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Abstract
Danon disease, an extremely rare X-linked dominant disorder, is characterized clinically by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), skeletal myopathy, and variable degree of mental retardation with autophagic vacuoles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Reportedly, Danon disease is caused by a primary deficiency of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, LAMP2 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2). Here we review the clinical features, molecular genetics, related animal model, and differential diagnosis of Danon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Naylor MJ, Rancourt DE, Bech-Hansen NT. Isolation and characterization of a calcium channel gene, Cacna1f, the murine orthologue of the gene for incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. Genomics 2000; 66:324-7. [PMID: 10873387 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mutant L-type calcium channel alpha(1)-subunit gene, CACNA1F, was recently identified as the gene responsible for incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. The 6070-bp mRNA transcript is predicted to encode a 1977-amino-acid pore-forming protein with cytoplasmic amino- and carboxyl-termini separated by four homologous repeat domains, each consisting of six transmembrane segments. CACNA1F has been shown to be preferentially expressed in the retina, indicative of a specific functional role in visual processing. We have established the complete sequence of the murine orthologue of CACNA1F, namely Cacna1f. The total length of the mRNA transcript of the murine gene was established to be 6080 bp with an open reading frame that translates into a 1985-amino-acid protein. Cacna1f is highly homologous to the human sequence, with 90% identity at the amino acid level and almost perfect conservation between the functional domains. Furthermore, as in the human gene, the 3' end of the Cacna1f gene maps within 5 kb of the 5' end of the mouse synaptophysin gene in a region orthologous to Xp11.23. Using in situ hybridization, Cacna1f was found to be expressed in the inner and outer nuclear layers and the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Naylor
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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3
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Abstract
A recent analysis of the McKusick's On-Line Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database revealed over 30 genetic or putatively genetic conditions in which urolithiasis contributes to the disease pathology at least to some extent. There is wide clinical, biochemical, and genetic heterogeneity in many of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Danpure
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Boyd Y, Blair HJ, Cunliffe P, Masson WK, Reed V. A phenotype map of the mouse X chromosome: models for human X-linked disease. Genome Res 2000; 10:277-92. [PMID: 10720569 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of many of the transcribed genes in man and mouse is being achieved by large scale sequencing of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Attention is now being turned to elucidating gene function and many laboratories are looking to the mouse as a model system for this phase of the genome project. Mouse mutants have long been used as a means of investigating gene function and disease pathogenesis, and recently, several large mutagenesis programs have been initiated to fulfill the burgeoning demand of functional genomics research. Nevertheless, there is a substantial existing mouse mutant resource that can be used immediately. This review summarizes the available information about the loci encoding X-linked phenotypic mutants and variants, including 40 classical mutants and 40 that have arisen from gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Boyd
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0RD UK.
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5
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Debrand E, Heard E, Avner P. Cloning and localization of the murine Xpct gene: evidence for complex rearrangements during the evolution of the region around the Xist gene. Genomics 1998; 48:296-303. [PMID: 9545634 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The overall organization of the X-inactivation center (XIC/Xic) candidate region seems poorly conserved between human and mouse. The orientation of a region containing the X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist/ XIST) gene and three genes located 3' of Xist/XIST has been shown to be inverted between the two species, although the actual extent of this rearrangement is unknown. We have cloned and mapped the mouse homolog of the human XPCT (X-linked PEST-containing transporter) gene, which encodes a putative transmembrane transporter. Human XPCT is located about 200 kb outside of the XIC candidate region and 600 kb 5' of or telomeric to the XIST gene. The mouse Xpct gene, which lies approximately 300 kb 5' of and centromeric to Xist, displays 85% identity at the nucleotide level with the human gene, and the overall protein structure is conserved. The transcriptional orientation of mouse Xpct with respect to Xist is the opposite of that in human. Consequently, the evolution of the region between human and mouse appears to be highly complex, with structural rearrangements involving a region of up to 600 kb or more around the Xist gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debrand
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Murine, CNRS URA 1968, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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6
