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Hadrian K, Willenborg S, Bock F, Cursiefen C, Eming SA, Hos D. Macrophage-Mediated Tissue Vascularization: Similarities and Differences Between Cornea and Skin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667830. [PMID: 33897716 PMCID: PMC8058454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue vascularization both in health and disease. In multiple tissues, macrophages have been identified as important regulators of both blood and lymphatic vessel growth, specifically following tissue injury and in pathological inflammatory responses. In development, macrophages have also been implicated in limiting vascular growth. Hence, macrophages provide an important therapeutic target to modulate tissue vascularization in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanisms how macrophages mediate tissue vascularization are still not entirely resolved. Furthermore, mechanisms might also vary among different tissues. Here we review the role of macrophages in tissue vascularization with a focus on their role in blood and lymphatic vessel formation in the barrier tissues cornea and skin. Comparing mechanisms of macrophage-mediated hem- and lymphangiogenesis in the angiogenically privileged cornea and the physiologically vascularized skin provides an opportunity to highlight similarities but also tissue-specific differences, and to understand how macrophage-mediated hem- and lymphangiogenesis can be exploited for the treatment of disease, including corneal wound healing after injury, graft rejection after corneal transplantation or pathological vascularization of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hadrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K. Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:367-79. [PMID: 22380827 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance, instead of immune activation. Thus, induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task, and potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors or other special delivery systems are often used, especially in the elderly. By taking advantage of the common mucosal immune system, the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells and microfold epithelial cells may facilitate the induction of effective mucosal immunity. Thus, novel routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems also show great potential for the development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines against various pathogens. The purpose of this review is to introduce several recent approaches to induce mucosal immunity to vaccines, with an emphasis on mucosal tissue targeting, new immunization routes and delivery systems. Defining the mechanisms of mucosal vaccines is as important as their efficacy and safety, and in this article, examples of recent approaches, which will likely accelerate progress in mucosal vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujkuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Gill RF, Pirockinaite G, O'Sullivan NL, Montgomery PC. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is not an absolute requirement for the induction of rat tear IgA antibody responses. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:1-8. [PMID: 20021248 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903395281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PURPOSE/AIM OF STUDY: The purpose of this work was to determine whether rat nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is required for the induction of tear IgA responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Particulate antigen in the form of DNP-BSA encapsulated in cationic microparticles was applied topically to the eyes (ocular topically) of rats that had the nasolacrimal ducts temporarily plugged with chromic gut suture material. Eye washes and serum were monitored for development of antigen specific IgA and IgG, respectively. To track the particulate uptake, fluorescent latex beads were applied topically to the eyes of plugged and unplugged animals. The nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and the draining lymph nodes were then examined for the presence of the fluorescent beads. RESULTS It was found that the chromic gut suture was effective in blocking the passage of antigen into the nasopharyngeal cavity for at least 24 hr. Tear antigen-specific IgA levels found in the eyes of plugged animals were not significantly lower from those of unplugged animals. Serum IgG antibody levels were also similar between the two groups. In animals with plugged nasolacrimal ducts, fluorescent beads were found predominately in the superficial cervical lymph nodes, which have been shown to drain the surface of the eye. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that particulate antigen can be taken up by the conjunctiva and transported to the draining lymph nodes, showing that antigen does not need to access nasal-associated lymphoid tissue to induce tear IgA antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall F Gill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Nagatake T, Fukuyama S, Kim DY, Goda K, Igarashi O, Sato S, Nochi T, Sagara H, Yokota Y, Jetten AM, Kaisho T, Akira S, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C, Fukui Y, Fujihashi K, Akiyama T, Inoue JI, Penninger JM, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Id2-, RORgammat-, and LTbetaR-independent initiation of lymphoid organogenesis in ocular immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2351-64. [PMID: 19822644 PMCID: PMC2768868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The