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Depetris RS, Lu D, Polonskaya Z, Zhang Z, Luna X, Tankard A, Kolahi P, Drummond M, Williams C, Ebert MCCJC, Patel JP, Poyurovsky MV. Functional antibody characterization via direct structural analysis and information-driven protein-protein docking. Proteins 2021; 90:919-935. [PMID: 34773424 PMCID: PMC9544432 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed description of the mechanism of action of the therapeutic antibodies is essential for the functional characterization and future optimization of potential clinical agents. We recently developed KD035, a fully human antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). KD035 blocked VEGF‐A, and VEGF‐C‐mediated VEGFR2 activation, as demonstrated by the in vitro binding and competition assays and functional cellular assays. Here, we report a computational model of the complex between the variable fragment of KD035 (KD035(Fv)) and the domains 2 and 3 of the extracellular portion of VEGFR2 (VEGFR2(D2‐3)). Our modeling was guided by a priori experimental information including the X‐ray structures of KD035 and related antibodies, binding assays, target domain mapping and comparison of KD035 affinity for VEGFR2 from different species. The accuracy of the model was assessed by molecular dynamics simulations, and subsequently validated by mutagenesis and binding analysis. Importantly, the steps followed during the generation of this model can set a precedent for future in silico efforts aimed at the accurate description of the antibody–antigen and more broadly protein–protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Lu
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Zhikai Zhang
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xenia Luna
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Pegah Kolahi
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Ye X, Gaucher JF, Vidal M, Broussy S. A Structural Overview of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Pharmacological Ligands: From Macromolecules to Designed Peptidomimetics. Molecules 2021; 26:6759. [PMID: 34833851 PMCID: PMC8625919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of cytokines plays a key role in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-A is the main member of this family, alongside placental growth factor (PlGF), VEGF-B/C/D in mammals, and VEGF-E/F in other organisms. To study the activities of these growth factors under physiological and pathological conditions, resulting in therapeutic applications in cancer and age-related macular degeneration, blocking ligands have been developed. These have mostly been large biomolecules like antibodies. Ligands with high affinities, at least in the nanomolar range, and accurate structural data from X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have been described. They constitute the main focus of this overview, which evidences similarities and differences in their binding modes. For VEGF-A ligands, and to a limited extent also for PlGF, a transition is now observed towards developing smaller ligands like nanobodies and peptides. These include unnatural amino acids and chemical modifications for designed and improved properties, such as serum stability and greater affinity. However, this review also highlights the scarcity of such small molecular entities and the striking lack of small organic molecule ligands. It also shows the gap between the rather large array of ligands targeting VEGF-A and the general absence of ligands binding other VEGF members, besides some antibodies. Future developments in these directions are expected in the upcoming years, and the study of these growth factors and their promising therapeutic applications will be welcomed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ye
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
| | - Jean-François Gaucher
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Michel Vidal
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
- Service Biologie du Médicament, Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, 75006 Paris, France; (X.Y.); (M.V.)
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3
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Diana D, Di Stasi R, García-Viñuales S, De Rosa L, Isernia C, Malgieri G, Milardi D, D'Andrea LD, Fattorusso R. Structural characterization of the thermal unfolding pathway of human VEGFR1 D2 domain. FEBS J 2021; 289:1591-1602. [PMID: 34689403 PMCID: PMC9299094 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Folding stability is a crucial feature of protein evolution and is essential for protein functions. Thus, the comprehension of protein folding mechanisms represents an important complement to protein structure and function, crucial to determine the structural basis of protein misfolding. In this context, thermal unfolding studies represent a useful tool to get a molecular description of the conformational transitions governing the folding/unfolding equilibrium of a given protein. Here, we report the thermal folding/unfolding pathway of VEGFR1D2, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily by means of a high-resolution thermodynamic approach that combines differential scanning calorimetry with atomic-level unfolding monitored by NMR. We show how VEGFR1D2 folding is driven by an oxidatively induced disulfide pairing: the key event in the achievement of its functional structure is the formation of a small hydrophobic core that surrounds a disulfide bridge. Such a 'folding nucleus' induces the cooperative transition to the properly folded conformation supporting the hypothesis that a disulfide bond can act as a folding nucleus that eases the folding process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Isernia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Luca D D'Andrea
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'Giulio Natta', CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
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4
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Mechanism of the Conformational Change of the Protein Methyltransferase SMYD3: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137185. [PMID: 34281237 PMCID: PMC8267938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a SET-domain-containing methyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups onto lysine residues of substrate proteins. Methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 has been implicated in Ras-driven tumorigenesis, which makes SMYD3 a potential target for cancer therapy. Of all SMYD family proteins, SMYD3 adopt a closed conformation in a crystal structure. Several studies have suggested that the conformational changes between the open and closed forms may regulate the catalytic activity of SMYD3. In this work, we carried out extensive molecular dynamics simulations on a series of complexes with a total of 21 μs sampling to investigate the conformational changes of SMYD3 and unveil the molecular mechanisms. Based on the C-terminal domain movements, the simulated models could be depicted in three different conformational states: the closed, intermediate and open states. Only in the case that both the methyl donor binding pocket and the target lysine-binding channel had bound species did the simulations show SMYD3 maintaining its conformation in the closed state, indicative of a synergetic effect of the cofactors and target lysine on regulating the conformational change of SMYD3. In addition, we performed analyses in terms of structure and energy to shed light on how the two regions might regulate the C-terminal domain movement. This mechanistic study provided insights into the relationship between the conformational change and the methyltransferase activity of SMYD3. The more complete understanding of the conformational dynamics developed here together with further work may lay a foundation for the rational drug design of SMYD3 inhibitors.
