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Human Cytomegalovirus pUL11, a CD45 Ligand, Disrupts CD4 T Cell Control of Viral Spread in Epithelial Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0294622. [PMID: 36445084 PMCID: PMC9765415 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02946-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes numerous immunomodulatory genes that facilitate its persistence. Previously described mechanisms by which HCMV avoids T cell control typically involve evasion of detection by infected cells. Here, we show that the virus also inhibits T cells directly via an interaction between the pUL11 glycoprotein on infected cells and the CD45 phosphatase on T cells. The antiviral functions of CD4 T cells are impaired as a result of this interaction, largely via induced interleukin 10 (IL-10) secretion in the CD4 T cell central memory compartment, resulting in enhanced viral spread. This establishes CD45 as an inhibitory receptor that regulates antiviral T cell functions and has parallels with the manipulation of natural killer (NK) cells by HCMV. By coculturing donor T cells with HCMV-infected epithelial cells, we observed that CD4 T cells can respond to epithelial cell antigen presentation and can control HCMV spread via cytolytic and cytokine-dependent mechanisms. pUL11 impairs both mechanisms. We showed that pUL11-induced IL-10 secretion requires IL-2, mTOR, and T cell receptor signaling. This characterization of the effects of the pUL11-CD45 interaction may allow for the development of new antiviral therapies and treatments for inflammatory disorders. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is adept at avoiding its host's immune defenses, both by evading detection and by directly inhibiting immune cells. This can lead to a loss of control of the infection, and dangerous disease can result, particularly in cases in which an individual's immune system is immature, weak, or suppressed. T cells form a crucial part of the response to HCMV and are used in cellular HCMV therapies. We show that an interaction between a viral glycoprotein (pUL11) and a T cell surface receptor (CD45) impairs T cell memory functions and allows for increased viral spread. This defines a new immunomodulatory strategy for the virus as well as a new T cell regulatory mechanism. These results are important, as they increase our understanding of how T cells function and how HCMV disrupts them. This will allow for the development of new antiviral therapies that restore T cell functions and indicates a new target for controlling pathological T cell disorders.
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Veréb Z, Lumi X, Andjelic S, Globocnik-Petrovic M, Urbancic M, Hawlina M, Facskó A, Petrovski G. Functional and molecular characterization of ex vivo cultured epiretinal membrane cells from human proliferative diabetic retinopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:492376. [PMID: 24195074 PMCID: PMC3806336 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the cell surface marker phenotype of ex vivo cultured cells growing out of human fibrovascular epiretinal membranes (fvERMs) from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) can give insight into their function in immunity, angiogenesis, and retinal detachment. FvERMs from uneventful vitrectomies due to PDR were cultured adherently ex vivo. Surface marker analysis, release of immunity- and angiogenesis-pathway-related factors upon TNF α activation and measurement of the intracellular calcium dynamics upon mechano-stimulation using fluorescent dye Fura-2 were all performed. FvERMs formed proliferating cell monolayers when cultured ex vivo, which were negative for endothelial cell markers (CD31, VEGFR2), partially positive for hematopoietic- (CD34, CD47) and mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90/Thy-1, and PDGFR β ), and negative for CD105. CD146/MCAM and CD166/ALCAM, previously unreported in cells from fvERMs, were also expressed. Secretion of 11 angiogenesis-related factors (DPPIV/CD26, EG-VEGF/PK1, ET-1, IGFBP-2 and 3, IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2, MMP-9, PTX3/TSG-14, Serpin E1/PAI-1, Serpin F1/PEDF, TIMP-1, and TSP-1) were detected upon TNF α activation of fvERM cells. Mechano-stimulation of these cells induced intracellular calcium propagation representing functional viability and role of these cells in tractional retinal detachment, thus serving as a model for studying tractional forces present in fvERMs in PDR ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Veréb
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Mojca Urbancic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Facskó
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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Park CY, Yang SH, Chuck RS, Gehlbach PL, Park CG. The Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell-mediated Immune Modulation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2010; 18:24-31. [DOI: 10.3109/09273940903326203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Induced pluripotent stem cells for retinal degenerative diseases: a new perspective on the challenges. J Genet 2009; 88:417-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-009-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kaestel CG, Lovato P, Ødum N, Nissen MH, Röpke C. The Immune Privilege of the Eye: Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Selectively Modulate T-Cell ActivationIn Vitro. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:375-83. [PMID: 16020268 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590934120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation of T cells. METHODS Resting peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were stimulated with PHA with or without the presence of gamma-irradiated RPE cells. Proliferation and the cell cycle profile were thereafter investigated by 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometric analysis. In addition, the PBLs expression of CD69, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II, CD3, as well as the IL-2 receptor chains were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the content of IL-2 in cell culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Human RPE cells were found to suppress PHA-induced proliferation, cyclin A, IL-2R-alpha and -gamma, and CD71 expression and decrease the production of IL-2; but RPE cells do not inhibit the PHA-induced expression of early activation markers CD69, MHC class I and II, and of cyclin D of the PBLs. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first to indicate that RPE cells impede generation of activated T cells by interfering with the induction of high-affinity IL-2R-alphabetagamma, IL-2 production, and the expression of CD71 and cyclin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Kaestel
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Functional expression of B7H1 on retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:52-9. [PMID: 17981268 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) expressed on T cells with its ligands B7H1 (PDL1) and B7DC (PDL2) is known to be a mechanism of T cell inhibition. In the present study, we examined whether human or murine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells express B7H1 and B7DC, and if so, whether these molecules expressed on RPE cells play an inhibitory role via interaction with T cells. The transcriptional levels and surface expression of B7H1 and B7DC on human RPE cell line (ARPE-19), RPE cells freshly isolated from healthy human subjects, and murine RPE cells were studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. In addition, T cells from healthy subjects were cultured with ARPE-19 for 72h in the presence or absence of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to B7H1 or B7DC, and cytokine production (IFN-gamma, IL-8, and MCP-1) was measured. Messenger RNA and cell surface protein expression of B7H1 and B7DC were demonstrated on non-stimulated ARPE-19 and freshly isolated human RPE cells, and the expression of these molecules was predominantly upregulated by treatment with IFN-gamma. In murine RPE cells, B7H1 expression was detected only when stimulated with IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma, IL-8, and MCP-1 production by T cells co-cultured with IFN-gamma-untreated or -treated ARPE-19 was significantly enhanced in the presence of anti-B7H1 mAb. These data suggest that B7H1 expressed on RPE cells plays an immunosuppressive role in ocular inflammation, which may contribute to immune privilege in the posterior segment of the eye.
