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de la Presa M, Govil A, Chamberlain WD, Holland EJ. Acute Corneal Epithelial Rejection of LR-CLAL After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Cornea 2022; 41:252-253. [PMID: 34743101 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to report a case of acute corneal epithelial rejection of living-related conjunctival limbal allograft (LR-CLAL) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. OBSERVATIONS A 27-year-old woman developed acute epithelial rejection of LR-CLAL 2 weeks after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. She received the LR-CLAL transplant 4 years and 7 months previously and had a stable clinical course with no history of rejection. She had an ABO blood group and human leukocyte antigen compatible donor, no systemic comorbidities, and no rejection risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine upregulates the immune system to produce an adaptive immune response. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may potentially be associated with increased risk of rejection in those with ocular surface transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin de la Presa
- Cornea Department, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Amit Govil
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Winston D Chamberlain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Edward J Holland
- Cornea Department, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and
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2
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Forouzandeh M, Bigdeli MR, Mostafavi H, Nadri S, Eskandari M. Therapeutic potentials of human microfluidic encapsulated conjunctival mesenchymal stem cells on the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104703. [PMID: 34619140 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the destruction of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to motor-behavioral complications. Cell therapy has been proposed as a promising approach for PD treatment using various cellular sources. Despite a few disadvantages mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent, they have more auspicious effects for PD cell therapy. The present study aimed to evaluate a new source of MSCs isolated from human Conjunctiva (CJ-MSCs) impact on PD complications for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parkinson's was induced by stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB). An apomorphine-induced rotation test was used to confirm the model establishment. After PD model confirmation, green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled CJ-MSCs and induced CJ-MSCs (microfluidic encapsulated and non-capsulated) were transplanted into the rats' right striatum. Then Rotation, Rotarod, and Open-field tests were performed to evaluate the behavioral assessment. Additionally, the immunohistochemistry technique was used for identifying tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). RESULTS According to the obtained data, the cell transplantation caused a reduction in the rats' rotation number and improved locomotion compared to the control group. The previous results were also more pronounced in induced and microfluidic encapsulated cells compared to other cells. Rats recipient CJ-MSCs also have represented more TH-expressed GFP-labeled cell numbers in the striatum than the control group. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that CJ-MSCs therapy can have protective effects against PD complications and nerve induction of cells due to their ability to express dopamine. On the other hand, CJ-MSCs microencapsulating leads to enhance even more protective effect of CJ-MSCs. However, confirmation of this hypothesis requires further studies and investigation of these cells' possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Inistitute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran..
| | - Samad Nadri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Eskandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
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3
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large group of DNA viruses that infect the basal cells of the stratified epithelium at different anatomic locations. In the ocular adnexal region, the mucosa of the conjunctiva and the lacrimal drainage system, as well as the eyelid skin, are potential locations for HPV-related neoplasia. The role of HPV in squamous cell neoplasia of the ocular adnexa has been debated for several decades. Due to the rarity of all these tumors, large studies are not available in the scientific literature, thereby hampering the precision of the HPV prevalence estimates and the ability to conclude. Nevertheless, increasing evidence supports that defined subsets of conjunctival papillomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and carcinomas develop in an HPV-dependent pathway. The role of HPV in squamous cell tumors arising in the lacrimal drainage system and the eyelid is still uncertain. Further, the potential of HPV status as a diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive biomarker in these diseases is a topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Ramberg
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Puro DG. Bioelectric Responses of Conjunctival Goblet Cells to Dry Eye: Impact of Ion Channels on Exocytotic Function and Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249415. [PMID: 33321932 PMCID: PMC7763144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How ion channels impact the response of the ocular surface to dry eye is only beginning to be explored. Here, we review recent progress and provide new experimental data clarifying the exocytosis-altering actions of ion channels in conjunctival goblet cells whose release of tear-stabilizing mucin is a key adaptive response to the pre-ocular hyperosmolarity that characterizes dry eye. Patch-clamp recordings of goblet cells located in freshly excised rat conjunctiva reveal that these mucin-releasing cells respond to sustained hyperosmolarity by sequentially activating their ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP), nonspecific cation (NSC), voltage-gated calcium (VGCC), and P2X7 channels; each of which modulates exocytosis. Based on these and other new findings, we now identify four stages in the bioelectric response of conjunctival goblet cells to extracellular hyperosmolarity. To better characterize these stages, we report that high-resolution membrane capacitance (Cm) measurements of the exocytotic activity of single goblet cells demonstrate that the replenishment of mucin-filled granules after neural-evoked exocytosis is a multi-hour process, which VGCCs markedly accelerate. Yet, we also discovered that VGCC activation is high-risk since hyperosmotic-induced goblet cell death is boosted. With dry eye treatments being far from optimal, elucidating the physiologic and pathobiologic impact of the KATP/NSC/VGCC/P2X7 pathway provides a new opportunity to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G. Puro
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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5
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Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells (GCs) are specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucins onto the ocular surface to maintain the wet environment. Assessment of GCs is important because various ocular surface diseases are associated with their loss. Although there are GC assessment methods available, the current methods are either invasive or difficult to use. In this report, we developed a simple and non-invasive GC assessment method based on fluorescence imaging. Moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution was used to label GCs via topical administration, and then various fluorescence microscopies could image GCs in high contrasts. Fluorescence imaging of GCs in the mouse conjunctiva was confirmed by both confocal reflection microscopy and histology with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) labeling. Real-time in-vivo conjunctival GC imaging was demonstrated in a rat model by using both confocal fluorescence microscopy and simple wide-field fluorescence microscopy. Different GC densities were observed in the forniceal and bulbar conjunctivas of the rat eye. Moxifloxacin based fluorescence imaging provides high-contrast images of conjunctival GCs non-invasively and could be useful for the study or diagnosis of GC related ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeoungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeoungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonchul Chang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeoungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moses Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Renew Seoul Eye Center, 528 Teheran-ro, 4th Floor, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 16181, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeoungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeoungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Bellotti E, Fedorchak MV, Velankar S, Little SR. Tuning of thermoresponsive pNIPAAm hydrogels for the topical retention of controlled release ocular therapeutics. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1276-1283. [PMID: 30931126 PMCID: PMC6437675 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low patient compliance and poor bioavailability of ophthalmic medications are the main limitations of topical eye drops. A potential solution to these disadvantages could be provided by thermoresponsive hydrogels, which could be used as the basis for a gelling eye drop for long-term release of therapeutics. We previously reported such a system capable of being retained in the lower fornix of rabbits, continuously releasing an anti-glaucoma drug for one month. Here, we sought to improve the properties of the existing gels as most relevant to patient use without altering the drug release profile. Specifically, we optimized the sol-to-gel transition temperature and de-swelling kinetics of pNIPAAm gels to avoid risk of the gelled drop reverting to liquid during cold or windy weather, and ensure quick gelation upon administration. A reduction of the gel LCST, faster gelation kinetics, and suitable viscosity for the administration as an eye drop were successfully achieved through modification of the poly(ethylene glycol) content in the water phase and its molecular weight. Our data suggest that drug release is not affected by these changes, with representative drug concentration profiles of the previous and new formulations demonstrating comparable anti-glaucoma release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellotti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Morgan V. Fedorchak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Sachin Velankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Steven R. Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Stadnikova A, Trosan P, Skalicka P, Utheim TP, Jirsova K. Interleukin-13 maintains the stemness of conjunctival epithelial cell cultures prepared from human limbal explants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211861. [PMID: 30742646 PMCID: PMC6370187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To use human limbal explants as an alternative source for generating conjunctival epithelium and to determine the effect of interleukin-13 (IL-13) on goblet cell number, mucin expression, and stemness. Human limbal explants prepared from 17 corneoscleral rims were cultured with or without IL-13 (IL-13+ and IL-13-, respectively) and followed up to passage 2 (primary culture [P0]-P2). Cells were characterized by alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (AB/PAS) staining (goblet cells); immunofluorescent staining for p63α (progenitor cells), Ki-67 (proliferation), MUC5AC (mucin, goblet cells), and keratin 7 (K7, conjunctival epithelial and goblet cells); and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for expression of the p63α (TP63), MUC5AC, MUC4 (conjunctival mucins), K3, K12 (corneal epithelial cells), and K7 genes. Clonogenic ability was determined by colony-forming efficiency (CFE) assay. Using limbal explants, we generated epithelium with conjunctival phenotype and high viability in P0, P1, and P2 cultures under IL-13+ and IL-13- conditions, i.e., epithelium with strong K7 positivity, high K7 and MUC4 expression and the presence of goblet cells (AB/PAS and MUC5AC positivity; MUC5AC expression). p63α positivity was similar in IL-13+ and IL-13- cultures and was decreased in P2 cultures; however, there was increased TP63 expression in the presence of IL-13 (especially in the P1 cultures). Similarly, IL-13 increased proliferative activity in P1 cultures and significantly promoted P0 and P1 culture CFE. IL-13 did not increase goblet cell number in the P0-P2 cultures, nor did it influence MUC5AC and MUC4 expression. By harvesting unattached cells on day 1 of P1 we obtained goblet cell rich subpopulation showing AB/PAS, MUC5AC, and K7 positivity, but with no growth potential. In conclusion, limbal explants were successfully used to develop conjunctival epithelium with the presence of putative stem and goblet cells and with the ability to preserve the stemness of P0 and P1 cultures under IL-13 influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stadnikova
