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Hainaut M, Sagnier T, Berenger H, Pradel J, Graba Y, Miotto B. The MYST-containing protein Chameau is required for proper sensory organ specification during Drosophila thorax morphogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32882. [PMID: 22412942 PMCID: PMC3295779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult thorax of Drosophila melanogaster is covered by a stereotyped pattern of mechanosensory bristles called macrochaetes. Here, we report that the MYST containing protein Chameau (Chm) contributes to the establishment of this pattern in the most dorsal part of the thorax. Chm mutant pupae present extra-dorsocentral (DC) and scutellar (SC) macrochaetes, but a normal number of the other macrochaetes. We provide evidences that chm restricts the singling out of sensory organ precursors from proneural clusters and genetically interacts with transcriptional regulators involved in the regulation of achaete and scute in the DC and SC proneural cluster. This function of chm likely relies on chromatin structure regulation since a protein with a mutation in the conserved catalytic site fails to rescue the formation of supernumerary DC and SC bristles in chm mutant flies. This is further supported by the finding that mutations in genes encoding chromatin modifiers and remodeling factors, including Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) members, dominantly modulate the penetrance of chm extra bristle phenotype. These data support a critical role for chromatin structure modulation in the establishment of the stereotyped sensory bristle pattern in the fly thorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Hainaut
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Sagnier
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Berenger
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Pradel
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Yacine Graba
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (YG); (BM)
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR6216/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (YG); (BM)
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Yang M, Hatton-Ellis E, Simpson P. The kinase Sgg modulates temporal development of macrochaetes in Drosophila by phosphorylation of Scute and Pannier. Development 2011; 139:325-34. [PMID: 22159580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of novel structures is often made possible by changes in the timing or spatial expression of genes regulating development. Macrochaetes, large sensory bristles arranged into species-specific stereotypical patterns, are an evolutionary novelty of cyclorraphous flies and are associated with changes in both the temporal and spatial expression of the proneural genes achaete (ac) and scute (sc). Changes in spatial expression are associated with the evolution of cis-regulatory sequences, but it is not known how temporal regulation is achieved. One factor required for ac-sc expression, the expression of which coincides temporally with that of ac-sc in the notum, is Wingless (Wg; also known as Wnt). Wingless downregulates the activity of the serine/threonine kinase Shaggy (Sgg; also known as GSK-3). We demonstrate that Scute is phosphorylated by Sgg on a serine residue and that mutation of this residue results in a form of Sc with heightened proneural activity that can rescue the loss of bristles characteristic of wg mutants. We suggest that the phosphorylated form of Sc has reduced transcriptional activity such that sc is unable to autoregulate, an essential function for the segregation of bristle precursors. Sgg also phosphorylates Pannier, a transcriptional activator of ac-sc, the activity of which is similarly dampened when in the phosphorylated state. Furthermore, we show that Wg signalling does not act directly via a cis-regulatory element of the ac-sc genes. We suggest that temporal control of ac-sc activity in cyclorraphous flies is likely to be regulated by permissive factors and might therefore not be encoded at the level of ac-sc gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Yang
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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3
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Furman DP, Bukharina TA. Genetic control of macrochaetae development in Drosophila melanogaster. Russ J Dev Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360408040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Furman D, Bukharina T. How Drosophila melanogaster Forms its Mechanoreceptors. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:312-23. [PMID: 19471605 PMCID: PMC2685642 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785133271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A strictly determined number of external sensory organs, macrochaetes, acting as mechanoreceptors, are orderly located on drosophila head and body. Totally, they form the bristle pattern, which is a species-specific characteristic of drosophila.Each mechanoreceptor comprises four specialized cells derived from the single sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell. The conserved bristle pattern combined with a comparatively simple structure of each mechanosensory organ makes macrochaetes a convenient model for studying the formation spatial structures with a fixed number of elements at certain positions and the mechanism underlying cell differentiation.The macrochaete morphogenesis consists of three stages. At the first stage, the proneural clusters segregate from the massive of ectodermal cells of the wing imaginal disc. At the second stage, the SOP cell is determined and its position in the cluster is specified. At the third stage, the SOP cell undergoes two asymmetric divisions, and the daughter cells differentiate into the components of mechanoreceptor: shaft, socket, bipolar neuron, and sheath.The critical factor determining