eye is protected by the ocular immunosurveillance system. We show that tear duct–associated lymphoid tissue (TALT) is located in the mouse lacrimal sac and shares immunological characteristics with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs), including the presence of M cells and immunocompetent cells for antigen uptake and subsequent generation of mucosal immune responses against ocularly encountered antigens and bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Initiation of TALT genesis began postnatally; it occurred even in germ-free conditions and was independent of signaling through organogenesis regulators, including inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2, retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt, lymphotoxin (LT) α1β2–LTβR, and lymphoid chemokines (CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL13). Thus, TALT shares immunological features with MALT but has a distinct tissue genesis mechanism and plays a key role in ocular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagatake
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Turner HC, Budak MT, Murat Akinci MA, Wolosin JM. Comparative analysis of human conjunctival and corneal epithelial gene expression with oligonucleotide microarrays. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2050-61. [PMID: 17460260 PMCID: PMC2909883 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine global mRNA expression levels in corneal and conjunctival epithelia and identify transcripts that exhibit preferential tissue expression. METHODS cDNA samples derived from human conjunctival and corneal epithelia were hybridized in three independent experiments to a commercial oligonucleotide array representing more than 22,000 transcripts. The resultant signal intensities and microarray software transcript present/absent calls were used in conjunction with the local pooled error (LPE) statistical method to identify transcripts that are preferentially or exclusively expressed in one of the two tissues at significant levels (expression >1% of the beta-actin level). EASE (Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer software) was used to identify biological systems comparatively overrepresented in either epithelium. Immuno-, and cytohistochemistry was performed to validate or expand on selected results of interest. RESULTS The analysis identified 332 preferential and 93 exclusive significant corneal epithelial transcripts. The corresponding numbers of conjunctival epithelium transcripts were 592 and 211, respectively. The overrepresented biological processes in the cornea were related to cell adhesion and oxiredox equilibria and cytoprotection activities. In the conjunctiva, the biological processes that were most prominent were related to innate immunity and melanogenesis. Immunohistochemistry for antigen-presenting cells and melanocytes was consistent with these gene signatures. The transcript comparison identified a substantial number of genes that have either not been identified previously or are not known to be highly expressed in these two epithelia, including testican-1, ECM1, formin, CRTAC1, and NQO1 in the cornea and, in the conjunctiva, sPLA(2)-IIA, lipocalin 2, IGFBP3, multiple MCH class II proteins, and the Na-Pi cotransporter type IIb. CONCLUSIONS Comparative gene expression profiling leads to the identification of many biological processes and previously unknown genes that are potentially active in the function of corneal and conjunctival epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Turner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Murat T. Budak
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M. A. Murat Akinci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - J. Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Wolosin JM. Cell markers and the side population phenotype in ocular surface epithelial stem cell characterization and isolation. Ocul Surf 2006; 4:10-23. [PMID: 16669522 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface is covered by tworapidly renewing and embryologically-related linings, the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The long-term survival of thesetissues is ultimately dependent on their respective resident stem cells. In the corneal epithelium, the stem cells and their early precursors are exclusively circumscribed to the narrow vasscularize limbal rim that provides epithelial precursor cells to the critically transparent central cornea. Limbal damage causes an interruption of this essential cell supply and allows the invasion of the corneal surface by the conjunctival epithelium, an event that ultimately leads to corneal scarring. The limited supply of immunocompatible tissue is a major hindrance to efforts to develop effective procedures for ocular surface reconstruction. This review describes some of the current work and strategies being developed to achieve the isolation of the limbal stem cell and define its genetic, biochemical, and functional make-up. The study of isolated ocular surface stem cells will foster basic understanding of the environmentalrequisites for their survival and proliferation in a self-replicative mode, leading eventually to advances in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Banerjee S, Figueiredo FC, Easty DL, Dick AD, Nicholls SM. Development of organised conjunctival leucocyte aggregates after corneal transplantation in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 87:1515-22. [PMID: 14660464 PMCID: PMC1920569 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.12.