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Shaik F, Cuthbert GA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Muench SP, Ponnambalam S, Harrison MA. Structural Basis for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Activation and Implications for Disease Therapy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121673. [PMID: 33333800 PMCID: PMC7765180 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) bind to membrane receptors on a wide variety of cells to regulate diverse biological responses. The VEGF-A family member promotes vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, processes which are essential for vascular development and physiology. As angiogenesis can be subverted in many disease states, including tumour development and progression, there is much interest in understanding the mechanistic basis for how VEGF-A regulates cell and tissue function. VEGF-A binds with high affinity to two VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR1, VEGFR2) and with lower affinity to co-receptors called neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 (NRP1, NRP2). Here, we use a structural viewpoint to summarise our current knowledge of VEGF-VEGFR activation and signal transduction. As targeting VEGF-VEGFR activation holds much therapeutic promise, we examine the structural basis for anti-angiogenic therapy using small-molecule compounds such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block VEGFR activation and downstream signalling. This review provides a rational basis towards reconciling VEGF and VEGFR structure and function in developing new therapeutics for a diverse range of ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shaik
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-8824207
| | - Gary A. Cuthbert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (G.A.C.); (S.H.-V.); (M.A.H.)
| | | | - Stephen P. Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | | | - Michael A. Harrison
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (G.A.C.); (S.H.-V.); (M.A.H.)
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6
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Nery de Albuquerque Rego G, da Hora Alves A, Penteado Nucci M, Bustamante Mamani J, Anselmo de Oliveira F, Gamarra LF. Antiangiogenic Targets for Glioblastoma Therapy from a Pre-Clinical Approach, Using Nanoformulations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124490. [PMID: 32599834 PMCID: PMC7349965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor type whose resistance to conventional treatment is mediated, in part, by the angiogenic process. New treatments involving the application of nanoformulations composed of encapsulated drugs coupled to peptide motifs that direct drugs to specific targets triggered in angiogenesis have been developed to reach and modulate different phases of this process. We performed a systematic review with the search criterion (Glioblastoma OR Glioma) AND (Therapy OR Therapeutic) AND (Nanoparticle) AND (Antiangiogenic OR Angiogenesis OR Anti-angiogenic) in Pubmed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases, in which 312 articles were identified; of these, only 27 articles were included after selection and analysis of eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data of the articles were analyzed in five contexts: the characteristics of the tumor cells; the animal models used to induce GBM for antiangiogenic treatment; the composition of nanoformulations and their physical and chemical characteristics; the therapeutic anti-angiogenic process; and methods for assessing the effects on antiangiogenic markers caused by therapies. The articles included in the review were heterogeneous and varied in practically all aspects related to nanoformulations and models. However, there was slight variance in the antiangiogenic effect analysis. CD31 was extensively used as a marker, which does not provide a view of the effects on the most diverse aspects involved in angiogenesis. Therefore, the present review highlighted the need for standardization between the different approaches of antiangiogenic therapy for the GBM model that allows a more effective meta-analysis and that helps in future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arielly da Hora Alves
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (G.N.d.A.R.); (A.d.H.A.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.d.O.)
| | - Mariana Penteado Nucci
- LIM44-Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Javier Bustamante Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (G.N.d.A.R.); (A.d.H.A.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.d.O.)