the neural pathway of cell development is the content of proneural proteins, products of the achaete-scute (AS-C) gene complex, reaching its maximum in the SOP cell.The experimental data on the main genes and their products involved in the control of bristle pattern formation are systematized. The roles of achaete-scute complex, EGFR and Notch signaling pathways, and selector genes in these processes are considered. An integral scheme describing the functioning of the system controlling macrochaete development in D. melanogaster is proposed based on analysis of literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.P Furman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - T.A Bukharina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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Gibert JM, Marcellini S, David JR, Schlötterer C, Simpson P. A major bristle QTL from a selected population of Drosophila uncovers the zinc-finger transcription factor poils-au-dos, a repressor of achaete-scute. Dev Biol 2005; 288:194-205. [PMID: 16216235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional screens aiming at identifying genes regulating development have relied on mutagenesis. Here, we describe a new gene involved in bristle development, identified through the use of natural variation and selection. Drosophila melanogaster bears a pattern of 11 macrochaetes per heminotum. From a population initially sampled in Marrakech, a strain was selected for an increased number of thoracic macrochaetes. Using recombination and single nucleotide polymorphisms, the factor responsible was mapped to a single locus on the third chromosome, poils au dos, that encodes a zinc-finger-ZAD protein. The original, as well as new, presumed null, alleles of poils au dos, is associated with ectopic achaete-scute expression that results in the additional bristles. This suggests a possible role for Poils au dos as a repressor of achaete and scute. Ectopic expression appears to be independent of the activity of known cis-regulatory enhancer sequences at the achaete-scute complex that mediate activation at specific sites on the notum. The target sequences for Poils au dos activity were mapped to a 14 kb region around scute. In addition, we show that pad interacts synergistically with the repressor hairy and with Dpp signaling in posterior and anterior regions of the notum, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Gibert
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Zeng YA, Verheyen EM. Nemo is an inducible antagonist of Wingless signaling during Drosophila wing development. Development 2004; 131:2911-20. [PMID: 15169756 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular events that govern patterning during animal development must be precisely regulated. This is achieved by extrinsic factors and through the action of both positive and negative feedback loops. Wnt/Wg signals are crucial across species in many developmental patterning events. We report that Drosophila nemo (nmo) acts as an intracellular feedback inhibitor of Wingless (Wg) and that it is a novel Wg target gene. Nemo antagonizes the activity of the Wg signal, as evidenced by the finding that reduction of nmo rescues the phenotypic defects induced by misexpression of various Wg pathway components. In addition, the activation of Wg-dependent gene expression is suppressed in wing discs ectopically expressing nmo and enhanced cell autonomously in nmo mutant clones. We find that nmo itself is a target of Wg signaling in the imaginal wing disc. nmo expression is induced upon high levels of Wg signaling and can be inhibited by interfering with Wg signaling. Finally, we observe alterations in Arm stabilization upon modulation of Nemo. These observations suggest that the patterning mechanism governed by Wg involves a negative feedback circuit in which Wg induces expression of its own antagonist Nemo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi A Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
Over the past two to three decades, developmental biology has demonstrated that all multicellular organisms in the animal kingdom share many of the same molecular building blocks and many of the same regulatory genetic pathways. Yet we still do not understand how the various organisms use these molecules and pathways to assume all the forms we know today. Evolutionary developmental biology tackles this problem by comparing the development of one organism to another and comparing the genes involved and gene functions to understand what makes one organism different from another. In this review, we revisit a set of seven concepts defined by Lewis Wolpert (fate maps, asymmetric division, induction, competence, positional information, determination, and lateral inhibition) that describe the characters of many developmental systems and supplement them with three additional concepts (developmental genomics, genetic redundancy, and genetic networks). We will discuss examples of comparative developmental studies where these concepts have guided observations on the advent of a developmental novelty. Finally, we identify a set of evolutionary frameworks, such as developmental constraints, cooption, duplication, parallel and convergent evolution, and homoplasy, to adequately describe the evolutionary properties of developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rudel
- Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Evolutionsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 37-39, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Morphogens are diffusible signalling molecules that pattern cellular fields by setting up differential gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Members of the Wnt family of signalling molecules are generally considered to be classical morphogens. However, a close analysis of their activity indicates that they do not fulfil all of the critera that are associated with the classical definition.
