1
|
Wang J, Zahra A, Wang Y, Wu J. Understanding the Physiological Role of Electroneutral Na+-Coupled HCO3− Cotransporter and Its Therapeutic Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091082. [PMID: 36145304 PMCID: PMC9505461 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid–base homeostasis is critical for proper physiological function and pathology. The SLC4 family of HCO3− transmembrane cotransporters is one of the HCO3− transmembrane transport carriers responsible for cellular pH regulation and the uptake or secretion of HCO3− in epithelial cells. NBCn1 (SLC4A7), an electroneutral Na+/HCO3− cotransporter, is extensively expressed in several tissues and functions as a cotransporter for net acid extrusion after cellular acidification. However, the expression and activity level of NBCn1 remain elusive. In addition, NBCn1 has been involved in numerous other cellular processes such as cell volume, cell death/survival balance, transepithelial transport, as well as regulation of cell viability. This review aims to give an inclusive overview of the most recent advances in the research of NBCn1, emphasizing the basic features, regulation, and tissue-specific physiology as well as the development and application of potent inhibitors of NBCn1 transporter in cancer therapy. Research and development of targeted therapies should be carried out for NBCn1 and its associated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aqeela Zahra
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - YunFu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Levy D, Liu CL, Yang Z, Newman AM, Alizadeh AA, Utz PJ, Gozani O. A proteomic approach for the identification of novel lysine methyltransferase substrates. Epigenetics Chromatin 2011; 4:19. [PMID: 22024134 PMCID: PMC3212905 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signaling via protein lysine methylation has been proposed to play a central role in the regulation of many physiologic and pathologic programs. In contrast to other post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, proteome-wide approaches to investigate lysine methylation networks do not exist. Results In the current study, we used the ProtoArray® platform, containing over 9,500 human proteins, and developed and optimized a system for proteome-wide identification of novel methylation events catalyzed by the protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) SETD6. This enzyme had previously been shown to methylate the transcription factor RelA, but it was not known whether SETD6 had other substrates. By using two independent detection approaches, we identified novel candidate substrates for SETD6, and verified that all targets tested in vitro and in cells were genuine substrates. Conclusions We describe a novel proteome-wide methodology for the identification of new PKMT substrates. This technological advance may lead to a better understanding of the enzymatic activity and substrate specificity of the large number (more than 50) PKMTs present in the human proteome, most of which are uncharacterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chih Long Liu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ze Yang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kandasamy J, Smith A, Diaz S, Rose B, O'Brien C. Heterogeneity of PLAG1 gene rearrangements in pleomorphic adenoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:1-5. [PMID: 17693184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), a benign mixed salivary gland tumor, has been associated with abnormal karyotypes in up to 70% of cases, with nonrandom involvement of 8q12, the locus of the pleomorphic adenoma (PLAG1) gene. In this study, cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to investigate PLAG1 involvement in PA from seven patients. There were two males and five females ranging in age from 25 to 65 years. Samples of parotid gland tissue from the tumor sites, set up as solid tumor cultures, showed a normal karyotype in two cases [46,XY;46,XX] and cytogenetic abnormalities in five cases (71%). The abnormalities comprised one variant translocation [t(1;4;8)(p32;q35;q12)], two classic translocations [t(5;8)(p13;q12)], one novel deletion [del(12)(p11.2p12.1)], and a novel insertion [ins(9;8)(p22;q12q21.1)]. FISH was performed in all cases by using two probes from the RP11 library, flanking PLAG1; a sequence 1.48 megabases (Mb) upstream and another 2.27 Mb downstream, covering a total area of 3.8 Mb. The PLAG1 gene was intact and normally situated in four cases - the 46,XY, 46,XX, del(12p), and one t(5;8). PLAG1 was disrupted in three cases - one t(5;8), ins(9;8), and t(1;4;8). In addition, genomic instability was seen in two cases, one with PLAG1 amplification in the form of a homogeneously staining region, and the other in der(8) ring formation. The data provide further unique cases showing the complexity of PLAG1 gene rearrangements in PA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jothy Kandasamy