| | | | - Lionel Fernel Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (G.N.d.A.R.); (A.d.H.A.); (J.B.M.); (F.A.d.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2151-0243
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7
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Sun J, Shi F, Yang N. Exploration of the Substrate Preference of Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD3 by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19573-19581. [PMID: 31788587 PMCID: PMC6881823 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SMYD3, a SET and MYND domain containing lysine methyltransferase, catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group from a methyl donor onto the Nε group of a lysine residue in the substrate protein. Methylation of MAP3 kinase kinase (MAP3K2) by SMYD3 has been implicated in Ras-driven tumorigenesis. The crystal structure of SMYD3 in complex with MAP3K2 peptide reveals a shallow hydrophobic pocket (P-2), which accommodates the binding of a phenylalanine residue at the -2 position of the substrate (F258) is a crucial determinant of substrate specificity of SMYD3. To better understand the substrate preference of SMYD3 at the -2 position, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the MM/GBSA method were performed on the crystal structure of SMYD3-MAP3K2 complex (PDB: 5EX0) after substitution of F258 residue of MAP3K2 to each of the other 19 natural residues, respectively. Binding free energy calculations reveal that the P-2 pocket prefers an aromatic hydrophobic group and none of the substitutions behave better than the wild-type phenylalanine residue does. Furthermore, we investigated the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of non-natural phenylalanine derivative substitutions at the -2 position and found that quite a few modifications on the sidechain of F258 residue could strengthen its binding to the P-2 pocket of SMYD3. These explorations provide insights into developing novel SMYD3 inhibitors with high potency and high selectivity against MAP3K2 and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Na Yang
- E-mail: . Tel/Fax: + 8622 85358193
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8
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Biocomputational Analysis and In Silico Characterization of an Angiogenic Protein (RNase5) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Structural studies of the binding of an antagonistic cyclic peptide to the VEGFR1 domain 2. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 169:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, D'Andrea LD. Pro-angiogenic peptides in biomedicine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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VEGFR Recognition Interface of a Proangiogenic VEGF-Mimetic Peptide Determined In Vitro and in the Presence of Endothelial Cells by NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:11461-11466. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Peach CJ, Mignone VW, Arruda MA, Alcobia DC, Hill SJ, Kilpatrick LE, Woolard J. Molecular Pharmacology of VEGF-A Isoforms: Binding and Signalling at VEGFR2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1264. [PMID: 29690653 PMCID: PMC5979509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a key mediator of angiogenesis, signalling via the class IV tyrosine kinase receptor family of VEGF Receptors (VEGFRs). Although VEGF-A ligands bind to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, they primarily signal via VEGFR2 leading to endothelial cell proliferation, survival, migration and vascular permeability. Distinct VEGF-A isoforms result from alternative splicing of the Vegfa gene at exon 8, resulting in VEGFxxxa or VEGFxxxb isoforms. Alternative splicing events at exons 5⁻7, in addition to recently identified posttranslational read-through events, produce VEGF-A isoforms that differ in their bioavailability and interaction with the co-receptor Neuropilin-1. This review explores the molecular pharmacology of VEGF-A isoforms at VEGFR2 in respect to ligand binding and downstream signalling. To understand how VEGF-A isoforms have distinct signalling despite similar affinities for VEGFR2, this review re-evaluates the typical classification of these isoforms relative to the prototypical, “pro-angiogenic” VEGF165a. We also examine the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of VEGF-A isoform signalling and the importance of interactions with other membrane and extracellular matrix proteins. As approved therapeutics targeting the VEGF-A/VEGFR signalling axis largely lack long-term efficacy, understanding these isoform-specific mechanisms could aid future drug discovery efforts targeting VEGF receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Viviane W Mignone
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
- CAPES-University of Nottingham Programme in Drug Discovery, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Maria Augusta Arruda
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
- CAPES-University of Nottingham Programme in Drug Discovery, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Diana C Alcobia
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
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13
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Capasso D, Di Gaetano S, Celentano V, Diana D, Festa L, Di Stasi R, De Rosa L, Fattorusso R, D'Andrea LD. Unveiling a VEGF-mimetic peptide sequence in the IQGAP1 protein. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1619-1629. [PMID: 28685787 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modulate angiogenesis by chemical tools has several important applications in different scientific fields. With the perspective of finding novel proangiogenic molecules, we searched peptide sequences with a chemical profile similar to that of the QK peptide, a well described VEGF mimetic peptide. We found that residues 1617-1627 of the IQGAP1 protein show molecular features similar to those of the QK peptide sequence. The IQGAP1-derived synthetic peptide was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and its biological activity was characterized in endothelial cells. These studies showed that this IQGAP1-derived peptide has a biological activity similar to that of VEGF and could be considered as a novel tool for reparative angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Capasso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Gaetano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Veronica Celentano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Donatella Diana
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Luisa Festa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luca D D'Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, 80134, Italy.
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14
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Discovery of High-Affinity PDGF-VEGFR Interactions: Redefining RTK Dynamics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16439. [PMID: 29180757 PMCID: PMC5704011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all studies of angiogenesis have focused on uni-family ligand-receptor binding, e.g., VEGFs bind to VEGF receptors, PDGFs bind to PDGF receptors, etc. The discovery of VEGF-PDGFRs binding challenges this paradigm and calls for investigation of other ligand-receptor binding possibilities. We utilized surface plasmon resonance to identify and measure PDGF-to-VEGFR binding rates, establishing cut-offs for binding and non-binding interactions. We quantified the kinetics of the recent VEGF-A:PDGFRβ interaction for the first time with KD = 340 pM. We discovered new PDGF:VEGFR2 interactions with PDGF-AA:R2 KD = 530 nM, PDGF-AB:R2 KD = 110 pM, PDGF-BB:R2 KD = 40 nM, and PDGF-CC:R2 KD = 70 pM. We computationally predict that cross-family PDGF binding could contribute up to 96% of VEGFR2 ligation in healthy conditions and in cancer. Together the identification, quantification, and simulation of these novel cross-family interactions posits new mechanisms for understanding anti-angiogenic drug resistance and presents an expanded role of growth factor signaling with significance in health and disease.
