID: 37614627 PMCID: PMC10442644 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1238917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) has been promoted since the 1990s as a rapid, cost-effective and (most of all) safe alternative to the cultivation of bacteria or animal cells for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Numerous plant species have been investigated for the production of a broad range of protein-based drug candidates. The inherent safety of these products is frequently highlighted as an advantage of PMF because plant viruses do not replicate in humans and vice versa. However, a more nuanced analysis of this principle is required when considering other pathogens because toxic compounds pose a risk even in the absence of replication. Similarly, it is necessary to assess the risks associated with the host system (e.g., the presence of toxic secondary metabolites) and the production approach (e.g., transient expression based on bacterial infiltration substantially increases the endotoxin load). This review considers the most relevant host systems in terms of their toxicity profile, including the presence of secondary metabolites, and the risks arising from the persistence of these substances after downstream processing and product purification. Similarly, we discuss a range of plant pathogens and disease vectors that can influence product safety, for example, due to the release of toxins. The ability of downstream unit operations to remove contaminants and process-related toxic impurities such as endotoxins is also addressed. This overview of plant-based production, focusing on product safety aspects, provides recommendations that will allow stakeholders to choose the most appropriate strategies for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Buyel
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Hafiz I, Illian DN, Meila O, Utomo ARH, Susilowati A, Susetya IE, Desrita D, Siregar GA, Basyuni M. Effectiveness and Efficacy of Vaccine on Mutated SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Post Vaccination Surveillance: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:82. [PMID: 35062743 PMCID: PMC8777947 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, since December 2019, is a major health problem and concern worldwide. The pandemic has impacted various fields, from the social to the development of health science and technology. The virus has been mutating and thus producing several new variants, rushing research in the field of molecular biology to develop rapidly to overcome the problems that occur. Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. The SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to evolve today, and it poses a challenge in testing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This is a narrative review describing the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, development of vaccine platforms, identification of concerning mutations and virus variants in various countries of the world, and real-world monitoring of post-vaccination effectiveness and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsanul Hafiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia, Medan 20124, Indonesia;
- Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Didi Nurhadi Illian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (D.N.I.); (O.M.)
| | - Okpri Meila
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (D.N.I.); (O.M.)
- Doctoral Program of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | | | - Arida Susilowati
- Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (A.S.); (I.E.S.); (D.D.); (G.A.S.)
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Ipanna Enggar Susetya
- Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (A.S.); (I.E.S.); (D.D.); (G.A.S.)
- Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Desrita Desrita
- Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (A.S.); (I.E.S.); (D.D.); (G.A.S.)
- Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Gontar Alamsyah Siregar
- Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (A.S.); (I.E.S.); (D.D.); (G.A.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Basyuni
- Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (A.S.); (I.E.S.); (D.D.); (G.A.S.)
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
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Li D, Zhang Q, Liu G, Zhang L, Gu Z, Pan Y, Cui X, He P, Li X, Liu J, Liu G, Yang M, Tian X. Detection of residual E. coli host cell DNA by 23S ribosomal RNA gene-targeted quantitative polymerase chain reactions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114000. [PMID: 33706144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the many systems available for heterologous protein production gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) has long been widely used because of its ability to grow rapidly with a high density on inexpensive substrates. The use of E. coli as the host system has many regulatory issues, one of which is the residual host cell DNA. Residual DNA carried by biological products may lead to carcinogenicity and immunomodulation risks. The World Health Organization (WHO) for the acceptable amounts of residual host cell DNA is less than 10 ng per dose. Therefore, it is important to keep an extremely low level of residual host DNA in the biological products derived from E. coli. In this study, we designed primer/probe sets targeting E. coli 23S ribosomal RNA gene to quantify the residual DNA of E. coli by quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR). Result showed that this primer/probe has high species specificity. The limit of detection (LOD) in this method is 0.01 pg/μl and this allowed for detection of residual host DNA of much lower concentrations. We assessed accuracy by calculating the recovery (92.1∼140.1 %) of the spiked DNA in plasmids which were produced from E. coli. We also checked intra-assay precision (9.8∼15.1 %) and inter-assay precision (10.9∼18.3 %) by repeatedly measuring the four different concentration standards. In addition, the robustness assay was performed by generating standard curve using short length E. coli DNA. The result showed that appropriate degree of DNA fragmentation will not affect tests. These validation studies demonstrated that our method has excellent specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Li
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Guodi Liu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Yingjiao Pan
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Xingbing Cui
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Peizi He
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
| | - Jibin Liu
- Institute of Tumor of Nantong Tumor Hospital, No.30, North Tongyang Road, Pingchao Town, Tongzhou District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, 226361, China.
