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Herlach DM, Palberg T, Klassen I, Klein S, Kobold R. Overview: Experimental studies of crystal nucleation: Metals and colloids. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:211703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4963684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter M. Herlach
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ina Klassen
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
- Projektträger Jülich, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Raphael Kobold
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
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Beyer R, Franke M, Schöpe HJ, Bartsch E, Palberg T. From nuclei to micro-structure in colloidal crystallization: Investigating intermediate length scales by small angle laser light scattering. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:064903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4928370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beyer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Franke
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Bartsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Kozina A, Díaz-Leyva P, Palberg T, Bartsch E. Crystallization kinetics of colloidal binary mixtures with depletion attraction. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:9523-9533. [PMID: 25354340 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work the crystallization kinetics of colloidal binary mixtures with attractive interaction potential (Asakura-Oosawa) has been addressed. Parameters such as fraction of crystals, linear crystal dimension and crystal packing have been quantified in order to understand how the crystal formation is driven in terms of the depth of the attractive potential and the composition of the binary mixture (described by the number ratio). It was found that inside the eutectic triangle, crystallization is mainly governed by nucleation and the crystal packing is close to the close-packing of hard spheres. Moving out from the eutectic triangle towards small component results in the crystallization of small spheres. Enrichment of the eutectic mixture with large component results in the crystallization of both large and small spheres, however, the kinetics are completely different from those of the eutectic composition. Crosslinked polystyrene microgels with nearly hard sphere interactions were used as model systems. Attraction was introduced by addition of linear polystyrene. The time evolution of crystallization has been followed by static light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozina
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Palberg T. Crystallization kinetics of colloidal model suspensions: recent achievements and new perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:333101. [PMID: 25035303 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/33/333101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal model systems allow studying crystallization kinetics under fairly ideal conditions, with rather well-characterized pair interactions and minimized external influences. In complementary approaches experiment, analytic theory and simulation have been employed to study colloidal solidification in great detail. These studies were based on advanced optical methods, careful system characterization and sophisticated numerical methods. Over the last decade, both the effects of the type, strength and range of the pair-interaction between the colloidal particles and those of the colloid-specific polydispersity have been addressed in a quantitative way. Key parameters of crystallization have been derived and compared to those of metal systems. These systematic investigations significantly contributed to an enhanced understanding of the crystallization processes in general. Further, new fundamental questions have arisen and (partially) been solved over the last decade: including, for example, a two-step nucleation mechanism in homogeneous nucleation, choice of the crystallization pathway, or the subtle interplay of boundary conditions in heterogeneous nucleation. On the other hand, via the application of both gradients and external fields the competition between different nucleation and growth modes can be controlled and the resulting microstructure be influenced. The present review attempts to cover the interesting developments that have occurred since the turn of the millennium and to identify important novel trends, with particular focus on experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Palberg T, Maaroufi MR, Stipp A, Schöpe HJ. Micro-structure evolution of wall based crystals after casting of model suspensions as obtained from Bragg microscopy. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:094906. [PMID: 22957593 DOI: 10.1063/1.4749261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of heterogeneously nucleated, wall based crystals plays a major role in determining the micro-structure during melt casting. This issue is here addressed using a model system of charged colloidal spheres in deionized aqueous suspension observed by Bragg microscopy which is a combination of light scattering and microscopy. We examine the evolution of the three-dimensional size, shape, and orientation of twin domains in monolithic crystals growing from two opposing planar walls into a meta-stable (shear-) melt. At each wall crystal orientation and twinning emerges during nucleation with small domains. During growth these widen and merge. From image analysis we observe the lateral coarsening velocities to follow a power law behaviour L(XY) ∝ t(1/2) as long as the vertical growth continues at constant speed. Lateral coarsening terminates upon intersection of the two solids and hardly any further ripening is seen. Initial lateral coarsening velocities show a Wilson Frenkel type dependence on the melt meta-stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Palberg