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15
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Öztürk K, Esendağlı G, Gürbüz MU, Tülü M, Çalış S. Effective targeting of gemcitabine to pancreatic cancer through PEG-cored Flt-1 antibody-conjugated dendrimers. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Gaucher JF, Reille-Seroussi M, Gagey-Eilstein N, Broussy S, Coric P, Seijo B, Lascombe MB, Gautier B, Liu WQ, Huguenot F, Inguimbert N, Bouaziz S, Vidal M, Broutin I. Biophysical Studies of the Induced Dimerization of Human VEGF Receptor 1 Binding Domain by Divalent Metals Competing with VEGF-A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167755. [PMID: 27942001 PMCID: PMC5152890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is tightly regulated through the binding of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) to their receptors (VEGFRs). In this context, we showed that human VEGFR1 domain 2 crystallizes in the presence of Zn2+, Co2+ or Cu2+ as a dimer that forms via metal-ion interactions and interlocked hydrophobic surfaces. SAXS, NMR and size exclusion chromatography analyses confirm the formation of this dimer in solution in the presence of Co2+, Cd2+ or Cu2+. Since the metal-induced dimerization masks the VEGFs binding surface, we investigated the ability of metal ions to displace the VEGF-A binding to hVEGFR1: using a competition assay, we evidenced that the metals displaced the VEGF-A binding to hVEGFR1 extracellular domain binding at micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Gaucher
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Reille-Seroussi
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Gagey-Eilstein
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Coric
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bili Seijo
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Bernard Lascombe
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Gautier
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wang-Quing Liu
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florent Huguenot
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l’Environnement USR CNRS 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- UMR 8638 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UF Pharmacocinétique et Pharmacochimie, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Broutin
- UMR 8015 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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17
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Fu W, Liu N, Qiao Q, Wang M, Min J, Zhu B, Xu RM, Yang N. Structural Basis for Substrate Preference of SMYD3, a SET Domain-containing Protein Lysine Methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9173-80. [PMID: 26929412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a SET domain-containing N-lysine methyltransferase associated with multiple cancers. Its reported substrates include histones (H3K4 and H4K5), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1 Lys(831)) and MAP3 kinase kinase (MAP3K2 Lys(260)). To reveal the structural basis for substrate preference and the catalytic mechanism of SMYD3, we have solved its co-crystal structures with VEGFR1 and MAP3K2 peptides. Our structural and biochemical analyses show that MAP3K2 serves as a robust substrate of SMYD3 because of the presence of a phenylalanine residue at the -2 position. A shallow hydrophobic pocket on SMYD3 accommodates the binding of the phenylalanine and promotes efficient catalytic activities of SMYD3. By contrast, SMYD3 displayed a weak activity toward a VEGFR1 peptide, and the location of the acceptor lysine in the folded kinase domain of VEGFR1 requires drastic conformational rearrangements for juxtaposition of the acceptor lysine with the enzymatic active site. Our results clearly revealed structural determinants for the substrate preference of SMYD3 and provided mechanistic insights into lysine methylation of MAP3K2. The knowledge should be useful for the development of SMYD3 inhibitors in the fight against MAP3K2 and Ras-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Fu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Nan Liu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Qiao
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Min
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bing Zhu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Na Yang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
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18
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Sudha G, Singh P, Swapna LS, Srinivasan N. Weak conservation of structural features in the interfaces of homologous transient protein-protein complexes. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1856-73. [PMID: 26311309 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Residue types at the interface of protein-protein complexes (PPCs) are known to be reasonably well conserved. However, we show, using a dataset of known 3-D structures of homologous transient PPCs, that the 3-D location of interfacial residues and their interaction patterns are only moderately and poorly conserved, respectively. Another surprising observation is that a residue at the interface that is conserved is not necessarily in the interface in the homolog. Such differences in homologous complexes are manifested by substitution of the residues that are spatially proximal to the conserved residue and structural differences at the interfaces as well as differences in spatial orientations of the interacting proteins. Conservation of interface location and the interaction pattern at the core of the interfaces is higher than at the periphery of the interface patch. Extents of variability of various structural features reported here for homologous transient PPCs are higher than the variation in homologous permanent homomers. Our findings suggest that straightforward extrapolation of interfacial nature and inter-residue interaction patterns from template to target could lead to serious errors in the modeled complex structure. Understanding the evolution of interfaces provides insights to improve comparative modeling of PPC structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Sudha
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmipuram S Swapna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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19
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Moreira IS, Martins JM, Coimbra JTS, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. A new scoring function for protein-protein docking that identifies native structures with unprecedented accuracy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:2378-87. [PMID: 25490550 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein (P-P) 3D structures are fundamental to structural biology and drug discovery. However, most of them have never been determined. Many docking algorithms were developed for that purpose, but they have a very limited accuracy in generating native-like structures and identifying the most correct one, in particular when a single answer is asked for. With such a low success rate it is difficult to point out one docked structure as being native-like. Here we present a new, high accuracy, scoring method to identify the 3D structure of P-P complexes among a set of trial poses. It incorporates alanine scanning mutagenesis experimental data that need to be obtained a priori. The scoring scheme works by matching the computational and the experimental alanine scanning mutagenesis results. The size of the trial P-P interface area is also taken into account. We show that the method ranks the trial structures and identifies the native-like structures with unprecedented accuracy (∼94%), providing the correct P-P 3D structures that biochemists and molecular biologists need to pursue their studies. With such a success rate, the bottleneck of protein-protein docking moves from the scoring to searching algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Moreira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Diana D, Di Stasi R, De Rosa L, Isernia C, D'Andrea LD, Fattorusso R. Structural investigation of the VEGF receptor interaction with a helical antagonist peptide. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:214-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Diana