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Trosan
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katerina Jirsova
- Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
The present review focuses on the role of one of the D-series resolvins (Rv) RvD1 in the regulation of conjunctival goblet cell secretion and its role in ocular surface health. RvD1 is the most thoroughly studied of the specialized proresolution mediators in the goblet cells. The anterior surface of the eye consists of the cornea (the transparent central area) and the conjunctiva (opaque tissue that surrounds the cornea and lines the eyelids). The secretory mucin MUC5AC produced by the conjunctival goblet cells is protective of the ocular surface and especially helps to maintain clear vision through the cornea. In health, a complex neural reflex stimulates goblet cell secretion to maintain an optimum amount of mucin in the tear film. The specialized pro-resolution mediator, D-series resolvin (RvD1) is present in human tears and induces goblet cell mucin secretion. RvD1 interacts with its receptors ALX/FPR2 and GPR32, activates phospholipases C, D, and A2, as well as the EGFR. This stimulation increases the intracellular [Ca2+] and activates extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 to cause mucin secretion into the tear film. This mucin secretion protects the ocular surface from the challenges in the external milieu thus maintaining a healthy interface between the eye and the environment. RvD1 forms a second important mechanism along with activation of a neural reflex pathway to regulate goblet cell mucin secretion and protect the ocular surface in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Barrera V, Troughton LD, Iorio V, Liu S, Oyewole O, Sheridan CM, Hamill KJ. Differential Distribution of Laminin N-Terminus α31 Across the Ocular Surface: Implications for Corneal Wound Repair. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:4082-4093. [PMID: 30098195 PMCID: PMC6735649 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Laminin N-terminus (LaNt) α31 is a relatively unstudied protein derived from the laminin α3 gene but structurally similar to netrins. LaNt α31 has, to date, been investigated only in two-dimensional (2D) keratinocyte culture where it influences cell migration and adhesion, processes integral to wound repair. Here we investigated LaNt α31 distribution in ocular surface epithelium, during limbal stem cell activation, and corneal wound healing. Methods Human, mouse, and pig eyes, ex vivo limbal explant cultures, and alkali burn wounds were processed for immunohistochemistry with antibodies against LaNt α31 along with progenitor cell-associated proteins. LaNt α31 expression was induced via adenoviral transduction into primary epithelial cells isolated from limbal explants, and cell spreading and migration were analyzed using live imaging. Results LaNt α31 localized to the basal layer of the conjunctival, limbal, and corneal epithelial cells. However, staining was nonuniform with apparent subpopulation enrichment, and some suprabasal reactivity was also noted. This LaNt α31 distribution largely matched that of keratin 15, epidermal growth factor receptor, and transformation-related protein 63α (p63α), and displayed similar increases in expression in activated limbal explants. During active alkali burn wound repair, LaNt α31 displayed increased expression in limbal regions and loss of basal restriction within the cornea. Distribution returned to predominately basal cell restricted once the wounded epithelium matured. Cultured corneal epithelial cells expressing LaNt α31 displayed increased 2D area and reduced migration, suggesting a functional link between this protein and key wound repair activities. Conclusions These data place LaNt α31 in position to influence laminin-dependent processes including wound repair and stem cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barrera
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lee D. Troughton
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Iorio
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Siyin Liu
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Olutobi Oyewole
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carl M. Sheridan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Hamill
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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10
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Bron AJ, Mangat H, Quinlan M, Foley-Nolan A, Eustace P, Fsadni M, Sunder Raj P. Polyacrylic Acid Gel in Patients with Dry Eyes: A Randomised Comparison with Polyvinyl Alcohol. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 8:81-9. [PMID: 9673476 DOI: 10.1177/112067219800800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare the safety and efficacy of polyacrylic acid 0.2% (PAA) gel and polyvinylalcohol 1.4% (PVA) in the treatment of patients with dry eyes. Methods Eighty-nine patients with dry eyes were randomly allocated to treatment with either PAA (48) or PVA (41) in a prospective, investigator-masked study in two centres. The parameters assessed were daily frequency of instillation of the study medications, ocular signs and symptoms, tear film break up time, Schirmer's test values, local tolerance and global assessment of the improvement following treatment. Results The two groups were similar in patient demographics and study parameters at baseline. The total score of symptoms (gritty or foreign body sensation, burning sensation, dry eye sensation, photophobia, others) and signs (conjunctival hyperaemia, ciliary injection, corneal and conjunctival epithelial staining) was reduced significantly more by treatment with PAA than with PVA at both three and six weeks (p<0.0001). The daily frequency of instillation of PAA was significantly less than that PVA on 38 of the 41 (93%) study days. Both PAA and PVA were safe and equally well-tolerated except for blurred vision, usually mild and transient, on PAA. On global assessment of the improvement in their dry eye condition, significantly more PAA patients felt better on treatment at six (p=0.02) weeks compared with those on PVA. Conclusions Polyacrylic acid gel was as safe as and more effective than polyvinylalcohol in the treatment of patients with dry eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bron
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, U.K
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11
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Ko BY, Xiao Y, Barbosa FL, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Goblet cell loss abrogates ocular surface immune tolerance. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98222. [PMID: 29415888 PMCID: PMC5821180 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells condition tolerogenic properties in DCs. Aqueous-deficient dry eye is associated with goblet cell (GC) loss and increased IFN-γ expression in the conjunctiva. We hypothesized that loss of GCs reduces tolerance-inducing properties of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the conjunctiva and draining nodes. Mice lacking the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef) that is required for GC differentiation had an increased frequency of macrophages in the conjunctiva and CD11b+CD11c+ DCs in the conjunctiva and draining nodes, and these cells had greater IL-12 expression than WT mice. Conditioned media from cultured WT conjunctival GCs suppressed LPS-induced IL-12 production by conjunctival APCs. OVA antigen-specific OTII CD4+ T cells primed by Spdef-KO draining lymph node APCs showed greater proliferation, lower frequency of Foxp3+, increased frequency of IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ cells, and greater IFN-γ production than those primed by WT APCs. The immune tolerance to OVA antigen topically applied to the conjunctiva measured by cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, OVA-specific T cell proliferation, Foxp3 induction, and IFN-γ production observed in WT mice was lost in the Spdef-KO mice. We concluded that conjunctival GCs condition tolerogenic properties in APCs that suppress IL-12 production and Th1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Yi Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital and College of Medicine, Konyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangyan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Flavia L. Barbosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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12
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Witt J, Mertsch S, Borrelli M, Dietrich J, Geerling G, Schrader S, Spaniol K. Decellularised conjunctiva for ocular surface reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2018; 67:259-269. [PMID: 29225150 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival reconstruction is an integral component of ocular surface restoration. Decellularised tissues are frequently used clinically for tissue engineering. This study identifies porcine decellularised conjunctiva (PDC) and human decellularised conjunctiva (HDC) as promising substitutes for conjunctival reconstruction. PDC and HDC were nearly DNA-free, structurally intact and showed no cytotoxic effects in vitro, which was confirmed by DNA quantification, histology, transmission electron microscopy, collagen quantification and cytotoxicity assay. Comparing the biomechanical properties to amniotic membrane (AM), the most frequently applied matrix for ocular surface reconstruction today, the decellularised conjunctiva was more extensible and elastic but exhibited less tensile strength. The in vivo application in a rabbit model proofed significantly enhanced transplant stability and less suture losses comparing PDC and HDC to AM while none of the matrices induced considerable inflammation. Ten days after implantation, all PDC, 4 of 6 HDC but none of the AM transplants were completely integrated into the recipient conjunctiva with a partially multi-layered epithelium. Altogether, decellularised conjunctivas of porcine and human origin were superior to AM for conjunctival reconstruction after xenogeneic application in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Conjunctival integrity is essential for a healthy ocular surface and clear vision. Its reconstruction is required in case of immunological diseases, after trauma, chemical or thermal burns or surgery involving the conjunctiva. Due to limitations of currently used substitute tissues such as amniotic membrane, there is a need for the development of new matrices for conjunctival reconstruction. Decellularised tissues are frequently applied clinically for tissue engineering. The present study identifies porcine and human decellularised conjunctiva as biocompatible and well tolerated scaffolds with superior integration into the recipient conjunctiva compared to amniotic membrane. Decellularised conjunctiva depicts a promising substitute for conjunctival reconstruction in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Witt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Maria Borrelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Jana Dietrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany
| | - Kristina Spaniol
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Germany.