- University of Mainz, Institute of Physics, Staudingerweg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Stipp A, Schöpe HJ, Palberg T, Eckert T, Biehl R, Bartsch E. Optical experiments on a crystallizing hard-sphere-polymer mixture at coexistence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:051401. [PMID: 20866224 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.051401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the crystallization kinetics in an entropically attractive colloidal system using a combination of time resolved scattering methods and microscopy. Hard sphere particles are polystyrene microgels swollen in a good solvent (radius a=380 nm, starting volume fraction 0.534) with the short ranged attractions induced by the presence of short polymer chains (radius of gyration r g=3 nm, starting volume fraction 0.0224). After crystallization, stacking faulted face centered cubic crystals coexist with about 5% of melt remaining in the grain boundaries. From the Bragg scattering signal we infer the amount of crystalline material, the average crystallite size and the number density of crystals as a function of time. This allows to discriminate an early stage of conversion, followed by an extended coarsening stage. The small angle scattering (SALS) appears only long after completed conversion and exhibits Furukawa scaling for all times. Additional microscopic experiments reveal that the grain boundaries have a reduced Bragg scattering power but possess an increased refractive index. Fits of the Furukawa function indicate that the dimensionality of the scatterers decreases from 2.25 at short times to 1.65 at late times and the characteristic length scale is slightly larger than the average crystallite size. Together this suggests the SALS signal is due scattering from a foam like grain boundary network as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stipp
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Wette P, Engelbrecht A, Salh R, Klassen I, Menke D, Herlach DM, Roth SV, Schöpe HJ. Competition between heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation near a flat wall. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:464115. [PMID: 21715879 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/46/464115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the competition between heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of an aqueous suspension of charged colloidal spheres close to the container walls. Samples of equilibrium crystalline structure were shear-melted and the metastable melt left to solidify after the cessation of shear. The crystallization kinetics was monitored using time-resolved scattering techniques: at low particle number densities n we applied an improved static light scattering method while at large particle concentrations ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering was applied for the first time. Our results show some unexpected behavior: the heterogeneous nucleation at the container walls is delayed in comparison to the homogeneous bulk nucleation and its rate density appears surprisingly slightly smaller, demonstrating the complexity of the observed crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wette
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), D-51170 Köln, Germany
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Schöpe HJ, Bryant G, van Megen W. Effect of polydispersity on the crystallization kinetics of suspensions of colloidal hard spheres when approaching the glass transition. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:084505. [PMID: 17764267 DOI: 10.1063/1.2760207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the solidification scenario in suspensions of colloidal hard spheres for three polydispersities between 4.8% and 5.8%, over a range of volume fractions from near freezing to near the glass transition. From these results, we identify four stages in the crystallization process: (i) an induction stage where large numbers of precursor structures are observed, (ii) a conversion stage as precursors are converted to close packed structures, (iii) a nucleation stage, and (iv) a ripening stage. It is found that the behavior is qualitatively different for volume fractions below or above the melting volume fraction. The main effect of increasing polydispersity is to increase the duration of the induction stage, due to the requirement for local fractionation of particles of larger or smaller than average size. Near the glass transition, the nucleation process is entirely frustrated, and the sample is locked into a compressed crystal precursor structure. Interestingly, neither polydispersity nor volume fraction significantly influences the precursor stage, suggesting that the crystal precursors are present in all solidifying samples. We speculate that these precursors are related to the dynamical heterogeneities observed in a number of dynamical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Joachim Schöpe
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Schöpe HJ, Bryant G, van Megen W. Two-step crystallization kinetics in colloidal hard-sphere systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:175701. [PMID: 16712312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of colloidal hard spheres was studied using a special Bragg spectrometer with high sensitivity. In contrast with the classical scenario we observe a two-step nucleation process: the number of crystallites increases slowly at early times, followed by a dramatic reduction at intermediate times, prior to undergoing a rapid increase at late times. We explain these results in terms of a polydispersity limited growth of crystallites, where the crystallization at early times is governed by local fractionation processes, leading to a long delay prior to final crystallization.