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Kiilgaard JF, Nissen MH, la Cour M. An isotonic preparation of 1 mg/ml indocyanine green is not toxic to hyperconfluent ARPE19 cells, even after prolonged exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 84:42-6. [PMID: 16445438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the in vitro toxicity of indocyanine green and infracyanine green (ICG) to cultured ARPE19 cells, in particular with respect to the concentration and time dependence of this toxicity. METHODS ARPE19 cells were grown for at least 1 week past confluence (hyperconfluent cells) before being subjected to challenge with ICG. Cell survival was tested with the MTT assay. RESULTS When applied in isotonic solutions, ICG in all concentrations (below 5 mg/ml) and at all exposure times tested (2 mins-2 hours) was found not to affect the survival of ARPE19 cells. ARPE19 cultures older than 30 days were more resistant to a 5 mg/ml hypotonic ICG solution than younger cultures. CONCLUSION When toxicity of ICG was tested in hyperconfluent ARPE19 cultures, these cells were found to be more resistant to the dye than has been previously reported for more immature ARPE19 cells.
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Rieck PW, von Stockhausen RM, Metzner S, Hartmann C, Courtois Y. Fibroblast growth factor-2 protects endothelial cells from damage after corneal storage at 4 degrees C. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 241:757-64. [PMID: 13680247 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2003] [Revised: 03/31/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of cold corneoscleral segment storage prior to keratoplasty there have been continuous efforts to ameliorate the preservation media in order to better maintain the quality of the corneal epi- and endothelium. Recent studies have shown that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) preserves the viability of, for example, retinal ganglion cells and pigment epithelium cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of different concentrations of FGF-2 added to a modified Optisol storage medium on endothelial damage after corneal storage at 4 degrees C. METHODS . Bovine corneas were stored at 4 degrees C for 14 days and for another 24 h at 34 degrees C. Various FGF-2 concentrations (4, 20 and 40 ng/ml) were added to the medium either at day (D) 1, D14, or both D1 and D14. Quantitative evaluation of corneal damage after 14+1 days of storage was conducted by means of the Janus green photometry assay. Histological and ultrastructural investigations of the preserved endothelium were also performed. Bovine cell culture experiments using the TUNEL assay aimed to elucidate the role of FGF-2 on prevention of endothelial apoptosis. RESULTS The mean endothelial damage in control corneas increased from 4.9 +/- 1.8% (fresh corneas) to 13.4 +/- 2.4% after 14+1 days of storage. FGF-2 at 20 ng/ml or 40 ng/ml added at any of the indicated time points significantly reduced the overall endothelial damage by 5.1-7.3%, corresponding to 38-54% less endothelial damage than in control corneas (P<0.001). Light- and electron microscopic investigations confirmed this protective effect of FGF-2 on corneal endothelial cells. The TUNEL assay revealed a true anti-apoptotic effect of FGF-2 on endothelial cells in culture. CONCLUSION Our study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of FGF-2 to enhance cell survival of the corneal endothelium after storage at 4 degrees C. A clinical interest could be seen in the potential future application of FGF-2 as an adjuvant to corneal preservation media in order to better maintain endothelial viability during corneal storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Rieck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Medical Faculty, Campus Virchow Hospital, Humboldt University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Kaestel CG, Jørgensen A, Nielsen M, Eriksen KW, Ødum N, Holst Nissen M, Röpke C. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibit proliferation and IL2R expression of activated T cells. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:627-37. [PMID: 12076084 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2002.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on activated T cells. Activated T cells were cocultured with adult and foetal human RPE cells whereafter apoptosis and proliferation were determined by flow cytometry and (3)H-Thymidine incorporation assay, respectively. T cells and RPE cells were cultured directly together or in a transwell system for determination of the effect of cell contact. The importance of cell surface molecules was examined by application of a panel of blocking antibodies (CD2, CD18, CD40, CD40L, CD54, CD58) in addition to use of TCR negative T cell lines. The expression of IL2R-alpha -beta and -gamma chains of activated T cells was analysed by flow cytometry after incubation of T cells alone or with RPE cells. Human RPE cells were found to inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells by a cell contact-dependent mechanism. The RPE cells inhibitory abilities were not affected by blocking of any of the tested surface molecules. The inhibition of the T cells' proliferation correlates with a decreased expression of IL2R-beta and -gamma chains. The T cells regain their ability to proliferate and increase their IL2R-beta and -gamma chain expression within 24 hr after removal from the coculture. It is concluded that the cultured human adult and foetal RPE cells inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells by a process that does not involve apoptosis. It depends on cell contact but the involved surface molecules were not revealed. The proliferation inhibition correlates with a modulation of the T cells' expression of IL2R, and is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Kaestel
- Institute of Medical Anatomy Section A, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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