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16; Napoli; Italy
| | - Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16; Napoli; Italy
| | - Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16; Napoli; Italy
| | - Carla Isernia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43; Caserta; Italy
| | - Luca D. D'Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16; Napoli; Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali; Seconda Università di Napoli; Via Vivaldi 43; Caserta; Italy
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21
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Gautier B, Miteva MA, Goncalves V, Huguenot F, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Seijo B, Gaucher JF, Broutin I, Garbay C, Lesnard A, Rault S, Inguimbert N, Villoutreix BO, Vidal M. Targeting the proangiogenic VEGF-VEGFR protein-protein interface with drug-like compounds by in silico and in vitro screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1631-9. [PMID: 22195565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a central role in medicine, and their modulation with small organic compounds remains an enormous challenge. Because it has been noted that the macromolecular complexes modulated to date have a relatively pronounced binding cavity at the interface, we decided to perform screening experiments over the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), a validated target for antiangiogenic treatments with a very flat interface. We focused the study on the VEGFR-1 D2 domain, and 20 active compounds were identified. These small compounds contained a (3-carboxy-2-ureido)thiophen unit and had IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. The most potent compound inhibited the VEGF-induced VEGFR-1 transduction pathways. Our findings suggest that our best hit may be a promising scaffold to probe this macromolecular complex and for the development of treatments of VEGFR-1-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gautier
- Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, UFR biomédicale, 75006 Paris, France
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22
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Diana D, Basile A, De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, Auriemma S, Arra C, Pedone C, Turco MC, Fattorusso R, D'Andrea LD. β-hairpin peptide that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: design, NMR characterization, and biological activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41680-41691. [PMID: 21969375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.257402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF receptors have been the target of intense research aimed to develop molecules able to inhibit or stimulate angiogenesis. Based on the x-ray structure of the complex placental growth factor-VEGF receptor 1(D2), we designed a VEGF receptor-binding peptide reproducing the placental growth factor β-hairpin region Gln(87)-Val(100) that is involved in receptor recognition. A conformational analysis showed that the designed peptide adopts the expected fold in pure water. Moreover, a combination of NMR interaction analysis and cell binding studies were used to demonstrate that the peptide targets VEGF receptors. The VEGF receptor 1(D2)-interacting residues were characterized at the molecular level, and they correspond to the residues recognizing the placental growth factor sequence Gln(87)-Val(100). Finally, the peptide biological activity was characterized in vitro and in vivo, and it showed a VEGF-like behavior. Indeed, the peptide activated VEGF-dependent intracellular pathways, induced endothelial cell proliferation and rescue from apoptosis, and promoted angiogenesis in vivo. This compound is one of the few peptides known with proangiogenic activity, which makes it a candidate for the development of a novel peptide-based drug for medical applications in therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Diana
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Basile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Auriemma
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale," via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Pedone
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Antonio Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luca Domenico D'Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
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23
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Jeong KW, Lee JY, Lee SA, Yang SP, Ko H, Kang DI, Chae CB, Kim Y. Dynamics of a Heparin-Binding Domain of VEGF165 Complexed with Its Inhibitor Triamterene. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4843-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Ah Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Pil Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyunsook Ko
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chi-Bom Chae
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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24
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Di Stasi R, Diana D, Capasso D, Palumbo R, Romanelli A, Pedone C, Fattorusso R, D'Andrea LD. VEGFR1(D2) in drug discovery: Expression and molecular characterization. Biopolymers 2011; 94:800-9. [PMID: 20564033 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor. Its biological activity is mediated by the binding to the extracellular domain of two tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptors: VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. Deletion studies showed that VEGF binding site resides in the first three domains of VEGFR1 and in domains 2 and 3 of VEGFR2. In particular, the second extracellular domain of VEGFR1 (VEGFR1(D2)) contains most of the VEGF binding requirements. Here, we report an efficient expression protocol and the molecular characterization by spectroscopic techniques of VEGFR1(D2). The protein was expressed in E. coli and refolded from inclusion bodies. The recombinant protein assumes the correct fold as assessed by a combination of biochemical and functional assays as well as by NMR characterization. Furthermore, the recombinant VEGFR1(D2) was analyzed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The protein obtained by this procedure is suitable for the structural characterization of the complexes with receptor binders and to be used in interaction/screening studies.