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Wülbeck C, Simpson P. The expression of pannier and achaete-scute homologues in a mosquito suggests an ancient role of pannier as a selector gene in the regulation of the dorsal body pattern. Development 2002; 129:3861-71. [PMID: 12135924 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.16.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila gene pannier (pnr) has recently been assigned to a new class of selector genes (Calleja, M., Herranz, H., Estella, C., Casal, J., Lawrence, P., Simpson, P. and Morata, G. (2000). Development 127, 3971-3980; (Mann, R. S. and Morata, G. (2000). Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 243-271). It specifies pattern in the dorsal body. On the dorsal notum it is expressed in a broad medial domain and directly regulates transcription of the achaete-scute (ac-sc) genes driving their expression in small discrete clusters within this domain at the sites of each future bristle. This spatial resolution is achieved through modulation of Pnr activity by specific co-factors and by a number of discrete cis-regulatory enhancers in the ac-sc gene complex. We have isolated homologues of pnr and ac-sc in Anopheles gambiae, a basal species of Diptera that diverged from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) about 200 million years ago, and examined their expression patterns. We found that an ac-sc homologue of Anopheles, Ag-ASH, is expressed on the dorsal medial notum at the sites where sensory organs emerge in several domains that are identical to those of the pnr homologue, Ag-pnr. This suggests that activation of Ag-ASH by Ag-Pnr has been conserved. Indeed, when expressed in Drosophila, Ag-pnr is able to mimic the effects of ectopic expression of Dm-pnr and induce ectopic bristles. These results are discussed in the context of the gene duplication events and the acquisition of a modular promoter, that may have occurred at different times in the lineage leading to derived species such as Drosophila. The bristle pattern of Anopheles correlates in a novel fashion with the expression domains of Ag-pnr/Ag-ASH. While precursors for the sensory scales can arise anywhere within the expression domains, bristle precursors arise exclusively along the borders. This points to the existence of specific positional information along the borders, and suggests that Ag-pnr specifies pattern in the medial, dorsal notum, as in Drosophila, but via a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Wülbeck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Calleja M, Renaud O, Usui K, Pistillo D, Morata G, Simpson P. How to pattern an epithelium: lessons from achaete-scute regulation on the notum of Drosophila. Gene 2002; 292:1-12. [PMID: 12119094 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The notum of Drosophila is a good model system for the study of two-dimensional pattern formation. Attention has mainly focused on the regulation of the spatial expression of the genes of the achaete-scute complex (AS-C) that results in a stereotyped bristle pattern. Expression of AS-C genes has traditionally been viewed as a consequence of the activity of a group of factors that constitute a prepattern [Stern, 1954. Am. Sci. 42, 213]. The prepattern is thought to be composed of a mosaic of transcription factors that act in combination, through discrete cis-regulatory sequences, to activate expression of genes of the AS-C in small clusters of cells at the sites of each future bristle. Recent results challenge this view and suggest a hierarchy of activity amongst prepattern genes. It is suggested that in the medial notum, the selector-like gene pannier regulates the entire pattern, and is the only factor to directly activate AS-C genes. Other factors may play subsidiary roles. On the lateral notum genes of the iroquois complex appear to regulate the lateral pattern. Regulation of pannier and iroquois depends upon the signalling molecule Decapentaplegic. The majority of genes are expressed in either longitudinal or transverse domains on the notum and we discuss the possibility that pattern formation may rely on these two axial coordinates. We also discuss preliminary results suggesting that prepattern factors also regulate genes required for other, little studied, aspects of notal morphology, such as the muscle attachment sites and pigment distribution. Thus there may be a common prepattern for the entire structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Calleja