| | - Guoping Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Mu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
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Sommers C, Rosenzweig B, Oum L, Thompson K, Keire DA. Quantitation of residual host cell DNA in protaminesulfate drug product by qPCR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:238-243. [PMID: 30103118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protamine sulfate (PS) is an FDA approved drug used to reverse heparin-induced anticoagulation in patients. Protamine sulfate is a mixture of primarily four ∼4 kDa arginine-rich cationic polypeptide chains derived from chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon sperm. Because the presence of residual host cell salmon DNA (resDNA) in PS drug product can pose safety concerns, processing steps during PS manufacturing are designed to target the reduction of these impurities. However, given protamine's positively charged structure, isolating and measuring negatively charged residual DNA is challenging. Here, the development of a sensitive detection method using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for a multicopy gene (5S ribosomal DNA) using custom-designed primers and TaqMan probes is described. The PS qPCR standard curve was accurate over a linear range of 0.0025-156.25 pg/μL using protease-digested research grade salmon sperm DNA (neat) as the reference standard. DNA present in PS drug products was extracted using an optimized two-hour procedure achieving ∼85% recovery values from 1 to 125 pg reference DNA spiked into PS (1 mg) samples. The procedure lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5 pg of DNA per mg of PS or 250 pg of DNA per 50 mg dose of PS was determined from DNA spike recovery curves using the acceptance criteria of 70-130% recovery with % CV ≤ 25%. Seven pharmaceutical-grade lots of PS were evaluated and the detectable amount of resDNA was below the LLOQ. This qPCR method demonstrated sensitivity 40-fold above the current guidelines for resDNA (10 ng DNA per dose). Overall, the approach offers a promising tool for monitoring resDNA in PS and potentially other challenging complex drug products with cationic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sommers
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
| | - Barry Rosenzweig
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Lida Oum
- Food and Drug Administration, CTP, Division of Product Science, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Karol Thompson
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - David A Keire
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, MO, 63110, United States
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Wang Y, Cooper R, Bergelson S, Feschenko M. Quantification of residual BHK DNA by a novel droplet digital PCR technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:477-482. [PMID: 30048895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For drug substances manufactured in cell lines, host cell DNA is a common contaminant and its level must be carefully monitored. While residual DNA assays have been developed for many production cell lines, a robust assay is unavailable for baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The lack of genomics data of Syrian hamster, the origin of BHK cells, makes it challenging to design primers and probes for PCR-based methods. In this paper, we identified intracisternal A-particle (IAP) as an efficient PCR target for BHK DNA. PCR against IAP has been tested with conventional qPCR as well as with the recently developed ddPCR method, both of which demonstrated good efficiency with purified BHK DNA. However, the ddPCR-based method is less prone to matrix interference and is significantly more accurate than qPCR when testing complex samples, including multiple process intermediates. This study not only established a robust assay for the detection of residual BHK DNA, but also evaluated the capability of ddPCR technology for a new application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States.
| | - Rebecca Cooper
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - Svetlana Bergelson
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - Marina Feschenko
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States.
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Yang H, Wei Z, Schenerman M. A Statistical Approach to Determining Criticality of Residual Host Cell DNA. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 25:234-46. [DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.972514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chang JT, Chen YC, Chou YC, Wang SR. Quantitative detection of residual porcine host cell DNA by real-time PCR. Biologicals 2014; 42:74-8. [PMID: 24394374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All biological products are derived from complex living systems and are often mixed with large numbers of impurities. For reasons of safety, residual host-cell DNA must be eliminated during processing. To assay host-cell DNA content in biopharmaceutical products derived from porcine sources, this study applies the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) method. The optimized assay in this study is based on the pol region of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Assay validation results demonstrate that the proposed assay has appropriate accuracy, preciseness, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Primer and probe specificity are evaluated in real-time Q-PCR reactions using genomic DNA from rabbit, mouse, cat, hamster, monkey, human cell, yeast, and Escherichia coli as templates. The sensitivity of real-time Q-PCR is determined using genomic DNA from the porcine kidney cell line. The reliable detection range is within 0.5-10(5) pg/reaction. The limit of quantitation is 500 fg. The sensitivity of the assay meets the authority criterion. Moreover, the assay is applied to determine the level of host-cell DNA in recombinant human coagulation factor IX (rhFIX) from transgenic pigs. The real-time Q-PCR assay is thus a promising new tool for quantitative detection and clearance validation of residual porcine DNA when manufacturing recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Animal Technology Institute, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Animal Technology Institute, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sheets
- US Public Health Service, NIH/NIAID, Room 5145, 6700B Rockledge Dr MSC-7628, Bethesda, MD 20892-7628, USA.
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