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Schöpe HJ, Barreira Fontecha A, König H, Marques Hueso J, Biehl R. Fast microscopic method for large scale determination of structure, morphology, and quality of thin colloidal crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:1828-38. [PMID: 16460114 DOI: 10.1021/la0524972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel fast microscopic method to analyze the crystal structures of air-dried or suspended colloidal multilayer systems. Once typical lattice spacings of such films are in the range of visible light, characteristic Bragg scattering patterns are observed. If in microscopic observations these are excluded from image construction, a unique color coding for regions of different structures, morphologies, and layer numbers results. Incoherently scattering defect structures, however, may not be excluded from image construction and thus remain visible with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schöpe
- Institut f. Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Messina R, Löwen H. Confined colloidal bilayers under shear: steady state and relaxation back to equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:011405. [PMID: 16486138 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.011405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline bilayers of charged colloidal suspensions which are confined between two parallel plates and sheared via a relative motion of the two plates are studied by extensive Brownian dynamics computer simulations. The charge-stabilized suspension is modeled by a Yukawa pair potential. The unsheared equilibrium configuration is two crystalline layers with a nested quadratic in-plane structure. For increasing shear rates (.)gamma, we find the following steady states: First, up to a threshold of the shear rate, there is a static solid which is elastically sheared. Above the threshold, there are two crystalline layers sliding on top of each other with a registration procedure. Higher shear rates melt the crystalline bilayers and even higher shear rates lead to a reentrant solid stratified in the shear direction. This qualitative scenario is similar to that found in previous bulk simulations. We have then studied the relaxation of the sheared steady state back to equilibrium after an instantaneous cessation of shear and found a nonmonotonic behavior of the typical relaxation time as a function of the shear rate (.)gamma. In particular, application of high shear rates accelerates the relaxation back to equilibrium since shear-ordering facilitates the growth of the equilibrium crystal. This mechanism can be used to grow defect-free colloidal crystals from strongly sheared suspensions. Our theoretical predictions can be verified in real-space experiments of strongly confined charged suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Messina
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Leyssale JM, Delhommelle J, Millot C. Atomistic simulation of the homogeneous nucleation and of the growth of N2 crystallites. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:104510. [PMID: 15836335 DOI: 10.1063/1.1862626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a computer simulation study of the early stages of the crystallization of molecular nitrogen. First, we study how homogeneous nucleation takes place in supercooled liquid N(2) for a moderate degree of supercooling. Using the umbrella sampling technique, we determine the free energy barrier of formation for a critical nucleus of N(2). We show that, in accord with Ostwald's rule of stages, the structure of the critical nucleus is predominantly that of a metastable polymorph (alpha-N(2) for the state point investigated). We then monitor the evolution of several critical nuclei through a series of unbiased molecular dynamics trajectories. The growth of N(2) crystallites is accompanied by a structural evolution toward the stable polymorph beta-N(2). The microscopic mechanism underlying this evolution qualitatively differs from that reported previously. We do not observe any dissolution or reorganization of the alpha-like core of the nucleus. On the contrary, we show that alpha-like and beta-like blocks coexist in postcritical nuclei. We relate the structural evolution to a greater adsorption rate of beta-like molecules on the surface and show that this transition actually starts well within the precritical regime. We also carefully investigate the effect of the system size on the height of the free energy barrier of nucleation and on the structure and size of the critical nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Leyssale
- Equipe de Chimie et Biochimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS-UHP 7565, Boite Postale 239, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Tang S, Hu Z, Cheng Z, Wu J. Crystallization kinetics of thermosensitive colloids probed by transmission spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:8858-8864. [PMID: 15379518 DOI: 10.1021/la049203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of crystallization of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) particles has been investigated using the UV-visible transmission spectroscopy. Since the particle size decreases with the increase in temperature, microgel dispersions of different volume fractions have been obtained by varying the temperature of a single sample. It is found that the rates of the change in crystallinity, the average crystallite size, and the number density of crystallites at the most rapid stage over a certain time interval at various temperatures can be described by the power-law relations. At 19 degrees C, the PNIPAM system behaves as a hard sphere system under microgravity. The hard sphere theory based on Monte Carlo simulation has been used as a reference point to compare with conventional hard spheres, soft spheres, and PNIPAM spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Tang