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the development of lymphoid aggregates in the conjunctiva after corneal transplantation in rats. METHODS LEW or PVG strain corneas were transplanted orthotopically to PVG rats. Cornea and conjunctiva were examined clinically for up to 42 days. Eyes were removed with attached conjunctiva on days 10 and 15 after transplantation (before and during rejection), together with normal eyes, fixed, paraffin embedded, and examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Clinically, the temporal half of the upper palpebral conjunctiva of recipients of 10/19 allografts and 1/10 isografts developed pronounced swelling, correlating with inflammation and rejection. Histologically, the swelling comprised leucocytic aggregates with an altered overlying epithelium. Aggregates contained granulocytes, macrophages, and cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD4, and CD8, all more numerous in allograft associated conjunctiva. Class II+ cells were more abundant at the surface, whereas macrophages and T cells were more numerous in the deeper stroma. There were few B cells. There was greater CD54 expression by vascular endothelium in allograft associated aggregates. Cells expressing TNFalpha and IFNgamma but not IL1beta were present in stromal and superficial areas. CONCLUSIONS Corneal transplantation in rats induces the development of organised conjunctival leucocytic aggregates in a fixed location that are significantly more pronounced in recipients of allografts compared with isografts and show characteristics of a Th1 type immune response. These aggregates have characteristics of conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue and may be sites of presentation of graft antigens and lymphocyte proliferation at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Division of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Daya SM, Bell RW, Habib NE, Powell-Richards A, Dua HS. Clinical and pathologic findings in human keratolimbal allograft rejection. Cornea 2000; 19:443-50. [PMID: 10928754 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200007000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical and pathologic features of cadaveric keratolimbal allograft (KLAL) rejection. DESIGN The study design is descriptive. PARTICIPANTS Four patients (five eyes) with KLAL rejection are reported. INTERVENTION All patients were subjected to slit-lamp biomicroscopy, treatment of rejection, and ultimately required repeat KLAL surgery. In three patients (four eyes), specimens obtained at the time of repeat surgery were subjected to immunohistochemical staining against the following immune and surface human antigens: CD4, CD8, CD19, CD3, DR, CK19, CK3, and vimentin. RESULTS Signs of allograft rejection included intense sectoral injection, diffuse or perilimbal conjunctival injection, edema, and infiltration of the KLAL grafts, leading to punctate epithelial erosions, epithelial defects, and surface keratinization. Rejected specimens revealed T-lymphocyte infiltration (CD4:CD8, 2:1) with strong HLA-DR (MHC class II) expression. The epithelium stain results were positive for cytokeratin 19 and weakly positive to absent for cytokeratin 3. The epithelial stain results were weakly positive for vimentin in only one specimen. CONCLUSIONS KLAL rejection is a newly recognized entity. Pathologic findings of rejected specimens indicate that this is a T-cell mediated rejection phenomenon. The pattern of cytokeratin staining provided little evidence that the epithelium covering KLALs had a corneal phenotype. The scarcity of vimentin-positive epithelial cells suggests that the stem-cell/transient-cell pool was probably depleted. Early recognition of clinical rejection is important, as treatment with immunosuppressive therapy may reverse the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Daya
- Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
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Gormley PD, Powell-Richards AO, Azuara-Blanco A, Donoso LA, Dua HS. Lymphocyte subsets in conjunctival mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue after exposure to retinal-S-antigen. Int Ophthalmol 1999; 22:77-80. [PMID: 10472765 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006191022900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the immune cell subsets in conjunctival mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue (C-MALT) following challenge with antigen. METHODS Ten adult female Lewis rats were studied. Five rats received one drop (5 microL) of retinal S-antigen (500 microg/mL in phosphate buffered saline, PBS) instilled into the lower fornix twice daily for 10 consecutive days. Five rats received PBS only and served as controls for the experiment. Two days after the last instillation the animals were sacrificed and the orbital contents prepared for immunohistological staining. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used: CD5, CD4, CD8, CD25, and CD45RA. The number of positive cells were counted in sections of epibulbar, forniceal, and tarsal conjunctiva. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the conjunctiva of animals receiving retinal S-antigen when compared to control animals. CONCLUSION Conjunctival instillation of retinal S-antigen causes an immune response in the C-MALT with a significant increase in the CD8+ T lymphocyte subset in this tissue. This response may be involved in the induction of tolerance to the encountered antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Gormley
- Larry A. Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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