- Department of Cytogenetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asp J, Persson F, Kost-Alimova M, Stenman G. CHCHD7-PLAG1 and TCEA1-PLAG1 gene fusions resulting from cryptic, intrachromosomal 8q rearrangements in pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:820-8. [PMID: 16736500 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas are characterized by recurrent chromosome rearrangements of 8q12, leading to activation of the PLAG1 oncogene. Here we demonstrate that CHCHD7-PLAG1 is a novel and recurrent gene fusion generated by a cytogenetically cryptic rearrangement in pleomorphic adenomas. CHCHD7 is a newly identified member of a multifamily of proteins containing a conserved (coiled coil 1)-(helix 1)-(coiled coil 2)-(helix 2) domain. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene is ubiquitously expressed. Its biological function is unknown and the gene has hitherto not been associated with neoplasia. CHCHD7 and PLAG1 are located head-to-head about 500 bp apart in 8q12. Molecular analyses of 27 tumors revealed CHCHD7-PLAG1 fusions in three tumors, two of which had t(6;8) and t(8;15) translocations as the sole anomalies and one a normal karyotype. FISH analyses of interphase nuclei and nuclear chromatin fibers of a fourth adenoma with a normal karyotype revealed that a second fusion partner gene, TCEA1, located about 2 Mb centromeric to PLAG1, also is fused to PLAG1 as a result of a cryptic 8q rearrangement. The breakpoints in both fusions occur in the 5'-noncoding regions of the genes, leading to activation of PLAG1 by promoter swapping/substitution. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the PLAG1 protein was overexpressed in epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal-like tumor cells in tumors with both fusions. Our findings further emphasize the significance of PLAG1 activation in pleomorphic adenomas and demonstrate that the gene is more frequently activated than previously anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Asp
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
RNA chain elongation by RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a complex and regulated process which is coordinated with capping, splicing, and polyadenylation of the primary transcript. Numerous elongation factors that enable pol II to transcribe faster and/or more efficiently have been purified. SII is one such factor. It helps pol II bypass specific blocks to elongation that are encountered during transcript elongation. SII was first identified biochemically on the basis of its ability to enable pol II to synthesize long transcripts. ((1)) Both the high resolution structure of SII and the details of its novel mechanism of action have been refined through mutagenesis and sophisticated in vitro assays. SII engages transcribing pol II and assists it in bypassing blocks to elongation by stimulating a cryptic, nascent RNA cleavage activity intrinsic to RNA polymerase. The nuclease activity can also result in removal of misincorporated bases from RNA. Molecular genetic experiments in yeast suggest that SII is generally involved in mRNA synthesis in vivo and that it is one type of a growing collection of elongation factors that regulate pol II. In vertebrates, a family of related SII genes has been identified; some of its members are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The principal challenge now is to understand the isoform-specific functional differences and the biology of regulation exerted by the SII family of proteins on target genes, particularly in multicellular organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wind
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Program in Genetics & Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Reines
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Program in Genetics & Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ito T, Seldin MF, Taketo MM, Kubo T, Natori S. Gene structure and chromosome mapping of mouse transcription elongation factor S-II (Tcea1). Gene 2000; 244:55-63. [PMID: 10689187 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the organization and chromosome localization of the mouse transcription elongation factor S-II gene (Tcea1). This gene was found to be a single copy gene consisting of 10 exons spanning approximately 30kb. Its organization was the same as those of the mouse testis-specific S-II gene (Tcea2) and Xenopus general S-II gene (xTFIIS.oA), but different from that of the human S-II gene family. We also identified a processed pseudogene (Tcea1-ps1) with a sequence highly homologous to those of S-II cDNAs but containing a translation termination codon within its open reading frame. Linkage analysis showed that Tcea1 and Tcea1-ps1 are mapped on mouse chromosomes 1 and 15, respectively. Relationships between Tcea1 and S-II cDNAs isolated so far are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pillutla RC, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y, Shatkin AJ. Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of TCEAL1, a human gene encoding the nuclear phosphoprotein p21/SIIR. Genomics 1999; 56:217-20. [PMID: 10051408 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human p21/SIIR is a novel Ser/Arg/Pro-rich nuclear phosphoprotein that is 48% similar to transcription factor SII and modulates transcription in a promoter context-dependent fashion. We have obtained the complete sequence of TCEAL1, the gene that codes for p21/SIIR. This gene consists of three exons and two introns with the entire coding sequence in exon III. Tissue-specific expression patterns of TCEAL1 by Northern blot analysis showed the presence of an approximately 1.2-kb transcript in all normal human tissues examined, and heart and skeletal muscle contained an additional transcript of approximately 7 kb. Expression was lowest in hematopoietic cells of both normal and tumor origin. TCEAL1 was mapped to human chromosome Xq22.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Pillutla
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5638, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|