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Puech A, Saint-Jore B, Funke B, Gilbert DJ, Sirotkin H, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Kucherlapati R, Morrow B, Skoultchi AI. Comparative mapping of the human 22q11 chromosomal region and the orthologous region in mice reveals complex changes in gene organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14608-13. [PMID: 9405660 PMCID: PMC25069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The region of human chromosome 22q11 is prone to rearrangements. The resulting chromosomal abnormalities are involved in Velo-cardio-facial and DiGeorge syndromes (VCFS and DGS) (deletions), "cat eye" syndrome (duplications), and certain types of tumors (translocations). As a prelude to the development of mouse models for VCFS/DGS by generating targeted deletions in the mouse genome, we examined the organization of genes from human chromosome 22q11 in the mouse. Using genetic linkage analysis and detailed physical mapping, we show that genes from a relatively small region of human 22q11 are distributed on three mouse chromosomes (MMU6, MMU10, and MMU16). Furthermore, although the region corresponding to about 2.5 megabases of the VCFS/DGS critical region is located on mouse chromosome 16, the relative organization of the region is quite different from that in humans. Our results show that the instability of the 22q11 region is not restricted to humans but may have been present throughout evolution. The results also underscore the importance of detailed comparative mapping of genes in mice and humans as a prerequisite for the development of mouse models of human diseases involving chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Puech
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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7
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Carver EA, Stubbs L. Zooming in on the human-mouse comparative map: genome conservation re-examined on a high-resolution scale. Genome Res 1997; 7:1123-37. [PMID: 9414318 DOI: 10.1101/gr.7.12.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, conservation of genetic linkage groups has been shown in mammals and used to great advantage, fueling significant exchanges of gene mapping and functional information especially between the genomes of humans and mice. As human physical maps increase in resolution from chromosome bands to nucleotide sequence, comparative alignments of mouse and human regions have revealed striking similarities and surprising differences between the genomes of these two best-mapped mammalian species. Whereas, at present, very few mouse and human regions have been compared on the physical level, existing studies provide intriguing insights to genome evolution, including the observation of recent duplications and deletions of genes that may play significant roles in defining some of the biological differences between the two species. Although high-resolution conserved marker-based maps are currently available only for human and mouse, a variety of new methods and resources are speeding the development of comparative maps of additional organisms. These advances mark the first step toward establishment of the human genome as a reference map for vertebrate species, providing evolutionary and functional annotation to human sequence and vast new resources for genetic analysis of a variety of commercially, medically, and ecologically important animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Carver
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8077, USA
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8
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Sutton KA, Wilkinson MF. The rapidly evolving Pem homeobox gene and Agtr2, Ant2, and Lamp2 are closely linked in the proximal region of the mouse X chromosome. Genomics 1997; 45:447-50. [PMID: 9344676 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Pem gene encodes a homeodomain-containing protein expressed in reproductive tissue that may function as a transcription factor regulating spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. We have mapped the Pem gene to the proximal end of the mouse X chromosome, placing it within the Hprt region. Based on the mapping of Pem and other loci in three separate Mus musculus x Mus spretus backcross panels, we established the order of markers within this segment of the Hprt region as: Agtr2-Pem-Ant2-DXMit50-Lamp2-DXMit49. In contrast to some other regions of the X chromosome, which have been rearranged during the evolution of mammals, we show that the order of gene loci within this Hprt region is conserved in mice and human. The finding that the mouse Ant2 and Pem loci are tightly linked suggests that human ANT2 may be useful as a marker for isolating the human PEM gene, which has been impervious to cloning by conventional hybridization methods because of its rapid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sutton
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Laval SH, Reed V, Blair HJ, Boyd Y. The structure of DXF34, a human X-linked sequence family with homology to a transcribed mouse Y-linked repeat. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:689-91. [PMID: 9271673 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Laval
- Molecular Genetics Group, MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 ORD, UK
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10
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Heiss NS, Gloeckner G, Bächner D, Kioschis P, Klauck SM, Hinzmann B, Rosenthal A, Herman GE, Poustka A. Genomic structure of a novel LIM domain gene (ZNF185) in Xq28 and comparisons with the orthologous murine transcript. Genomics 1997; 43:329-38. [PMID: 9268636 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Construction of a transcript map in the DXS52 region in Xq28 had previously led to the isolation of a cDNA with a LIM zinc finger domain in the carboxyl terminus. In parallel, the orthologous murine transcript was isolated from the syntenic region. The human and mouse cDNAs have been designated ZNF185 and Zfp185, respectively. By integrating the cDNA sequence with the cosmid-derived genomic sequence the exon-intron structure of the 3' end of the ZNF185 gene was resolved. Comparative sequence analyses of the human genomic sequence with the full-length murine cDNA facilitated prediction of the 5' end of the gene. The selective expression of three transcripts corresponding to the ZNF185 gene and a related gene was shown by Northern and Southern blots. In situ hybridizations revealed a nonubiquitous and stage-specific expression of Zfp185, especially in differentiating connective tissue. Since LIM proteins regulate cellular proliferation and/or differentiation by diverse mechanisms, and some have directly been associated with disease, conceivably ZNF185 may represent a candidate for a disease-causing gene linked to Xq28. Knowledge of the genomic structure will permit detailed mutation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Heiss