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton 76203, USA
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Auer S, Frenkel D. QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF CRYSTAL-NUCLEATION RATES FOR SPHERICAL COLLOIDS: A Computational Approach. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2004; 55:333-61. [PMID: 15117256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the recent progress that has been made in the application of computer simulations to study crystal nucleation in colloidal systems. We discuss the concept and the numerical methods that allow for a quantitative prediction of crystal-nucleation rates. The computed nucleation rates are predicted from first principles and can be directly compared with experiments. These techniques have been applied to study crystal nucleation in hard-sphere colloids, polydisperse hard-sphere colloids, weakly charged or slightly soft colloids, and hard-sphere colloids that are confined between two-plane hard walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Auer
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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Auer S, Frenkel D. Numerical prediction of absolute crystallization rates in hard-sphere colloids. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:3015-29. [PMID: 15268449 DOI: 10.1063/1.1638740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Special computational techniques are required to compute absolute crystal nucleation rates of colloidal suspensions. Using crystal nucleation of hard-sphere colloids as an example, we describe in some detail the novel computational tools that are needed to perform such calculations. In particular, we focus on the definition of appropriate order parameters that distinguish liquid from crystal, and on techniques to compute the kinetic prefactor that enters in the expression for the nucleation rate. In addition, we discuss the relation between simulation results and theoretical predictions based on classical nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Auer
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Martin S, Bryant G, van Megen W. Crystallization kinetics of polydisperse colloidal hard spheres: experimental evidence for local fractionation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:061405. [PMID: 16241224 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the crystallization kinetics for two polydisperse hard-sphere particle stocks with differing particle size distributions. One of the latexes had a relatively symmetrical distribution, the other had a more polydisperse distribution, which was highly skewed to smaller sizes. The emerging Bragg reflections from the crystallizing samples were measured using a technique that provides improved statistical averaging over our previous methods. It was observed that, for the more polydisperse particles, the onset of nucleation was delayed by up to an order of magnitude in reduced time, and displayed qualitatively different growth behavior compared to the particles with the more symmetric size distribution. Based on these measurements and time lapse photographs, we propose a growth mechanism whereby crystallization occurs in conjunction with a local fractionation process near the crystal-fluid interface, which significantly alters the kinetics of crystallite nucleation and growth. This fractionation effect becomes more significant as polydispersity or skewness increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia.
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Auer S, Poon WCK, Frenkel D. Phase behavior and crystallization kinetics of poly-12-hydroxystearic-coated polymethylmethacrylate colloids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:020401. [PMID: 12636644 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) colloids sterically stabilized by a layer of chemically grafted poly-12-hydroxystearic (PHSA) are widely used in experiments as model hard spheres. However, due to the coating, the interaction between particles is slightly soft. Here we report a numerical study of the effect of the PHSA coating on the phase behavior and crystallization kinetics of PMMA colloids based on parameters determined from surface-force measurements on PHSA-PMMA-coated mica surfaces [B. A. de L. Costello and P. F. Luckham, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 156, 72 (1993); B. A. de L. Costello et al., Langmuir 8, 464 (1992)]. We find that the core volume fraction of particles at freezing measured by Pusey and van Megen [Nature 320, 340 (1986)] can only be reproduced by using a thickness of the PHSA layer that is considerably larger than literature values. This may indicate that the particles are in fact slightly charged. Compared to perfect hard spheres, the crystallization rate in these slightly soft particles was found to be increased by about two orders of magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Auer
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu J, Schöpe HJ, Palberg T. Correlations between morphology, phase behavior and pair interaction in soft sphere solids. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1453967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kratz K, Lapp A, Eimer W, Hellweg T. Volume transition and structure of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, ethylenglykol dimethacrylate, and N,N′-methylene bis-acrylamide cross-linked poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) microgels: a small angle neutron and dynamic light scattering study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Measurements on Concentrated Oil in Water Emulsions Using Static Light Scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Silber C, Follner H. Crystal Growth Mechanism Determined by Crystallographic and Affine Symmetries. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4079(200011)35:11/12<1347::aid-crat1347>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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