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13
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Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. The Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease: What We Know and Future Directions for Research. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:S4-S13. [PMID: 29055361 PMCID: PMC5657523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory studies performed over the past few decades have discovered that dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be initiated by numerous extrinsic or intrinsic factors that promote an unstable and hyperosmolar tear film. These changes in tear composition, in some cases combined with systemic factors, lead to an inflammatory cycle that causes ocular surface epithelial disease and neural stimulation. Acute desiccation activates stress signaling pathways in the ocular surface epithelium and resident immune cells. This triggers production of innate inflammatory mediators that stimulate the production of matrix metalloprotease, inflammatory cell recruitment, and dendritic cell maturation. These mediators, combined with exposure of autoantigens, can lead to an adaptive T cell-mediated response. Cornea barrier disruption develops by protease-mediated lysis of epithelial tight junctions, leading to accelerated cell death; desquamation; an irregular, poorly lubricated cornea surface; and exposure and sensitization of epithelial nociceptors. Conjunctival goblet cell dysfunction and death are promoted by the T helper 1 cytokine interferon gamma. These epithelial changes further destabilize the tear film, amplify inflammation, and create a vicious cycle. Cyclosporine and lifitegrast, the 2 US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies, inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production. Although these therapies represent a major advance in dry eye therapy, they are not effective in improving discomfort and corneal epithelial disease in all patients. Preclinical studies have identified other potential therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and strategies to bolster endogenous immunoregulatory pathways. These discoveries will, it is hoped, lead to further advances in diagnostic classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Maeng YS, Lee GH, Lee B, Choi SI, Kim TI, Kim EK. Role of TGFBIp in Wound Healing and Mucin Expression in Corneal Epithelial Cells. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:423-431. [PMID: 28120575 PMCID: PMC5290024 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is highly expressed in the cornea, and mutant TGFBIp induces corneal diseases. However, the function of TGFBIp in cornea epithelium is not fully investigated. Here, we tested the importance of TGFBIp in regulation of gene expression and corneal epithelial cell (CEC) activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of TGFBIp on CEC activity was analyzed by cell migration, adhesion, proliferation and wound healing assay. Analysis of gene expression was examined by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that TGFBIp increased adhesion, migration, proliferation, and wound healing of CECs. Analysis of gene expression presented that TGFBIp-stimulated CECs exhibited increased expression of mucin family genes, such as MUC1, -4, -5AC, and -16. Furthermore, TGFBIp treatment increased the expression of MUC1, -4, -5AC, -7, and -16 in conjunctival epithelial cells. TGFBIp also increased the activity of intracellular signaling molecules ERK and AKT in CECs. Using pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK and AKT, we showed that the expression of mucin genes by TGFBIp is mediated by the activation of ERK and AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the locally generated TGFBIp in the cornea may contribute to wound healing of CECs by enhancing the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of CECs. In addition, our results suggest that TGFBIp has a protective effect on ocular surfaces by inducing the expression of mucin genes in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. These data suggest that TGFBIp is a useful therapeutic target for patients with corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Il Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Warcoin E, Baudouin C, Gard C, Brignole-Baudouin F. In Vitro Inhibition of NFAT5-Mediated Induction of CCL2 in Hyperosmotic Conditions by Cyclosporine and Dexamethasone on Human HeLa-Modified Conjunctiva-Derived Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159983. [PMID: 27486749 PMCID: PMC4972436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the pro-inflammatory intracellular mechanisms induced by an in vitro model of dry eye disease (DED) on a Hela-modified conjunctiva-derived cells in hyperosmolarity (HO) stress conditions. This study focused on CCL2 induction and explored the implications of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFĸB). This work was completed by an analysis of the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA), dexamethasone (Dex) and doxycycline (Dox) on HO-induced CCL2 and NFAT5 induction. Methods A human HeLa-modified conjunctiva-derived cell line was cultured in NaCl-hyperosmolar medium for various exposure times. Cellular viability, CCL2 secretion, NFAT5 and CCL2 gene expression, and intracytoplasmic NFAT5 were assessed using the Cell Titer Blue® assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RT-qPCR and immunostaining, respectively. In selected experiments, inhibitors of MAPKs or NFκB, therapeutic agents or NFAT5 siRNAs were added before the hyperosmolar stimulations. Results HO induced CCL2 secretion and expression as well as NFAT5 gene expression and translocation. Adding NFAT5-siRNA before hyperosmolar stimulation led to a complete inhibition of CCL2 induction and to a decrease in cellular viability. p38 MAPK (p38), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NFĸB inhibitors, CsA and Dex induced a partial inhibition of HO-induced CCL2, while Dox and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor did not. Dex also induced a partial inhibition of HO-induced NFAT5 gene expression but not CsA or Dox. Conclusions These in vitro results suggest a potential role of CCL2 in DED and highlight the crucial role of NFAT5 in the pro-inflammatory effect of HO on HeLa-modified conjunctiva-derived cells, a rarely studied cellular type. This inflammatory pathway involving NFAT5 and CCL2 could offer a promising target for developing new therapies to treat DED, warranting further investigations to fully grasp the complete intracellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Warcoin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Service Pharmacie, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EW); (FB)
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Service III, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EW); (FB)
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16
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Khan AZ, Utheim TP, Jackson CJ, Reppe S, Lyberg T, Eidet JR. Nucleus Morphometry in Cultured Epithelial Cells Correlates with Phenotype. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:612-20. [PMID: 27329312 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenotype of cultured ocular epithelial transplants has been shown to affect clinical success rates following transplantation to the cornea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cell nucleus morphometry and phenotype in three types of cultured epithelial cells. This study provides knowledge for the development of a non-invasive method of determining the phenotype of cultured epithelium before transplantation. Cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjE), human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK), and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (HRPE) were analyzed by quantitative immunofluorescence. Assessments of nucleus morphometry and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio (N/C ratio) were performed using ImageJ. Spearman's correlation coefficient was employed for statistical analysis. Levels of the proliferation marker PCNA in HCjE, HEK, and HRPE correlated positively with nuclear area. Nuclear area correlated significantly with levels of the undifferentiated cell marker ABCG2 in HCjE. Bmi1 levels, but not p63α levels, correlated significantly with nuclear area in HEK. The N/C ratio did not correlate significantly with any of the immunomarkers in HCjE (ABCG2, CK7, and PCNA) and HRPE (PCNA). In HEK, however, the N/C ratio was negatively correlated with levels of the undifferentiated cell marker CK14 and positively correlated with Bmi1 expression. The size of the nuclear area correlated positively with proliferation markers in all three epithelia. Morphometric indicators of phenotype in cultured epithelia can be identified using ImageJ. Conversely, the N/C ratio did not show a uniform relationship with phenotype in HCjE, HEK, or HRPE. N/C ratio therefore, may not be a useful morphometric marker for in vitro assessment of phenotype in these three epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyad Z Khan
- 1Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,University of Oslo,P.O Box 1171,Blindern,0318 Oslo,Norway
| | - Tor P Utheim
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry,Oslo University Hospital,Kirkeveien 166,P.O. Box 4956,Nydalen,0424 Oslo,Norway
| | - Catherine J Jackson
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry,Oslo University Hospital,Kirkeveien 166,P.O. Box 4956,Nydalen,0424 Oslo,Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry,Oslo University Hospital,Kirkeveien 166,P.O. Box 4956,Nydalen,0424 Oslo,Norway
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry,Oslo University Hospital,Kirkeveien 166,P.O. Box 4956,Nydalen,0424 Oslo,Norway
| | - Jon R Eidet
- 2Department of Medical Biochemistry,Oslo University Hospital,Kirkeveien 166,P.O. Box 4956,Nydalen,0424 Oslo,Norway
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17
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Nagineni CN, William A, Cherukuri A, Samuel W, Hooks JJ, Detrick B. Inflammatory cytokines regulate secretion of VEGF and chemokines by human conjunctival fibroblasts: Role in dysfunctional tear syndrome. Cytokine 2015; 78:16-9. [PMID: 26615568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocular surface inflammation is one of the primary mechanisms associated with dysfunctional tear syndrome (DTS), also known as dry eye disease. DTS, more prevalent in older populations, causes ocular discomfort and visual disturbance due to dryness on the surface layer in the eye. We used human conjunctival fibroblast cultures (HCJVF) to investigate the effects of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β (ITI) on the secretions of VEGF and chemokines. Our results demonstrate the elevated secretion of angiogenic VEGF molecules by ITI without affecting anti-angiogenic molecules, PEDF, endostatin, thrombospondin and sVEGF-R1. The secretion of interferon-γ inducible chemokines, CXCL9, -10, -11 by HCJVF were significantly enhanced by ITI. Our in vitro study supports previously reported observations of elevated VEGF and chemokines in tear fluids of DTS patients, reiterating the role of inflammatory reactions in DTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekharam N Nagineni
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Abitha William
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Aswini Cherukuri
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - William Samuel
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - John J Hooks
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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18
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Abstract
This report is the first characterization of the histology and ultrastructure of the barred owl conjunctiva. The inferior eyelid was dominated by a large disk-shaped plate covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium of variable thickness. The apical surface of the plate epithelium varied from flat to long microvilli or even short cytoplasmic extensions similar to those seen in the third eyelid. All specimens had a few goblet cells filled with mucous secretory granules in the plate region. The underlying connective tissue was a dense fibroelastic stroma. Eosinophils were surprisingly common in the epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue in the plate and more distal orbital mucosal region. The orbital mucosa contained goblet cells with heterogeneous glycosylation patterns. The leading edge and marginal plait of the third eyelid are designed to collect fluid and particulate matter as they sweep across the surface of the eye. The palpebral conjunctival surface of the third eyelid was covered by an approximately five-cell-deep stratified squamous epithelium without goblet cells. The bulbar surface of the third eyelid was a bilayer of epithelial cells whose superficial cells have elaborate cytoplasmic tapering extensions reaching out 25 μm. Narrow cytofilia radiated outwards up to an additional 15–20 μm from the cytoplasmic extensions. Lectin labeling demonstrated heterogeneous glycosylation of the apical membrane specializations but only small amounts of glycoprotein-filled secretory granules in the third eyelid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jochems
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Phillips
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Nakamura T, Inatomi T, Sotozono C, Koizumi N, Kinoshita S. Ocular surface reconstruction using stem cell and tissue engineering. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:187-207. [PMID: 26187034 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most human sensory information is gained through eyesight, and integrity of the ocular surface, including cornea and conjunctiva, is known to be indispensable for good vision. It is believed that severe damage to corneal epithelial stem cells results in devastating ocular surface disease, and many researchers and scientists have tried to reconstruct the ocular surface using medical and surgical approaches. Ocular surface reconstruction via regenerative therapy is a newly developed medical field that promises to be the next generation of therapeutic modalities, based on the use of tissue-specific stem cells to generate biological substitutes and improve tissue functions. The accomplishment of these objectives depends on three key factors: stem cells, which have highly proliferative capacities and longevities; the substrates determining the environmental niche; and growth factors that support them appropriately. This manuscript describes the diligent development of ocular surface reconstruction using tissue engineering techniques, both past and present, and discusses and validates their future use for regenerative therapy in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Frontier Medical Sciences and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Inatomi
- Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Sciences and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Contreras-Ruiz L, Masli S. Immunomodulatory cross-talk between conjunctival goblet cells and dendritic cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120284. [PMID: 25793763 PMCID: PMC4368435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells are secretory epithelial cells of mucosal tissues that confer protection from environmental agents or pathogens via expression and secretion of soluble mucins. Loss of these cells is associated with several chronic inflammatory disorders of the mucosa. Although demonstrated to transfer antigens from the luminal surface to stromal cells in the intestinal mucosa, it is not known if goblet cells contribute to the regulation of an immune response. In this study we report that similar to intestinal and respiratory mucosal epithelia, mouse ocular surface epithelia predominantly express the TGF-ß2 isoform. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of goblet cells to express TGF-ß2 and increase it in response to Toll-Like Receptor 4 mediated stimulus in cultures. Goblet cells not only express TGF-ß2, but are also able to activate it in a thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) dependent manner via their cell surface receptor CD36. Furthermore, goblet cell derived soluble factors that possibly include TGF-ß2, alter dendritic cell (DC) phenotype to a tolerogenic type by downregulating DC expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40. Thus our study demonstrates goblet cells as a cellular source of active TGF-ß2 in ocular mucosa and implicates their immunomodulatory function in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Contreras-Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Soriano-Romaní L, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Paraoan L, Diebold Y. Thrombospondin-1 induces differential response in human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells lines under in vitro inflammatory and apoptotic conditions. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:1-14. [PMID: 25753839 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been reported to be critical for maintaining a healthy ocular surface. The purpose of the study was to characterize the expression of TSP-1 and of its receptors CD36 and CD47 in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells and determine the effect of exogenous TSP-1 treatment on these cells, following the induction of inflammation- and apoptosis-related changes. The expression of TSP-1, CD36 and CD47 by corneal and conjunctival cell lines was firstly characterized by ELISA, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) exposure for 5 or 15 min was used as pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic stimulus for corneal or conjunctival epithelial cells, respectively. To analyze inflammation and apoptosis-related changes, IL-6 and TGF-β2 secretion determined by ELISA was used as inflammatory markers, while activated caspase-3/7 levels and cell viability, determined by CellEvent™ Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent and XTT cytotoxicity assay, respectively, were used as apoptotic markers. Changes in CD36 and CD47 mRNA expression were quantified by real time RT-PCR. Corneal epithelial cells secreted and expressed higher protein levels of TSP-1 than conjunctival epithelial cells, although TSP-1 mRNA expression levels were similar and had lower CD36 and CD47, both at protein and mRNA levels. Both cell lines responded to exogenous TSP-1 treatment increasing CD36 at protein and mRNA levels. Blocking experiments revealed a predominance of TSP-1/CD47 rather than TSP-1/CD36 interactions to up-regulate CD36 levels in conjunctival epithelial cells, but not in corneal epithelial cells. BAC exposure increased IL-6 secretion and caspase-3/7 levels and decreased cell viability in both, corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Moreover, BAC exposure increased latent TGF-β2 levels in conjunctival epithelial cells. Interestingly, CD36 mRNA expression was down-regulated after BAC exposure in both cell lines. Exogenous TSP-1 treatment reduced TGF-β2 up-regulated levels by BAC exposure in conjunctival epithelial cells and less pronounced reduced IL-6 in BAC-exposed corneal epithelial cells. The effect on CD36 and CD47 regulation was less pronounced or even opposite depending on the inflammation- and apoptosis-related markers tested. Our results show evidence of the capacity of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells to respond to TSP-1 via CD36 or CD47. Experimental simulation of inflammation- and apoptosis-related conditions changed the effects differentially elicited by TSP-1 on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, suggesting an unexpected and relevant contribution of TSP-1 on ocular surface homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luminita Paraoan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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22
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Nelson JD. Impressions on The Ocular Surface: the entity and the journal. Ocul Surf 2015; 13:3. [PMID: 25557341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Liu W, Sha X, Wen Y, Zhao W, Luo W, Hua Z. Effect of Avastin on the migration and invasion of pterygium fibroblasts. Eye Sci 2014; 29:214-218. [PMID: 26016073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of Avastin on human pterygium fibroblast migration and invasiveness. METHODS VEGF secretion was compared between human pterygium fibroblasts and conjunctival fibroblasts by measuring VEGF-A by ELISA. The influence of Avastin on HPF migration and invasiveness was observed by wound scratch and Transwell migration assays. The expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-FAK was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS (1)VEGF was secreted in higher amounts by human pterygium fibroblasts than by conjunctival fibroblasts. (2) Avastin treatment decreased HPF migration and invasion. (3) Avastin significantly decreased the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-FAK in human pterygium fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Avastin can inhibit migration and invasion of HPFs by decreasing the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-FAK.
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24
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Zhao H, Qu M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Shi W. Xenogeneic acellular conjunctiva matrix as a scaffold of tissue-engineered corneal epithelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111846. [PMID: 25375996 PMCID: PMC4222936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic membrane-based tissue-engineered corneal epithelium has been widely used in the reconstruction of the ocular surface. However, it often degrades too early to ensure the success of the transplanted corneal epithelium when treating patients with severe ocular surface disorders. In the present study, we investigated the preparation of xenogeneic acellular conjunctiva matrix (aCM) and evaluated its efficacy and safety as a scaffold of tissue-engineered corneal epithelium. Native porcine conjunctiva was decellularized with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 12 h at 37°C and sterilized via γ-irradiation. Compared with native conjunctiva, more than 92% of the DNA was removed, and more than 90% of the extracellular matrix components (glycosaminoglycan and collagen) remained after the decellularization treatment. Compared with denuded amniotic membrane (dAM), the aCM possessed favorable optical transmittance, tensile strength, stability and biocompatibility as well as stronger resistance to degradation both in vitro and in vivo. The corneal epithelial cells seeded on aCM formed a multilayered epithelial structure and endured longer than did those on dAM. The aCM-based tissue-engineered corneal epithelium was more effective in the reconstruction of the ocular surface in rabbits with limbal stem cell deficiency. These findings support the application of xenogeneic acellular conjunctiva matrix as a scaffold for reconstructing the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhao
- Ophthalmology Department, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Zhou H, Lu Q, Guo Q, Chae J, Fan X, Elisseeff JH, Grant MP. Vitrified collagen-based conjunctival equivalent for ocular surface reconstruction. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7398-406. [PMID: 24933512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main functions of the conjunctiva, an essential part of the ocular surface, are to maintain the equilibrium of the tear film and to protect the eye. Upon injuries, the prerequisite to successful ocular surface repair is conjunctival reconstruction. Tissue engineering techniques, including transplantation of autografts, amniotic membranes and numerous synthetic/natural materials, have been developed. However, none of these strategies is completely satisfactory due to lack of goblet cell repopulation, poor mechanical properties or non-standardized preparation procedure. Here, we cultured conjunctival epithelial cells on vitrified collagen membranes and developed a tissue equivalent for repairing damaged conjunctiva. Optimized vitrified collagen has superior mechanical and optical properties to previous biomaterials for ocular surface application, and its unique fibrillar structure significantly benefited conjunctival epithelial cell growth and the phenotypic development in vitro. In a rabbit model, vitrified collagen greatly promoted conjunctival regeneration with rapid re-epithelization, sufficient repopulation of goblet cells and minimized fibrosis and wound contracture, proved by gene expression analyses and histological staining. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the potential suitability of utilizing vitrified collagen-based tissue equivalent in ocular surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhou
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Oculoplastics Division, Ocular and Orbital Trauma Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Qiaozhi Lu
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jemin Chae
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Michael P Grant
- Oculoplastics Division, Ocular and Orbital Trauma Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Córdova C, Gutiérrez B, Martínez-García C, Martín R, Gallego-Muñoz P, Hernández M, Nieto ML. Oleanolic acid controls allergic and inflammatory responses in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91282. [PMID: 24699261 PMCID: PMC3974667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen is the most common aeroallergen to cause seasonal conjunctivitis. The result of allergen exposure is a strong Th2-mediated response along with conjunctival mast cell degranulation and eosinophilic infiltration. Oleanolic acid (OA) is natural a triterpene that displays strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties being an active anti-allergic molecule on hypersensitivity reaction models. However, its effect on inflammatory ocular disorders including conjunctivitis, has not yet been addressed. Hence, using a Ragweed pollen (RWP)-specific allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) mouse model we study here whether OA could modify responses associated to allergic processes. We found that OA treatment restricted mast cell degranulation and infiltration of eosinophils in conjunctival tissue and decreased allergen-specific Igs levels in EAC mice. Th2-type cytokines, secreted phospholipase A2 type-IIA (sPLA2-IIA), and chemokines levels were also significantly diminished in the conjunctiva and serum of OA-treated EAC mice. Moreover, OA treatment also suppressed RWP-specific T-cell proliferation. In vitro studies, on relevant cells of the allergic process, revealed that OA reduced the proliferative and migratory response, as well as the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators on EoL-1 eosinophils and RBL-2H3 mast cells exposed to allergic and/or crucial inflammatory stimuli such as RWP, sPLA2-IIA or eotaxin. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the beneficial activity of OA in ocular allergic processes and may provide a new intervention strategy and potential therapy for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Córdova
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín
- Instituto de Ciencias del Corazón. Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gallego-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marita Hernández
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María L. Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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27
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Siebelmann S, Gehlsen U, Hüttmann G, Koop N, Bölke T, Gebert A, Stern ME, Niederkorn JY, Steven P. Development, alteration and real time dynamics of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82355. [PMID: 24376530 PMCID: PMC3869694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is thought to play a key role in initiating ocular surface related immune responses. This study was planned to get first profound insights into the function of CALT related to development, cellular dynamics and morphological alteration using a novel mouse model. Methods Expression and morphology of CALT were investigated using BALB/c mice kept under different housing conditions, after topical antigen-stimulation and following lymphadenectomy and splenectomy. Particles and bacteria were applied topically to study antigen-transport. Intravital visualization was performed using two-photon microscopy. Results Postnatal development and ultrastructure of CALT in the mouse is similar to humans. Topical antigen-challenge significantly alters CALT expression. Bacterial translocation is demonstrated via lymphoepithelium whereas cellular velocities within follicles were approximately 8 µm/min. Conclusions CALT in the mouse is an immunological interface of the ocular surface, featuring dynamic processes such as morphological plasticity, particle/bacteria transport and cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uta Gehlsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Koop
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Torsten Bölke
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Gebert
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael E. Stern
- Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Contreras-Ruiz L, Ghosh-Mitra A, Shatos MA, Dartt DA, Masli S. Modulation of conjunctival goblet cell function by inflammatory cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:636812. [PMID: 24453426 PMCID: PMC3877636 DOI: 10.1155/2013/636812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface inflammation associated with Sjögren's syndrome is characterized by a loss of secretory function and alteration in numbers of mucin secreting goblet cells. Such changes are a prominent feature of ocular surface inflammatory diseases and are attributed to inflammation; however, the exact effect of the inflammatory cytokines on conjunctival goblet cell function remains largely unknown. In this study, we developed a primary culture of mouse goblet cells from conjunctival tissue and evaluated the effects on their function by inflammatory cytokines detected in the conjunctiva of mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome (Thrombospondin-1 deficient mice). We found that apoptosis of goblet cells was primarily induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ. These two cytokines also inhibited mucin secretion by goblet cells in response to cholinergic stimulation, whereas IL-6 enhanced such secretion. No changes in secretory response were detected in the presence of IL-13 or IL-17. Goblet cells proliferated to varying degrees in response to all the tested cytokines with the greatest response to IL-13 followed by IL-6. Our results therefore reveal that inflammatory cytokines expressed in the conjunctiva during an ocular surface disease directly disrupt conjunctival goblet cell functions, compromising the protective function of tears, thereby contributing to ocular surface damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Contreras-Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - A. Ghosh-Mitra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M. A. Shatos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - D. A. Dartt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S. Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Majo F, Nicolas M. [Darwin or Lamarck? Understanding the ocular surface and its normal or abnormal differentiation in order to cure ocular surface destruction with corneal opacification]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 207:97-108. [PMID: 24103340 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2013012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, 5.1% of blindnesses or visual impairments are related to corneal opacification. Cornea is a transparent tissue placed in front of the color of the eye. Its transparency is mandatory for vision. The ocular surface is a functional unit including the cornea and all the elements involved in maintaining its transparency i.e., the eyelids, the conjunctiva, the lymphoid tissue of the conjunctiva, the limbus, the lacrymal glands and the tear film. The destruction of the ocular surface is a disease caused by : traumatisms, infections, chronic inflammations, cancers, toxics, unknown causes or congenital abnormalities. The treatment of the ocular surface destruction requires a global strategy including all the elements that are involved in its physiology. The microenvironnement of the ocular surface must first be restored, i.e., the lids, the conjunctiva, the limbus and the structures that secrete the different layers of the tear film. In a second step, the transparency of the cornea can be reconstructed. A corneal graft performed in a healthy ocular surface microenvironnement will have a better survival rate. To achieve these goals, a thorough understanding of the renewal of the epitheliums and the role of the epithelial stem cells are mandatory.