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25
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Takakusagi Y, Takakusagi K, Ida N, Takami M, Matsumoto Y, Kusayanagi T, Nakabayashi T, Aoki S, Murata H, Ohta K, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K. Binding region and interaction properties of sulfoquinovosylacylglycerol (SQAG) with human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 revealed by biosensor-based assays. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Gautier B, Goncalves V, Diana D, Di Stasi R, Teillet F, Lenoir C, Huguenot F, Garbay C, Fattorusso R, D'Andrea LD, Vidal M, Inguimbert N. Biochemical and structural analysis of the binding determinants of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor peptidic antagonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4428-40. [PMID: 20462213 DOI: 10.1021/jm1002167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptide antagonist c[YYDEGLEE]-NH(2), which disrupts the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs), represents a promising tool in the fight against cancer and age-related macular degeneration. Furthermore, coupled to a cyclen derivative, this ligand could be used as a medicinal imaging agent. Nevertheless, before generating such molecular probes, some preliminary studies need to be undertaken in order to define the more suitable positions for introduction of the cyclen macrocycle. Through an Ala-scan study on this peptide, we identified its binding motif, and an NMR study highlights its binding sites on the VEGFR-1D2 Ig-like domain. Guided by the structural relationship results deduced from the effect of the peptides on endothelial cells, new peptides were synthesized and grafted on beads. Used in a pull-down assay, these new peptides trap the VEGFRs, thus confirming that the identified amino acid positions are suitable for further derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gautier
- Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U648, 75006 Paris, France
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27
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Horta BAC, Sodero ACR, Alencastro RBD. Investigating the differential activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 28:287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Structure-function analysis of VEGF receptor activation and the role of coreceptors in angiogenic signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:567-80. [PMID: 19761875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) constitute a family of six polypeptides, VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, -E and PlGF, that regulate blood and lymphatic vessel development. VEGFs specifically bind to three type V receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), VEGFR-1, -2 and -3, and to coreceptors such as neuropilins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). VEGFRs are activated upon ligand-induced dimerization mediated by the extracellular domain (ECD). A study using receptor constructs carrying artificial dimerization-promoting transmembrane domains (TMDs) showed that receptor dimerization is necessary, but not sufficient, for receptor activation and demonstrates that distinct orientation of receptor monomers is required to instigate transmembrane signaling. Angiogenic signaling by VEGF receptors also depends on cooperation with specific coreceptors such as neuropilins and HSPG. A number of VEGF isoforms differ in binding to coreceptors, and ligand-specific signal output is apparently the result of the specific coreceptor complex assembled by a particular VEGF isoform. Here we discuss the structural features of VEGF family ligands and their receptors in relation to their distinct signal output and angiogenic potential.
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29
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Goncalves V, Gautier B, Huguenot F, Leproux P, Garbay C, Vidal M, Inguimbert N. Total chemical synthesis of the D2 domain of human VEGF receptor 1. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:417-22. [PMID: 19387974 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its cellular receptors exerts a central role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Among these receptors, the VEGF receptor 1 may be implicated in pathological angiogenesis. Here, we report the first total chemical synthesis of the VEGF-binding domain of the VEGF receptor 1. Aggregation issues were overcome by the use of a low-substituted resin and the stepwise introduction of pseudoproline dipeptides and Dmb-glycines. The folding of the protein was achieved by air oxidation and its biological activity was verified on ELISA-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Goncalves
- Université Paris Descartes, UFR biomédicale, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Paris, F-75006, France
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30
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Abstract
The physiology of microvessels limits the growth and development of tumours. Tumours gain nutrients and excrete waste through growth-associated microvessels. New anticancer therapies target this microvasculature by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) splice isoforms that promote microvessel growth. However, certain VEGF-A splice isoforms in normal tissues inhibit growth of microvessels. Thus, it is the VEGF-A isoform balance, which is controlled by mRNA splicing, that orchestrates angiogenesis. Here, we highlight the functional differences between the pro-angiogenic and the anti-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform families and the potential to harness the synthetic capacity of cancer cells to produce factors that inhibit, rather than aid, cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Harper
- Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK.
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31
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Kasap M, Sazci A. The comparison of VEGFR-1-binding domain of VEGF-A with modelled VEGF-C sheds light on receptor specificity. J Theor Biol 2008; 253:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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On the structure, interactions, and dynamics of bound VEGF. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 26:1091-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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A fluorescence polarization assay for identifying ligands that bind to vascular endothelial growth factor. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:8-14. [PMID: 18413228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a homodimeric proangiogenic protein that induces endothelial cell migration and proliferation primarily through interactions with its major receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Inhibitors of one or both of these VEGF-receptor interactions could be beneficial as therapeutics for diseases caused by dysfunctional angiogenesis (e.g., cancer). Others have reported small peptides that bind to the VEGF dimer at surface regions that are recognized by the receptors. Here we report the development of a fluorescence polarization assay based on the binding to VEGF of a derivative of one of these peptides that has been labeled with BODIPY-tetramethylrhodamine (BODIPY(TMR)). This 384-well format assay is tolerant to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, up to 4% [v/v]) and has a Z' factor of 0.76, making it useful for identifying molecules that associate with the receptor-binding surface of the VEGF dimer.