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Peña-Rangel MT, Rodriguez I, Riesgo-Escovar JR. A misexpression study examining dorsal thorax formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2002; 160:1035-50. [PMID: 11901120 PMCID: PMC1462010 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.3.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied thorax formation in Drosophila melanogaster using a misexpression screen with EP lines and thoracic Gal4 drivers that provide a genetically sensitized background. We identified 191 interacting lines showing alterations of thoracic bristles (number and/or location), thorax and scutellum malformations, lethality, or suppression of the thoracic phenotype used in the screen. We analyzed these lines and showed that known genes with different functional roles (selector, prepattern, proneural, cell cycle regulation, lineage restriction, signaling pathways, transcriptional control, and chromatin organization) are among the modifier lines. A few lines have previously been identified in thorax formation, but others, such as chromatin-remodeling complex genes, are novel. However, most of the interacting loci are uncharacterized, providing a wealth of new genetic data. We also describe one such novel line, poco pelo (ppo), where both misexpression and loss-of-function phenotypes are similar: loss of bristles and scutellum malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Peña-Rangel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, 76230, México
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Sato M, Saigo K. Involvement of pannier and u-shaped in regulation of decapentaplegic-dependent wingless expression in developing Drosophila notum. Mech Dev 2000; 93:127-38. [PMID: 10781946 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In developing Drosophila notum, wingless expression is regulated by Decapentaplegic signaling positively and negatively so that only notal cells receiving optimal levels of Decapentaplegic signals express wingless (Sato et al., 1999b. Development 126, 1457-1466). Here, we show evidence that this Decapentaplegic-dependent regulation of notal wingless expression includes plural mechanisms, involving pannier and u-shaped. In the medial notum, Pannier and U-shaped form a complex (Haenlin et al., 1997. Genes Dev. 11, 3096-3108). The expression of pannier and u-shaped is positively regulated by Decapentaplegic signals emanating from the dorsal-most region. The Pannier/U-shaped complex serves as a repressor and a transcriptional activator, respectively, for wingless and u-shaped expression. In the more lateral region, wingless expression is up-regulated by U-shaped-unbound Pannier. wingless expression is also weakly regulated by its own signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Streit A, Stern CD. Mesoderm patterning and somite formation during node regression: differential effects of chordin and noggin. Mech Dev 1999; 85:85-96. [PMID: 10415349 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus, one of the properties defining Spemann's organizer is its ability to dorsalise the mesoderm. When placed ajacent to prospective lateral/ventral mesoderm (blood, mesenchyme), the organizer causes these cells to adopt a more axial/dorsal fate (muscle). It seems likely that a similar property patterns the primitive streak of higher vertebrate embryos, but this has not yet been demonstrated clearly. Using quail/chick chimaeras and a panel of molecular markers, we show that Hensen's node (the amniote organizer) can induce posterior primitive streak (prospective lateral plate) to form somites (but not notochord) at the early neurula stage. We tested two BMP antagonists, noggin and chordin (both of which are expressed in the organizer), for their ability to generate somites and intermediate mesoderm from posterior streak, and find that noggin, but not chordin, can do this. Conversely, earlier in development, chordin can induce an ectopic primitive streak much more effectively than noggin, while neither BMP antagonist can induce neural tissue from extraembryonic epiblast. Neurulation is accompanied by regression of the node, which brings the prospective somite territory into a region expressing BMP-2, -4 and -7. One function of noggin at this stage may be to protect the prospective somite cells from the inhibitory action of BMPs. Our results suggest that the two BMP antagonists, noggin and chordin, may serve different functions during early stages of amniote development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Streit
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street #1602, New York, NY 10032, USA
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