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30
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Dong N, Wu HP, Li C, Li W, Liu ZG. [Abnormal epithelial differentiation and tear film alteration in pterygium]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2013; 49:422-427. [PMID: 24021183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differentiation and proliferation of the conjunctival epithelium and tear film function in pterygia. METHODS It was a retrospective study. Fifteen patients (15 eyes) who underwent excision for pterygium were enrolled in this study. Immunostaining for K10, K14, K19, MUC5AC, K16, Ki67 and P63 was performed on the pterygial epithelium and normal conjunctival epithelium. Schirmer I test was performed, and the tear film break-up time (BUT) was evaluated just prior to and 6 months after surgery. Multi-factor regression analysis was assessed to observe if there is a correlation between pterygial growth and tear film function. RESULTS The average absorbency of K19 and MUC5AC immuno-staining all significantly changed (3727.86 ± 2544.73 vs. 25 528.00 ± 12 901.06, 2080.48 ± 2340.17 vs. 7182.51 ± 3069.20, t = 9.261,3.538, P < 0.05), and increased in K10 and K14 in patients with pterygia compared with normal conjunctivae keratin (2017.51 ± 2114.3 vs. 0, 6027.5 ± 1058.32 vs. 2123.28 ± 1249.09, t = -6.151, P < 0.05). Furthermore, pterygial epithelium showed activated proliferation, evidenced by significantly up-regulated expression of K16, P63 and Ki67 compared to normal control. The Schirmer I test did not indicate any significant differences pre- and post-operatively. However, the BUT was significantly prolonged 1 month post surgery compared to pre-surgery (t = -4.222, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicates that abnormal epithelial differentiation and proliferation are present in pterygium , which is characterized by squamous metaplasia, accompanied with instability of tear film and normal basic tear secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Dong
- Eye Institute & Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University School of Medicine, Xiamen, China
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31
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Cheng GW, Zhao JL, Ma JM. [Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in rat conjunctival fibroblasts]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2012; 48:513-518. [PMID: 22943806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) in cultured rat conjunctival fibroblasts. METHODS Experimental study. Conjunctiva was obtained from each eye of five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats under local anesthesia. Tissues were minced and grown in culture flask containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). The fibroblasts were identified by observing cell morphology, and the expression of staining of cytokeratin and vimentin by inverted microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence technique. mRNA primers were designed for VEGF(164), VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1). mRNA was extracted by Trizol method. cDNA was synthesized under the action of RNA reverse transcriptase. Ladder-like pattern of DNA fragmentation appeared upon 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The amplification curves and dissociation curves of VEGF(164), VEGFR-1(Flt-1), and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) were detected by realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression of VEGFR-1 on fibroblast was observed by immunofluorescence technique. RESULTS The fluorescent staining was negative in cytokeratin of fibroblasts, but was positive in vimentin of fibroblasts. The mRNA expressions of VEGF(164), VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) were detected in fibroblast and verified by gene sequencing. The peaks of the dissociation curves were all steep and specific. The fluorescent staining of VEGFR-1 was positive. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the expression of VEGF, VEGF receptors, and VEGFR-1 cytokine in rat conjunctival fibroblasts suggests that anti-VEGF compounds may exert a direct influence to the growth of rat conjunctival fibroblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-wei Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Tost F, Keiss R, Großjohann R, Jürgens C, Giebel J. Effect of different artificial tears against desiccation in cultured human epithelial cells. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:BR188-92. [PMID: 22534701 PMCID: PMC3560629 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of artificial tears is widely used to treat dry eye symptoms. To test the efficacy of these drugs independent of individual parameters in vitro models are required. As described previously, we employed a reproducible in vitro cell culture system to evaluate the desiccation protection capability of some artificial tears. In THE PRESENT PAPER DATA IS PRESENTED OF ANOTHER SET OF PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS. MATERIAL/METHODS Conjunctival epithelial cell line Chang 1-5c-4 (series 1) and the corneal cell line 2.040 pRSV-T (series 2) were cultured under standard conditions. Confluent cells were wetted for 20 min with artificial tears (Arufil Uno, Arufil, Lacrimal, Lacophthal sine, Siccaprotect, Tears Again, Vidisept EDO, Vistil, Wet Comod) or PBS as a control. After exposure to a constant air flow for 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively, cells were incubated with the vital dye alamarBlue. Subsequently, absorption of the oxidised form of the dye was assessed using an ELISA-Reader. RESULTS Cell best survival rates in series 1 after 15 min were found for Lacrimal (0.89), Wet Comod (0.84) compared to PBS (0.66) and in series 2 for Vidisept EDO (0.57) and Lacrimal (0.56) compared to PBS (0.01). After 45 min highest survival was seen in series 1 for Lacrimal (0.46) and Lacophthal sine (0.36) compared to PBS (0.33) and in series 2 for Lacrimal (-0.06) and Arufil (-0.16) compared to PBS (-0.23). CONCLUSIONS Both cell lines tested showed different susceptibility towards desiccation and the artificial tears showed differences in preventing cells from desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tost
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
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33
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Ueta M, Sotozono C, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S. Downregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression by prostaglandin E(2) in human ocular surface epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 130:249-51. [PMID: 22332224 DOI: 10.1001/archopthalmol.2011.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Huo J, Xie HP, Li J, Zhou D. [A primary study of L-carnitine protective effect on corneal and conjunctival epithelium of mouse dry eye model induced by hyperosmolar saline]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2012; 48:330-336. [PMID: 22800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate protective effects of L-carnitine on corneal and conjunctival epithelium of mouse dry eye model induced by hyperosmolar saline. METHODS Sixty female BALB/c mice at the age of 6 - 8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (20 in each): Hyperosmolar saline group (HO), Hyperosmolar and Isosmotic saline group (HO + IO), as well as Hyperosmolar saline and 1% L-carnitine group (HO + 1%LCA). The HO group was treated with 500 mOsmol/L sodium chloride solution; the HO + IO group with 308 mOsmol/L sodium chloride solution first and 500 mOsmol/L sodium chloride solution 30 minutes later; and the HO + 1%LCA group with 1%L-carnitine eye drop first and 500 mOsmol/L sodium chloride solution 30 minutes later. Alternately, 5 times a day for 28 days. Corneal fluorescein staining, corneal epithelial hematoxylin-eosin staining and thickness measurement, conjunctival epithelial periodic acid-schiff reagent staining and goblet cell counting were conducted on 0, 7th, 14th and 28th days, respectively. On 28th day, corneal surface was inspected by scaning electron microscopy and tear osmolarity was measured. RESULTS In HO or HO + IO group, compared with HO + 1%LCA group, the number of goblet cells was reduced, the score of corneal fluorescein staining and corneal epithelial thickness was elevated: on 7th day, there was difference noticed in the corneal epithelial thickness [(27.7 ± 1.1), (26.5 ± 1.4), (25.1 ± 1.0) µm, P < 0.01] and the number of goblet cell [(11.9 ± 1.1), (12.1 ± 0.9), (13.3 ± 0.9), P < 0.01] in 3 groups; on 14th day, there was evident change in the corneal fluorescein staining area [(3.2 ± 0.9), (2.9 ± 0.7), (1.7 ± 0.8), χ(2) = 11.465, P < 0.01] in 3 groups. On 28th day, Increased tear osmolarity and lowered microvilli on cornea were examined in HO [(327.37 ± 4.20) mOsmol/L] or HO + IO [(324.36 ± 5.72) mOsmol/L] group compared with HO + 1%LCA [(308.29 ± 5.72) mOsmol/L] group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION L-carnitine had protective effect on corneal and conjunctival epithelium of mouse dry eye model induced by hyperosmolar saline, and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huo
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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35
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Brun P, Brun P, Vono M, Venier P, Tarricone E, Deligianni V, Martines E, Zuin M, Spagnolo S, Cavazzana R, Cardin R, Castagliuolo I, Valerio ALG, Leonardi A. Disinfection of ocular cells and tissues by atmospheric-pressure cold plasma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33245. [PMID: 22432007 PMCID: PMC3303808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low temperature plasmas have been proposed in medicine as agents for tissue disinfection and have received increasing attention due to the frequency of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This study explored whether atmospheric-pressure cold plasma (APCP) generated by a new portable device that ionizes a flow of helium gas can inactivate ocular pathogens without causing significant tissue damage. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested the APCP effects on cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Herpes simplex virus-1, ocular cells (conjunctival fibroblasts and keratocytes) and ex-vivo corneas. Exposure to APCP for 0.5 to 5 minutes significantly reduced microbial viability (colony-forming units) but not human cell viability (MTT assay, FACS and Tunel analysis) or the number of HSV-1 plaque-forming units. Increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exposed microorganisms and cells were found using a FACS-activated 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. Immunoassays demonstrated no induction of thymine dimers in cell cultures and corneal tissues. A transient increased expression of 8-OHdG, genes and proteins related to oxidative stress (OGG1, GPX, NFE2L2), was determined in ocular cells and corneas by HPLC, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Conclusions A short application of APCP appears to be an efficient and rapid ocular disinfectant for bacteria and fungi without significant damage on ocular cells and tissues, although the treatment of conjunctival fibroblasts and keratocytes caused a time-restricted generation of intracellular ROS and oxidative stress-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Histology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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van Ginkel FW, Gulley SL, Lammers A, Hoerr FJ, Gurjar R, Toro H. Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in avian mucosal immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 36:289-297. [PMID: 21641931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue's (CALT) role in generating avian mucosal adaptive immunity was measured by analyzing cellular composition, expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and production of cytokines and antibodies in chickens ocular exposed to a replication-deficient adenovirus of serotype 5 (Ad5). These studies demonstrate that CALT contains B cells, γδ T cells, T helper, and cytotoxic T cells, and a T lymphocyte composition, which more resembles Harderian glands than spleen. CALT-derived lymphocytes contain antigen-specific, IgA-secreting plasma cells and cytokine-producing lymphocytes after ocular Ad5 vaccination. The expression of the pIgR in the CALT's lymphoepithelium emphasizes the importance of mucosal immune protection by paraocular lymphoid tissues. The CALT immune response after ocular Ad5 boosting was influenced by prior high dose in ovo Ad5 priming. Thus, both mucosal and systemic immunization influenced Ad5-induced IFN-γ responses in CALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W van Ginkel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Bekele A, Asres G, Wondimkun Y, Assefa Y, Reissig D. Conjunctival impression cytology and detection of vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2012; 50:23-30. [PMID: 22519159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Ethiopia has been classified by the WHO as a country where vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem. Vitamin A deficiency is labelled as a public health problem based on its extensively studied endemicity among children. Maternal vitamin A deficiency has received little attention. Thus the principal objective of this study is to assess the vitamin A status of pregnant Ethiopians based on Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC) and serum levels of vitamin A. METHODS It is a descriptive study done among women attending ANC in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy at the ante-natal clinic of Gondar University Hospital. Women who appeared in July to October 2006 were recruited into the study based on inclusion criteria. Their socio-demographic and economic status, dietary, anthropometric and maternity data were collected with the help of structured questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein of each woman for determination of serum retinol. Furthermore, conjunctival cell samples were collected on Millipore Cellulose Acetate Filter to detect vitamin A deficiency related to Goblet cells and squamous metaplasia. RESULTS A total of 303 pregnant mothers were included in this study. Twenty-six percent of the pregnant women had vitamin A deficiency or low serum retinol. Night blindness was found in 4.3% of the pregnant women. CIC results showed absence of goblet cells and/or mucin was seen more in those with low serum retinol but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Adequate nutrient supplementation to pregnant women is recommended based on the results. Further studies should be conducted to validate the importance of CIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assegedech Bekele
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
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Lu R, Zhang X, Huang D, Huang B, Gao N, Wang Z, Ge J. Conjunctival reconstruction with progenitor cell-derived autologous epidermal sheets in rhesus monkey. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25713. [PMID: 22096478 PMCID: PMC3214019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe ocular surface diseases are some of the most challenging problems that the clinician faces today. Conventional management is generally unsatisfactory, and the long-term ocular consequences of these conditions are devastating. It is significantly important to find a substitute for conjunctival epithelial cells. This study was to explore the possibility of progenitor cell-derived epidermal sheets on denuded amniotic membrane to reconstruct ocular surface of conjunctiva damaged monkeys. We isolated epidermal progenitor cells of rhesus monkeys by type IV collagen adhesion, and then expanded progenitor cell-derived epidermal sheets on denuded amniotic membrane ex vivo. At 3 weeks after the conjunctiva injury, the damaged ocular surface of four monkeys was surgically reconstructed by transplanting the autologous cultivated epidermal progenitor cells. At 2 weeks after surgery, transplants were removed and examined with Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Periodic acid Schiff staining, immunofluorescent staining, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Histological examination of transplanted sheets revealed that the cell sheets were healthy alive, adhered well to the denuded amniotic membrane, and had several layers of epithelial cells. Electron microscopy showed that the epithelial cells were very similar in appearance to those of normal conjunctival epithelium, even without goblet cell detected. Epithelial cells of transplants had numerous desmosomal junctions and were attached to the amniotic membrane with hemidesmosomes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the conjunctival specific markers, mucin 4 and keratin 4, in the transplanted epidermal progenitor cells. In conclusion, our present study successfully reconstructed conjunctiva with autologous transplantation of progenitor cell-derived epidermal sheets on denuded AM in conjunctival damaged monkeys, which is the first step toward assessing the use of autologous transplantation of progenitor cells of nonocular surface origin. Epidermal progenitor cells could be provided as a new substitute for conjunctival epithelial cells to overcome the problems of autologous conjunctiva shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua College of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danping Huang
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Huang
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Gao
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Ueta M, Sotozono C, Yokoi N, Inatomi T, Kinoshita S. Prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 expression in human conjunctival epithelium and its changes in various ocular surface disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25209. [PMID: 21966456 PMCID: PMC3178633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our earlier genome-wide association study on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and its severe variant, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), we found that in Japanese patients with these severe ocular surface complications there was an association with prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3) gene (PTGER3) polymorphisms. We also reported that EP3 is dominantly expressed in the ocular surface-, especially the conjunctival epithelium, and suggested that EP3 in the conjunctival epithelium may down-regulate ocular surface inflammation. In the current study we investigated the expression of EP3 protein in the conjunctiva of patients with various ocular surface diseases such as SJS/TEN, chemical eye burns, Mooren’s ulcers, and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP). Methodology/Principal Findings Conjunctival tissues were obtained from patients undergoing surgical reconstruction of the ocular surface due to SJS/TEN, chemical eye burns, and OCP, and from patients with Mooren's ulcers treated by resection of the inflammatory conjunctiva. The controls were nearly normal human conjunctival tissues acquired at surgery for conjunctivochalasis. We performed immunohistological analysis of the EP3 protein and evaluated the immunohistological staining of EP3 protein in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with ocular surface diseases. EP3 was expressed in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with chemical eye burns and Mooren’s ulcer and in normal human conjunctival epithelium. However, it was markedly down-regulated in the conjunctival epithelium of SJS/TEN and OCP patients. Conclusions We posit an association between the down-regulation of EP3 in conjunctival epithelium and the pathogenesis and pathology of SJS/TEN and OCP, and suggest a common mechanism(s) in the pathology of these diseases. The examination of EP3 protein expression in conjunctival epithelium may aid in the differential diagnosis of various ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ueta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Li WW, Sun XG. [Progresses of in vitro culture and differentiation in conjunctival epithelial stem cells]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2011; 47:79-82. [PMID: 21418932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctiva epithelial stem cells are bipotent cells giving rise to both conjunctival epithelial cells and goblet cells. They play a central role in ocular surface homeostasis and wound repair, and also have great capacities of self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. As a result, conjunctival epithelial stem cells are main resources of seed cells for tissue engineering conjunctiva. To review the current research of conjunctival epithelia stem cells such as their features, distribution, ways to identify stem cells, in vitro culture and induced differentiation to goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Li
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100005, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the occurrence of myofibroblasts (MFBs) in the normal conjunctival surface and to evaluate any anatomical and time-related variations. METHODS MFBs were screened among healthy individuals (35 eyes) by collecting impression cytology (IC) samples from the bulbar conjunctiva. A cohort of volunteers (12 eyes) was followed for 1 year by taking two to five imprints every month. MFBs were identified by immunohistochemical localization of the MFB marker alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alpha-SMA). RESULTS Using a filter imprint technique, MFBs were found consistently in 94% of samples from the conjunctival surface of participating individuals. The overall MFB levels, expressed as percentage of all cells on the filter, were highest in March-May [mean 4.1%, standard deviation (SD) +/- 1.5] and lowest in December-February (mean 1.2%, SD +/- 0.5). The difference was statistically significant [p < 0.0005, Friedman test, one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (anova)]. Moreover, there was a clear divergence of MFB density between the nasal, temporal, superior and inferior bulbar conjunctiva (mean 1.7%, 1.9%, 22% and 9.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION MFBs, known as a cellular constituent of granulation tissue in wound healing, occur in the normal conjunctival surface, which is a novel finding. Our results also show that MFB level follows a seasonal variation pattern in a temperate climate, increasing in April-September and decreasing in October-March. This variation might reflect a degree of a transient or ongoing state of tissue repair after conjunctival trauma or stress caused by exposure to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Aguilar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Liu JR, Li XM, Wang W. [Clinical observation of therapeutic efficacy and study of conjunctival impression cytology after pterygium surgery]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2010; 46:323-327. [PMID: 20654059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the pathologic changes, the recurrence rate and the ocular surface damage after 4 different types of pterygium surgical procedures. METHODS It is a prospective study. From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2008, 84 patients (93 eyes) from Shi Jia-zhuang Center Hospital were selected and separated into 4 groups as follows, simple excision group, 24 patients (27 eyes); excision with conjunctival allograft group, 21 patients (22 eyes) excision with autologous limbus stem cell transplantation group, 18 patients (20 eyes) and excision with mitomycin (MMC) group, 21 patients (24 eyes). Slit lamp microscope examination and impression cytology were performed 1 day before the surgery and repeated 30 and 90 days after the surgery. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze these data with statistical software SPSS 11.0. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Before the surgery, slight conjunctival epithelium keratinization, mild acantholysis and decrease in goblet cells density were identified in all patients (248.8 +/- 97.3, 256.2 +/- 75.1, 236.1 +/- 87.9, 245.1 +/- 81.0; F = 0.029, P = 0.993). All of these changes decreased 1 month after the surgery. MMC group showed more goblet cells than the other 3 groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (F = 0.747, P = 0.554). Three months after the surgery, all of these changes in MMC group (112.1 +/- 56.8) were significantly more severe than those in other 3 groups (309.6 +/- 77.0, 314.1 +/- 68.9, 317.4 +/- 73.2; F = 6.337, P = 0.017) and no difference could be detected between these 3 groups. There were 5 recurrences in simple excision group, 3 recurrences in MMC group, 1 recurrence in stem cell transplantation group and none in conjunctival allograft group. CONCLUSIONS There are fewer recurrent cases in conjunctival allograft group and stem cell transplantation group than the others. Severe ocular surface damage is present in MMC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ru Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, SHI Jia-zhuang Center Hospital, Hebei 050011, China