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34
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Cébe-Suarez S, Zehnder-Fjällman A, Ballmer-Hofer K. The role of VEGF receptors in angiogenesis; complex partnerships. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63:601-15. [PMID: 16465447 PMCID: PMC2773843 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate blood and lymphatic vessel development and homeostasis but also have profound effects on neural cells. VEGFs are predominantly produced by endothelial, hematopoietic and stromal cells in response to hypoxia and upon stimulation with growth factors such as transforming growth factors, interleukins or platelet-derived growth factor. VEGFs bind to three variants of type III receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGF receptor 1, 2 and 3. Each VEGF isoform binds to a particular subset of these receptors giving rise to the formation of receptor homo- and heterodimers that activate discrete signaling pathways. Signal specificity of VEGF receptors is further modulated upon recruitment of coreceptors, such as neuropilins, heparan sulfate, integrins or cadherins. Here we summarize the knowledge accumulated since the discovery of these proteins more than 20 years ago with the emphasis on the signaling pathways activated by VEGF receptors in endothelial cells during cell migration, growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cébe-Suarez
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A. Zehnder-Fjällman
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - K. Ballmer-Hofer
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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35
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Christinger HW, Fuh G, de Vos AM, Wiesmann C. The Crystal Structure of Placental Growth Factor in Complex with Domain 2 of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10382-8. [PMID: 14684734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313237200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and plays an important role in pathological angiogenic events. PlGF exerts its biological activities through binding to VEGFR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase that consists of seven immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular portion. Here we report the crystal structure of PlGF bound to the second immunoglobulin-like domain of VEGFR1 at 2.5 A resolution and compare the complex to the closely related structure of VEGF bound to the same receptor domain. The two growth factors, PlGF and VEGF, share a sequence identity of approximately 50%. Despite this moderate sequence conservation, they bind to the same binding interface of VEGFR1 in a very similar fashion, suggesting that both growth factors could induce very similar if not identical signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Christinger
- Department of Protein Engineering Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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36
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Autiero M, Luttun A, Tjwa M, Carmeliet P. Placental growth factor and its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1: novel targets for stimulation of ischemic tissue revascularization and inhibition of angiogenic and inflammatory disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1356-70. [PMID: 12871269 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to VEGF and its receptor VEGFR-2, PlGF and its receptor VEGFR-1 have been largely neglected and therefore their potential for therapy has not been previously explored. In this review, we describe the molecular properties of PlGF and VEGFR-1 and how this translates into an important role for PlGF in the angiogenic switch in pathological angiogenesis, by interacting with VEGFR-1 and synergizing with VEGF. PlGF was effective in the growth of new and stable vessels in cardiac and limb ischemia, through its action on different cell types (i.e. endothelial, smooth muscle and inflammatory cells and their precursors) that play a cardinal role in blood vessel formation. Accordingly, blocking its receptor VEGFR-1 with monoclonal antibodies (anti-VEGFR-1 mAb), expressed on al these cell types, successfully attenuated blood vessel formation during cancer, ischemic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, while blocking this receptor was effective in reducing inflammatory disorders like atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, blocking the anti-angiogenic receptor VEGFR-2 was without effect. This indicates that in the latter diseases the beneficial effects of anti-VEGFR1 mAb were mainly due to its effect on inflammatory cells. Importantly, VEGFR-1 was also present on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, the precursors of inflammatory cells. Thus, these preclinical studies show proof-of-principle that PlGF and VEGFR-1 are promising therapeutic targets to treat angiogenesis and inflammation related disorders. Clinical trials will reveal whether this is also true for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Autiero
- The Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Reigstad LJ, Sande HM, Fluge Ø, Bruland O, Muga A, Varhaug JE, Martinez A, Lillehaug JR. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C, a PDGF family member with a vascular endothelial growth factor-like structure. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17114-20. [PMID: 12598536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C is a novel member of the PDGF family that binds to PDGF alphaalpha and alphabeta receptors. The growth factor domain of PDGF-C (GFD-PDGF-C) was expressed in high yields in Escherichia coli and was purified and refolded from inclusion bodies obtaining a biologically active growth factor with dimeric structure. The GFD-PDGF-C contains 12 cysteine residues, and Ellman assay analysis indicates that it contains three intramonomeric disulfide bonds, which is in accordance with GFD-PDGF-C being a member of the cystine knot superfamily of growth factors. The recombinant GFD-PDGF-C was characterized by CD, fluorescence, NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. Together, our data indicate that GFD-PDGF-C is a highly thermostable protein that contains mostly beta-sheet secondary structure and some (6%) alpha-helix structure. The structural model of PDGF-C, obtained by homology-based molecular modeling using the structural representatives of this family of growth factors, shows that GFD-PDGF-C has a higher structural homology to the vascular endothelial growth factor than to PDGF-B. The modeled structure can give further insights into the function and specificity of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila J Reigstad
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
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38