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Schindelhauer D, Hellebrand H, Grimm L, Bader I, Meitinger T, Wehnert M, Ross M, Meindl A. Long-range map of a 3.5-Mb region in Xp11.23-22 with a sequence-ready map from a 1.1-Mb gene-rich interval. Genome Res 1996; 6:1056-69. [PMID: 8938429 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.11.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Most of the yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) isolated from the Xp11.23-22 region have shown instability and chimerism and are not a reliable resource for determining physical distances. We therefore constructed a long-range pulsed-field gel electrophoresis map that encompasses approximately 3.5 Mb of genomic DNA between the loci TIMP and DXS146 including a CpG-rich region around the WASP and TFE-3 gene loci. A combined YAC-cosmid contig was constructed along the genomic map and was used for fine-mapping of 15 polymorphic microsatellites and 30 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or sequence transcribed sites (STSs), revealing the following order: tel-(SYN-TIMP)-(DXS426-ELK1)-ZNF(CA) n-L1-DXS1367-ZNF81-ZNF21-DXS6616- (HB3-OATL1pseudogenes-DXS6950)-DXS6949-DXS694 1-DXS7464E(MG61)-GW1E(EBP)- DXS7927E(MG81)-RBM- DXS722-DXS7467E(MG21)-DXS1011E-WASP-DXS6940++ +-DXS7466E(MG44)-GF1- DXS226-DXS1126-DXS1240-HB1- DXS7469E-(DXS6665-DXS1470)-TFE3-DXS7468E-+ ++SYP-DXS1208-HB2E-DXS573-DXS1331- DXS6666-DXS1039-DXS 1426-DXS1416-DXS7647-DXS8222-DXS6850-DXS255++ +-CIC-5-DXS146-cen. A sequence-ready map was constructed for an 1100-kb gene-rich interval flanked by the markers HB3 and DXS1039, from which six novel ESTs/STSs were isolated, thus increasing the number of markers used in this interval to thirty. This precise ordering is a prerequisite for the construction of a transcription map of this region that contains numerous disease loci, including those for several forms of retinal degeneration and mental retardation. In addition, the map provides the base to delineate the corresponding syntenic region in the mouse, where the mutants scurfy and tattered are localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schindelhauer
- Abteilung für Pädiatrische Genetik, Kinderpoliklinik der Universität München, Germany
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12
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Guo W, Lovell RS, Zhang YH, Huang BL, Burris TP, Craigen WJ, McCabe ER. Ahch, the mouse homologue of DAX1: cloning, characterization and synteny with GyK, the glycerol kinase locus. Gene 1996; 178:31-4. [PMID: 8921887 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We cloned the murine full-length cDNA encoding Ahch, the mouse homologue of DAX1 (DSS-AHC Region on Human X Chromosome, Gene1) which is the gene responsible for human X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Sequence analysis revealed that the murine and human cDNAs have 65% aa identity and 75% aa similarity overall. The cysteine residues in the putative DNA binding domain, which may interact with Zn2+ ions to form zinc fingers, are 100% conserved between the two species, indicating that the novel zinc-finger structures in DAX1 may be functional. In addition, mouse interspecific backcrosses show that the Ahch gene is closely linked to the glycerol kinase locus, GyK, on the mouse X chromosome, indicating that the order of the loci is conserved in this syntenic region between mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA
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13
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Andersson L, Archibald A, Ashburner M, Audun S, Barendse W, Bitgood J, Bottema C, Broad T, Brown S, Burt D, Charlier C, Copeland N, Davis S, Davisson M, Edwards J, Eggen A, Elgar G, Eppig JT, Franklin I, Grewe P, Gill T, Graves JA, Hawken R, Hetzel J, Womack J. Comparative genome organization of vertebrates. The First International Workshop on Comparative Genome Organization. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:717-34. [PMID: 8854859 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Galloway SM, Hanrahan V, Dodds KG, Potts MD, Crawford AM, Hill DF. A linkage map of the ovine X chromosome. Genome Res 1996; 6:667-77. [PMID: 8858342 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.8.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A genetic linkage map of the ovine X chromosome containing type I and type II markers has been constructed. The map contains 7 known gene markers and 14 microsatellite markers with a recombination length of 141.9 cM. Segregation of polymorphic markers was observed in a three-generation pedigree containing 480 animals. The maximum number of informative meioses was 912. Additional information was obtained for some markers by following segregation in the AgResearch International Mapping Flock, consisting of nine three-generation full-sib pedigrees. A pseudoautosomal region containing two markers has been identified at one end of the linkage map. Comparisons with mouse and human X chromosomes confirms the observation of Ohno (1973) that the gene content of the mammalian X chromosome is retained. In particular, the conserved grouping of the genes PHKA1, ATP7A, and XIST observed in both the human and the mouse X chromosome appears to be conserved in the sheep X chromosome, and XIST has been mapped to near the center of the chromosome. This study provides the first reported genetic linkage map combining both type I and type II markers for any ruminant X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Galloway
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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