1
|
Tomasino B, Marin D, Canderan C, Maieron M, Budai R, Fabbro F, Skrap M. Involuntary switching into the native language induced by electrocortical stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus: a multimodal mapping study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:87-100. [PMID: 25058058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe involuntary language switching from L2 to L1 evoked by electro-stimulation in the superior temporal gyrus in a 30-year-old right-handed Serbian (L1) speaker who was also a late Italian learner (L2). The patient underwent awake brain surgery. Stimulation of other portions of the exposed cortex did not cause language switching as did not stimulation of the left inferior frontal gyrus, where we evoked a speech arrest. Stimulation effects on language switching were selective, namely, interfered with counting behaviour but not with object naming. The coordinates of the positive site were combined with functional and fibre tracking (DTI) data. Results showed that the language switching site belonged to a significant fMRI cluster in the left superior temporal gyrus/supramarginal gyrus found activated for both L1 and L2, and for both the patient and controls, and did not overlap with the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). This area, also known as Stp, has a role in phonological processing. Language switching phenomenon we observed can be partly explained by transient dysfunction of the feed-forward control mechanism hypothesized by the DIVA (Directions Into Velocities of Articulators) model (Golfinopoulos, E., Tourville, J. A., & Guenther, F. H. (2010). The integration of large-scale neural network modeling and functional brain imaging in speech motor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasino
- IRCCS "E. Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, via della Bontà, 7, San Vito al Tagliamento, PN 33078, Italy.
| | - Dario Marin
- IRCCS "E. Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, via della Bontà, 7, San Vito al Tagliamento, PN 33078, Italy
| | - Cinzia Canderan
- IRCCS "E. Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, via della Bontà, 7, San Vito al Tagliamento, PN 33078, Italy
| | - Marta Maieron
- Fisica Medica A.O.S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Riccardo Budai
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Neurofisiopatologia, A.O.S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- IRCCS "E. Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, via della Bontà, 7, San Vito al Tagliamento, PN 33078, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Miran Skrap
- Unità Operativa di Neurochirurgia, A.O.S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hervais-Adelman AG, Moser-Mercer B, Golestani N. Executive control of language in the bilingual brain: integrating the evidence from neuroimaging to neuropsychology. Front Psychol 2011; 2:234. [PMID: 21954391 PMCID: PMC3173830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we will focus on delineating the neural substrates of the executive control of language in the bilingual brain, based on the existing neuroimaging, intracranial, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and neuropsychological evidence. We will also offer insights from ongoing brain-imaging studies into the development of expertise in multilingual language control. We will concentrate specifically on evidence regarding how the brain selects and controls languages for comprehension and production. This question has been addressed in a number of ways and using various tasks, including language switching during production or perception, translation, and interpretation. We will attempt to synthesize existing evidence in order to bring to light the neural substrates that are crucial to executive control of language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Moser-Mercer
- Ecole de Traduction et d’Interprétation, University of GenevaGenève, Switzerland
| | - Narly Golestani
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, University of Geneva Medical School, University of GenevaGenève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Bilingualism and the Brain: Myth and Reality. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5808(10)70082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
5
|
Proverbio AM, Adorni R, Zani A. Inferring native language from early bio-electrical activity. Biol Psychol 2009; 80:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Kho KH, Duffau H, Gatignol P, Leijten FSS, Ramsey NF, van Rijen PC, Rutten GJM. Involuntary language switching in two bilingual patients during the Wada test and intraoperative electrocortical stimulation. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2007; 101:31-7. [PMID: 17223188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present two bilingual patients without language disorders in whom involuntary language switching was induced. The first patient switched from Dutch to English during a left-sided amobarbital (Wada) test. Functional magnetic resonance imaging yielded a predominantly left-sided language distribution similar for both languages. The second patient switched from French to Chinese during intraoperative electrocortical stimulation of the left inferior frontal gyrus. We conclude that the observed language switching in both cases was not likely the result of a selective inhibition of one language, but the result of a temporary disruption of brain areas that are involved in language switching. These data complement the few lesion studies on (involuntary or unintentional) language switching, and add to the functional neuroimaging studies of switching, monitoring, and controlling the language in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan H Kho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Psychologists and other therapists are seeing an increasingly large number of bilingual individuals. Such clients are a special challenge when there has been some type of brain injury or disease because of the seemingly unpredictable effect such disorders may have on language skills, impacting either or both of the client's languages and interfering with internal speech that plays a role in higher cognitive functions such as insight and awareness. While there are many clinical assumptions about which language will show the least impairment or recover the best, such suppositions based on clinical lore are often contradictory. A review of the literature finds that the outcome of brain injury may be influenced by factors such as cerebral representation of a secondary language, method of language acquisition, age of acquisition, premorbid language proficiency, and style of learning in an individual. Neuropsychological concepts that can explain these findings are examined, along with their implications for therapy, and rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madelin Z Marrero
- Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hernandez AE, Dapretto M, Mazziotta J, Bookheimer S. Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2001; 14:510-20. [PMID: 11467923 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current experiment was designed to investigate the nature of cognitive control in within- and between-language switching in bilingual participants. To examine the neural substrate of language switching we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as subjects named pictures in one language only or switched between languages. Participants were also asked to name (only in English) a separate set of pictures as either the actions or the objects depicted or to switch between these two types of responses on each subsequent picture. Picture naming compared to rest revealed activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which extended down into Broca's area in the left hemisphere. There were no differences in the activation pattern for each language. English and Spanish both activated overlapping areas of the brain. Similarly, there was no difference in activation for naming actions or objects in English. However, there was increased intensity of activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for switching between languages relative to no-switching, an effect which was not observed for naming of actions or objects in English. We suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex serves to attenuate interference that results from having to actively enhance and suppress two languages in alternation. These results are consistent with the view that switching between languages involves increased general executive processing. Finally, our results are consistent with the view that different languages are represented in overlapping areas of the brain in early bilinguals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9660, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hernandez AE, Martinez A, Kohnert K. In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2000; 73:421-431. [PMID: 10860563 DOI: 10.1006/brln.1999.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For many years, researchers investigating the brain bases of bilingualism have concentrated on two basic questions. The first concerns the nature of language representation. That is, are a bilinguals' two languages represented in distinct or overlapping areas of the brain. The second basic question in the neuropsychology of bilingualism concerns the neural correlates of language switching, that is, the areas that are active when bilinguals switch from one language to the other. Performance between single-language and dual-language picture naming was compared in a group of six Spanish-English bilinguals using behavioral measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants showed slower reaction times and increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the mixed language condition relative to single language condition. There was no evidence that each language was represented in different areas of the brain. Results are consistent with the view that language switching is a part of a general executive attentional system and that languages are represented in overlapping areas of the brain in early bilinguals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Hernandez
- University of California, Santa Barbara 93106-9660, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kohnert KJ, Hernandez AE, Bates E. Bilingual performance on the boston naming test: preliminary norms in Spanish and English. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 1998; 65:422-440. [PMID: 9843612 DOI: 10.1006/brln.1998.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A total of 100 young educated bilingual adults were administered the Boston Naming Test (BNT) (Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983) in both Spanish and English. Three group performance scores were obtained: English only, Spanish only, and a composite score indicating the total number of items correctly named independent of language. The scores for the entire group were significantly greater in English than in Spanish. An additional set of analyses explored individual differences in picture naming performance across the two languages as measured by the BNT. For a subset of the larger group (n = 25) there were significant differences in composite over single language scoring, but no significant differences between Spanish and English. Item analyses of correct responses were conducted in both languages to explore the construct validity of the standardized administration of the BNT with this population. There was much greater variability in responses over the Spanish items for this bilingual group. The results of a correlation analysis of information obtained from the initial questionnaire with the BNT scores in each language is also reported. The practical implications of this preliminary bilingual BNT normative data are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Daroff RB. Murtagh's case of selective language deficit in a bilingual. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 1998; 62:452-454. [PMID: 9593618 DOI: 10.1006/brln.1998.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R B Daroff
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106-5015, USA
| |
Collapse
|