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Skelton NJ, Koehler MFT, Zobel K, Wong WL, Yeh S, Pisabarro MT, Yin JP, Lasky LA, Sidhu SS. Origins of PDZ domain ligand specificity. Structure determination and mutagenesis of the Erbin PDZ domain. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7645-54. [PMID: 12446668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209751200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The LAP (leucine-rich repeat and PDZ-containing) family of proteins play a role in maintaining epithelial and neuronal cell size, and mutation of these proteins can have oncogenic consequences. The LAP protein Erbin has been implicated previously in a number of cellular activities by virtue of its PDZ domain-dependent association with the C termini of both ERB-B2 and the p120-catenins. The present work describes the NMR structure of Erbin PDZ in complex with a high affinity peptide ligand and includes a comprehensive energetic analysis of both the ligand and PDZ domain side chains responsible for binding. C-terminal phage display has been used to identify preferred ligands, whereas binding affinity measurements provide precise details of the energetic importance of each ligand side chain to binding. Alanine and homolog scanning mutagenesis (in a combinatorial phage display format) identifies Erbin side chains that make energetically important contacts with the ligand. The structure of a phage-optimized peptide (Ac-TGW(-4)ETW(-1)V; IC(50) = approximately 0.15 microm) in complex with Erbin PDZ provides a structural context to understand the binding energetics. In particular, the very favorable interactions with Trp(-1) are not Erbin side chain-mediated (and therefore may be generally applicable to many PDZ domains), whereas the beta2-beta3 loop provides a binding site for the Trp(-4) side chain (specific to Erbin because it has an unusually long loop). These results contribute to a growing appreciation for the importance of at least five ligand C-terminal side chains in determining PDZ domain binding energy and highlight the mechanisms of ligand discrimination among the several hundred PDZ domains present in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Skelton
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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39
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Pan B, Li B, Russell SJ, Tom JYK, Cochran AG, Fairbrother WJ. Solution structure of a phage-derived peptide antagonist in complex with vascular endothelial growth factor. J Mol Biol 2002; 316:769-87. [PMID: 11866530 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell-specific mediator of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. VEGF is involved pathologically in cancer, proliferative retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis, and as such represents an important therapeutic target. Three classes of disulfide-constrained peptides that antagonize binding of the VEGF dimer to its receptors, KDR and Flt-1, were identified previously using phage display methods. NMR studies of a representative peptide from the most potent class of these peptide antagonists, v107 (GGNECDAIRMWEWECFERL), were undertaken to characterize its interactions with VEGF. v107 has no defined structure free in solution, but binding to VEGF induces folding of the peptide. The solution structure of the VEGF receptor-binding domain-v107 complex was determined using 3940 (1970 per VEGF monomer) internuclear distance and 476 (238 per VEGF monomer) dihedral angle restraints derived from NMR data obtained using samples containing either (13)C/(15)N-labeled protein plus excess unlabeled peptide or (13)C/(15)N-labeled peptide plus excess unlabeled protein. Residual dipolar coupling restraints supplemented the structure determination of the complex and were found to increase significantly both the global precision of VEGF in the complex and the agreement with available crystal structures of VEGF. The calculated ensemble of structures is of high precision and is in excellent agreement with the experimental restraints. v107 has a turn-helix conformation with hydrophobic residues partitioned to one face of the peptide and polar or charged residues at the other face. Contacts between two v107 peptides and the VEGF dimer are mediated by primarily hydrophobic side-chain interactions. The v107-binding site on VEGF overlaps partially with the binding site of KDR and is similar to that for domain 2 of Flt-1. The structure of the VEGF-v107 complex provides new insight into how binding to VEGF can be achieved that may be useful for the design of small molecule antagonists.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/genetics
- Alanine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bacteriophages/chemistry
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/metabolism
- Endothelial Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endothelial Growth Factors/chemistry
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Lymphokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphokines/chemistry
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Solutions
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Borlan Pan
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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40
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Whitaker GB, Limberg BJ, Rosenbaum JS. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the differential signaling potency of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25520-31. [PMID: 11333271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two most abundant secreted isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF(165) and VEGF(121)) are formed as a result of differential splicing of the VEGF-A gene. VEGF(165) and VEGF(121) share similar affinities at the isolated VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 but have been previously demonstrated to have differential ability to activate VEGFR-2-mediated effects on endothelial cells. Herein we investigate whether the recently described VEGF(165) isoform-specific receptor neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) is responsible for the difference in potency observed for these ligands. We demonstrate that although VEGFR-2 and Npn-1 form a complex, this complex does not result in an increase in VEGF(165) binding affinity. Therefore, the differential activity of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121) cannot be explained by a differential binding affinity for the complex. Using an antagonist that competes for VEGF(165) binding at the VEGFR-2.Npn-1 complex, we observe specific antagonism of VEGF(165)-meditated phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 without affecting the VEGF(121) response. These data indicate that the formation of the complex is responsible for the increased potency of VEGF(165) versus VEGF(121). Taken together, these data suggest a receptor-clustering role for Npn-1, as opposed to Npn-1 behaving as an affinity-converting subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Whitaker
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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41
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Blankenberg FG, Eckelman WC, Strauss HW, Welch MJ, Alavi A, Anderson C, Bacharach S, Blasberg RG, Graham MM, Weber W. Role of radionuclide imaging in trials of antiangiogenic therapy. Acad Radiol 2000; 7:851-67. [PMID: 11048882 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(00)80633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F G Blankenberg
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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42
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Abstract
During the past year, the database of ligand-receptor complexes has essentially doubled. These new results have immeasurably extended and expanded our view of cell surface receptor structure and function. The flood of data has revealed new models for receptor cross-linking, demonstrating the potential stringency of the extracellular requirements for the initiation of intracellular signalling and highlighting unexpected interactions suggestive of higher order clustering.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Binding Sites
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cytokines/chemistry
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Growth Substances/chemistry
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Humans
- Iron/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/classification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Templates, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Deller
- CRC Receptor Structure Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, OX3 7BN, UK.
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