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Erichev VP, Gankovskaia LV, Koval'chuk LV, Gankovskaia OA, Dugina AE. [Expression of the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-2 in the conjunctival epithelial cells in primary open-angle glaucoma and over time in the postoperative period]. Vestn Oftalmol 2010; 126:19-22. [PMID: 21105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The time course of changes in the postoperative expression of the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) in the conjunctival epithelial cells was studied in 13 patients (13 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 9 individuals (9 eyes) without ophthalmopathology. Scrapes from the eyelid conjunctiva and transient folds were used as a material for an immunological study. In the study group, the scrapes were taken a few hours before and at 7, 30, and 90 days after surgery. The expression of the HBD-2 gene in the study material was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the subjects without pathology of the organ of vision, the conjunctival epithelial cells exhibited HBD-2; in the patients with POAG, the baseline HBD-2 gene expression was significantly higher. The baseline HBD-2 expression did not depend on gender, the duration of local antihypertensive therapy, the stage of disease stage, and the level of ophthalmotonus. HBD-2 gene expression was by 5-10 times higher than that preoperatively in all the patients with POAG on postoperative day 7. One month after surgery, the HBD-2 gene expression considerably rose in 31% of the examined patients while it became normal in 38% of the patients.
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Seet LF, Su R, Barathi VA, Lee WS, Poh R, Heng YM, Manser E, Vithana EN, Aung T, Weaver M, Sage EH, Wong TT. SPARC deficiency results in improved surgical survival in a novel mouse model of glaucoma filtration surgery. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9415. [PMID: 20195533 PMCID: PMC2828474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a disease frequently associated with elevated intraocular pressure that can be alleviated by filtration surgery. However, the post-operative subconjunctival scarring response which blocks filtration efficiency is a major hurdle to the achievement of long-term surgical success. Current application of anti-proliferatives to modulate the scarring response is not ideal as these often give rise to sight-threatening complications. SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is a matricellular protein involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and organization. In this study, we investigated post-operative surgical wound survival in an experimental glaucoma filtration model in SPARC-null mice. Loss of SPARC resulted in a marked (87.5%) surgical wound survival rate compared to 0% in wild-type (WT) counterparts. The larger SPARC-null wounds implied that aqueous filtration through the subconjunctival space was more efficient in comparison to WT wounds. The pronounced increase in both surgical survival and filtration efficiency was associated with a less collagenous ECM, smaller collagen fibril diameter, and a loosely-organized subconjunctival matrix in the SPARC-null wounds. In contrast, WT wounds exhibited a densely packed collagenous ECM with no evidence of filtration capacity. Immunolocalization assays confirmed the accumulation of ECM proteins in the WT but not in the SPARC-null wounds. The observations in vivo were corroborated by complementary data performed on WT and SPARC-null conjunctival fibroblasts in vitro. These findings indicate that depletion of SPARC bestows an inherent change in post-operative ECM remodeling to favor wound maintenance. The evidence presented in this report is strongly supportive for the targeting of SPARC to increase the success of glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roseline Su
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - V. A. Barathi
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wing Sum Lee
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebekah Poh
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Meng Heng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ed Manser
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga N. Vithana
- Ocular Genetics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Glaucoma, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Genetics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matt Weaver
- The Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - E. Helene Sage
- The Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tina T. Wong
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Glaucoma, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Qiu XD, Gong L, Chen MJ. [Research on effects of vitamin A palmitate on repair of mechanical corneal epithelial defects and conjunctival goblet cells in rabbits]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2010; 46:151-160. [PMID: 20388350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Randomized controlled experimental study to investigate the influence of vitamin A palmitate and bovine recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on repair of mechanical corneal epithelial defects, conjunctival epithelial cells and goblet cells in rabbits. METHODS One hundred and twenty New Zealand rabbits (all males) were selected to establish the mechanical corneal epithelial defects models (scratching out a round area with the diameter of 8 mm in the centre of cornea). Forty eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A used lincomycin hydrochloride eye drops (LED) after the model had been established; group B used vitamin A palmitate eye gel and LED; group C used recombinant bFGF eye gel and LED; group D used vitamin A palmitate eye gel, bFGF eye gel and LED. Photo slit lamp examination and measurement of repaired area were performed on day 0, day 1, day 4 and day 7; transmission electron microscopy, histological microscope examination and impression cytology were performed on day 0, day 1, day 4 and day 7 to analysis the morphology and repairment of corneal epithelium, conjunctival epithelial cells and the goblet cells. The variants were tested using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. RESULTS Statistic analysis showed that on day 1, the size of areas of repaired corneal epithelium was: group A(53.512 +/- 18.850) mm(2), group B (92.194 +/- 14.367) mm(2), group C (89.779 +/- 20.535) mm(2), group D (127.816 +/- 16.379) mm(2). The difference in size of repaired areas between different groups was statistically significant (F = 17.663, P = 0.000), with exception of the difference between groups B and C (P = 0.995). Conjunctival impression cytology showed that, the average number of conjunctival goblet cells per 740 microm x 550 microm at day 1 was decreased, group A (10.083 +/- 4.441), group B (10.667 +/- 3.551), group C (9.583 +/- 4.502), group D (9.167 +/- 5.606). The difference between these four groups was not significant (F = 0.239, P = 0.868). At day 4, the size of areas of repaired corneal epithelium was: group A (120.369 +/- 11.839) mm(2), group B (156.606 +/- 8.087) mm(2), group C (154.216 +/- 9.990) mm(2), group D (175.181 +/- 5.168) mm(2), which showed a significant difference between each two groups (F = 37.665, P = 0.000), with exception between groups B and C (P = 0.968). The average number of goblet cells at day 4 was recovered, which was: group A (41.250 +/- 4.575), group B (56.083 +/- 6.374), group C (48.417 +/- 4.562), group D (61.917 +/- 5.017), with a significant difference between these four groups (F = 36.210, P = 0.000). At day 7, the size of areas of repaired corneal epithelium had a statistical significance (F = 32.656, P = 0.000) between these four groups, which was group A (177.472 +/- 3.585) mm(2), group B (186.715 +/- 3.022) mm(2), group C (182.293 +/- 3.158) mm(2), group D (194.106 +/- 2.176) mm(2). The area of repaired corneal epithelium in group D was larger than that of other groups (P < 0.05). The average number of goblet cells was recovered significantly, which was: group A (63.167 +/- 11.488), group B (99.501 +/- 15.877), group C (82.015 +/- 9.175), group D (104.750 +/- 9.659). There was a significant difference in goblet cell number between these groups (F = 30.312, P = 0.000) with exception between groups B and D (P = 0.700). In transmission electron microscope examination of the cornea, we found that vitamin A palmitate and bFGF could both promote the development of intracellular conjunction. Vitamin A palmitate protected corneal epithelial cells, prevented cell keratinization, promoted proliferation and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells. In transmission electron microscopy examination of the conjunctiva, conjunctival goblet cells in groups B and D recovered well with rich secretary granules, which were quite different from groups A and C. Conjunctival epithelium of groups B, C and D were well-differentiated with tight intracellular conjunction. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A palmitate and bFGF could promote the repair of mechanical corneal epithelial defects and the development of intracellular conjunction. The effect is more significant when vitamin A palmitate is combined with bFGF. Vitamin A palmitate promotes regeneration of conjunctival goblet cells and can re-establish intracellular conjunction of conjunctival epithelium. The protective effect of vitamin A palmitate on conjunctival goblet cells is better than that of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-di Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two commercially available combination topical ophthalmic medications on human ocular surface cells in vitro. METHODS Tissue culture plates (96-well) containing immortalized human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells were divided into five groups. The test solutions examined were: timolol 0.5%+brimonidine 0.2%, containing 0.0050% benzalkonium chloride (BAK); timolol 0.5%+dorzolamide 2%, containing 0.0075% BAK; and preservative-free artificial tears. Balanced salt solution (BSS) was used as the live control, and a fixative solution containing 70% methanol and 0.2% saponin was used as the dead control. Cells were exposed to 100 microL of test or control solution for 25 minutes at 37 degrees C and 5% carbon dioxide (CO(2)). A live cell assay was used to measure the toxicity of combination treatments compared with BSS controls. RESULTS Exposure to timolol 0.5%+brimonidine 0.2% resulted in a significantly higher percentage of living conjunctival cells (48%+/-12%) as compared with timolol 0.5%+dorzolamide 2% (10%+/-5%, P<0.00001). In corneal cells, testing revealed 12%+/-3% live cells after timolol 0.5%+brimonidine 0.2% exposure compared with 2%+/-3% after timolol 0.5%+dorzolamide 2% (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both combination medications demonstrated a significant reduction in the percentage of live corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells compared with control. However, cell cultures exposed to timolol 0.5%+dorzolamide 2% had significantly fewer live cells compared with cell cultures exposed to timolol 0.5%+brimonidine 0.2%. Further studies are needed to better understand the clinical significance of these findings in patients using these medications for chronic treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ammar
- Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, USA
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Epstein SP, Ahdoot M, Marcus E, Asbell PA. Comparative toxicity of preservatives on immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25:113-9. [PMID: 19284328 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nearly all eye drops contain preservatives to decrease contamination. Nonpreservatives such as disodium-ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and phosphate-buffered saline are also regularly added as buffering agents. These components can add to the toxicity of eye drops and cause ocular surface disease. To evaluate the potential toxicity of these common components and their comparative effects on the ocular surface, a tissue culture model utilizing immortalized corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells was utilized. METHODS Immortalized human conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells were grown. At confluency, medium was replaced with 100 microL of varying concentrations of preservatives: benzalkonium chloride (BAK), methyl paraben (MP), sodium perborate (SP), chlorobutanol (Cbl), and stabilized thimerosal (Thi); varying concentrations of buffer: EDTA; media (viable control); and formalin (dead control). After 1 h, solutions were replaced with 150 microL of MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazonium bromide). After 4 h, solutions decanted, 100 microL of acid isopropanol added, and the optical density determined at 572 nm to evaluate cell viability. RESULTS Conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity was seen with all preservatives. Depending upon concentration, BAK exhibited from 56% to 89% toxicity. In comparison, Cbl exhibited from 50% to 86%, MP from 30% to 76%, SP from 23% to 59%, and Thi from 70% to 95%. EDTA with minimal toxicity (from 6% to 59%) was indistinguishable from SP. CONCLUSIONS Generally, the order of decreasing toxicity at the most commonly used concentrations: Thi (0.0025%) > BAK (0.025%) > Cbl (0.25%) > MP (0.01%) > SP (0.0025%) approximately EDTA (0.01%). Even at low concentration, these agents will cause some degree of ocular tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth P Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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Cheung ATW, Driessen B, Jahr JS, Duong PL, Ramanujam S, Chen PCY, Gunther RA. Blood Substitute Resuscitation as a Treatment Modality for Moderate Hypovolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:189-207. [PMID: 15274428 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120037827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Blood substitute resuscitation as a treatment modality for moderate hypovolemia (approximately 40% blood loss) in a canine model has been evaluated using Oxyglobin (Biopure Hemoglobin Glutamer-200/ Bovine; a hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrier) and Hespan (6% hetastarch; a nonoxygen-carrier) as resuscitants. Autologous (shed) blood served as control. Nine dogs were studied--after splenectomy, each dog was hemorrhaged (32-36 mL/kg; MAP = approximately 50 mmHg) and randomly assigned to the three resuscitation groups. Microvascular, systemic function and oxygenation characteristics were monitored and/or measured simultaneously in prehemorrhagic (baseline), posthemorrhagic and postresuscitation phases for correlation-real-time microvascular changes in the bulbar conjunctiva were noninvasively measured via computer-assisted intravital microscopy and systemic function and oxygenation changes were monitored and/or measured via instrumentation and devices incorporated into our bioengineering station in an operating room setting. Blood chemistry was also studied for relevant measurements. Prehemorrhagic microvascular characteristics were similar in all animals (venular diameter = 41 +/- 12 microm, A:V ratio = approximately 1:2, red-cell velocity = 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm/s). All animals also showed similar prehemorrhagic systemic function and oxygenation measurements comparable to a previous study and were consistent with normal measurements in dogs. At the completion of hemorrhaging to achieve moderate hypovolemia (approximately 40% blood loss with MAP at approximately 50 mmHg), all nine animals showed similar significant (P < 0.01) posthemorrhagic microvascular changes, including approximately 17% decrease in diameter (34 +/- 7 microm), A:V ratio = variable, and approximately 80% increase in velocity (0.9 +/- 0.5 mm/s). All animals also showed similar significant (P < 0.01) posthemorrhagic systemic function and oxygenation changes, with decreases in Hct, aHb(total), MPAP, MAP, SAP, DAP, CO, SVI, CaO2, and CvO2 and increases in HR and lactic acidosis. Shed blood (control) resuscitation restored posthemorrhagic microvascular changes close to prehemorrhagic values (diameter = 39 +/- 6 microm, A:V ratio = approximately 1:2, velocity = 0.6 +/- 0.4 mm/s). Oxyglobin and Hespan restored microvascular changes in similar manner close to prehemorrhagic values (Oxyglobin: diameter = 38 +/- 3 microm, A:V ratio = approximately 1:2, velocity = 0.6 +/- 0.4 mm/s; Hespan: diameter = 38 +/- 7 microm, A:V ratio = 1:2, velocity = 0.5 +/- 0.4 mm/s). After resuscitation, shed blood (control) restored all systemic function and oxygenation changes close to prehemorrhagic values. However, both Oxyglobin and Hespan resuscitation restored systemic function changes, but not oxygenation changes, to prehemorrhagic values. This was an interesting finding because of the different oxygen-carrying capability of Oxyglobin (oxygen-carrying) and Hespan (nonoxygen-carrying). The result suggests that either volume replenishment alone (and not oxygen-carrying capability) is needed to treat moderate hypovolemia or oxygenation measurements obtained by standard methods (oximetry, blood chemistry) may not reflect tissue oxygenation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T W Cheung
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Shin YJ, Lee HI, Kim MK, Wee WR, Lee JH, Koh JH, Lee HJ, Lee JL, Min BM, Sohn YS, Kim HY. Biocompatibility of Nanocomposites Used for Artificial Conjunctiva:In VivoExperiments. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:1-10. [PMID: 17364729 DOI: 10.1080/02713680601077061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the biocompatibility of nanocomposites used for artificial conjunctiva. METHODS Fifty New Zealand white rabbits were used for the experiments. Nanocomposites of poly -caprolactone (PCL) and of PCL coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PCL+PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PCL+PVP), or chitosan (PCL+C), and amniotic membrane (AM) as a control, were cut into small disks with a diameter of 3.5 mm. The disks were inserted underneath the conjunctiva to measure their inflammation-inducing properties. To investigate epithelial adhesion and goblet cell differentiation, the disks were transplanted after round conjunctival excision. Cultivated conjunctival epithelial cells on nanocomposite were then transplanted onto the abdomen of Balb/c athymic mice. The number of inflammatory cells and the density of goblet cells were measured using hematoxylin and eosin, periodic-acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemistry after 2 weeks. RESULTS The number of inflammatory cells found inside of the inserts was as follows: 21 +/- 4.9 for controls, 21 +/- 15.1 for PCL, 49.6 +/- 26.0 for PCL+PVP, 40.2 +/- 17.1 for PCL+C, and 13.8 +/- 3.9 for PCL+PVA. In PCL+PVA, the accumulation of inflammatory cells was significantly lower than in the controls (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U). The reepithelialization of conjunctival cells was accomplished in more than 75% of all disks except for the PCL+C. In addition, we found the differentiation of goblet cells in the following order from greatest to least: amniotic membrane, PCL, and PCL+PVP. CONCLUSIONS Nanocomposites of PCL were biocompatible in rabbit conjunctiva, suggesting that PCL may be considered as a candidate for use in the development of artificial conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Donnguk University International Hospital. Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Fukushima A, Jian Z, Ishida W, Fukata K, Ozaki A, Ueno H. Interleukin-4–Mediated Infiltration of Eosinophils into the Conjunctiva and Its Suppression by Interferon-γ. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:115-22. [PMID: 15814469 DOI: 10.1080/02713680490904313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-4 is a T helper (Th)2 cytokine that plays an important role in the development of allergic reactions. It has been suggested that IL-4 is responsible for the infiltration of eosinophils into the conjunctiva during the development of allergic conjunctivitis. However, it is still unclear whether IL-4 is able to induce this eosinophilic infiltration on its own. We investigated whether subconjunctival injection of IL-4 can induce eosinophils to infiltrate into the conjunctiva. METHODS Brown Norway rats were subconjunctivally injected with IL-4, eotaxin, or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and the conjunctivas were harvested for histologic analysis (including immunohistochemistry) 6, 12, 18, and 24 hr later. The harvested conjunctivas were also subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to examine chemokine expression. In a separate experiment, the effect of coadministering interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) along with IL-4 was examined. RESULTS The subconjunctival injection of IL-4 induced eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva in a dose-dependent manner. IL-4 was as potent as eotaxin. The eosinophilic infiltration started 6 hr after the injection and persisted for up to 24 hr after the injection. Other infiltrating cell phenotypes were noted but were also observed in conjunctivas injected with PBS alone. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that IL-4 injection did not upregulate chemokine RNA expression in the conjunctiva. Coinjection of IFN-gamma suppressed the infiltration of eosinophils into the conjunctiva induced by IL-4 injection. CONCLUSIONS The subconjunctival injection of IL-4 specifically induces eosinophils to infiltrate into the conjunctiva. In addition, IFN-gamma in the conjunctiva can counteract this effect of IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Nankoku-city, Japan.
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