1
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Zhuang Y, Yu ML, Lu SF. Purinergic signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:229-243. [PMID: 35254594 PMCID: PMC9984618 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines and their derivatives, extensively distributed in the body, act as a class of extracellular signaling molecules via a rich array of receptors, also known as purinoceptors (P1, P2X, and P2Y). They mediate multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways and participate in various physiological and pathological cell behaviors. Since the function in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), this review summarized the involvement of purinergic signal transduction in diversified pathological processes, including energy metabolism disorder, oxidative stress injury, calcium overload, inflammatory immune response, platelet aggregation, coronary vascular dysfunction, and cell necrosis and apoptosis. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that purinergic signaling also mediates the prevention and treatment of MIRI, such as ischemic conditioning, pharmacological intervention, and some other therapies. In conclusion, this review exhibited that purinergic signaling mediates the complex processes of MIRI which shows its promising application and prospecting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhuang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xian-lin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei-Ling Yu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xian-lin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Lu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xian-lin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Wan TC, Tampo A, Kwok WM, Auchampach JA. Ability of CP-532,903 to protect mouse hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury is dependent on expression of A 3 adenosine receptors in cardiomyoyctes. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:21-31. [PMID: 30710517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists are effective at limiting injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart in experimental animal models. However, understanding of their mechanism of action, which is likely multifactorial, remains incomplete. In prior studies, it has been demonstrated that A3AR-mediated ischemic protection is blocked by glibenclamide and is absent in Kir6.2 gene ablated mice that lack the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, suggesting one contributing mechanism may involve accelerated activation of KATP channels. However, presence of A3ARs in the myocardium has yet to be established. Utilizing a whole-cell recording technique, in this study we confirm functional expression of the A3AR in adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes, coupled to activation of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels via Gi inhibitory proteins. We further show that ischemic protection provided by the selective A3AR agonist CP-532,903 in an isolated, buffer-perfused heart model is lost completely in Adora3LoxP/LoxP;Myh6-Cre mice, which is a newly developed model developed and comprehensively described herein whereby the A3AR gene (Adora3) is deleted exclusively in cardiomyocytes. Our findings, taken together with previously published work, are consistent with the hypothesis that A3AR agonists provide ischemic tolerance, at least in part, by facilitating opening of myocardial KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Akihito Tampo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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3
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Simard T, Jung R, Labinaz A, Faraz MA, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Pitcher I, Motazedian P, Gaudet C, Rochman R, Marbach J, Boland P, Sarathy K, Alghofaili S, Russo JJ, Couture E, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Adenosine as a Marker and Mediator of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: A Translational Perspective. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:109-131. [PMID: 30318008 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666181011103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is produced broadly and implicated in the homeostasis of many cells and tissues. It signals predominantly via 4 purinergic adenosine receptors (ADORs) - ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADOosine signaling, both through design as specific ADOR agonists and antagonists and as offtarget effects of existing anti-platelet medications. Despite this, adenosine has yet to be firmly established as either a therapeutic or a prognostic tool in clinical medicine to date. Herein, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of adenosine biology, highlighting the key considerations for further translational development of this proRA3 in addition to non-ADOR mediated effects. Through these signaling mechanisms, adenosine exerts effects on numerous cell types crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis, especially following vascular injury. Both in vitro and in vivo models have provided considerable insights into adenosine signaling and identified targets for therapeutic intervention. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been developed that modulate adenmising molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simard
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Jung
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | | | - F Daniel Ramirez
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Ian Pitcher
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pouya Motazedian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Chantal Gaudet
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rochman
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Marbach
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Paul Boland
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Kiran Sarathy
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Saleh Alghofaili
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Juan J Russo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Etienne Couture
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rob S Beanlands
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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4
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Leiva A, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Contreras-Duarte S, Fuenzalida B, Cantin C, Carvajal L, Salsoso R, Gutiérrez J, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Adenosine receptors: Modulators of lipid availability that are controlled by lipid levels. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:26-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Nishat S, Khan LA, Ansari ZM, Basir SF. Adenosine A3 Receptor: A promising therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:18-26. [PMID: 26750723 PMCID: PMC4807713 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160111125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are one of the major factors for early mortality in the present
worldwide scenario and have become a major challenge in both developing and developed nations. It
has thus become of immense importance to look for different therapeutic possibilities and treatments
for the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases. Recent advancements in research have opened
various means for better understanding of the complication and treatment of the disease. Adenosine
receptors have become tool of choice in understanding the signaling mechanism which might lead to
the cardiovascular complications. Adenosine A3 receptor is one of the important receptor which is extensively studied as a
therapeutic target in cardiovascular disorder. Recent studies have shown that A3AR is involved in the amelioration of cardiovascular
complications by altering the expression of A3AR. This review focuses towards the therapeutic potential of
A3AR involved in cardiovascular disease and it might help in better understanding of mechanism by which this receptor
may prove useful in improving the complications arising due to various cardiovascular diseases. Understanding of A3AR
signaling may also help to develop newer agonists and antagonists which might be prove helpful in the treatment of cardiovascular
disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seemi F Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.
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6
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Yang T, Zollbrecht C, Winerdal ME, Zhuge Z, Zhang XM, Terrando N, Checa A, Sällström J, Wheelock CE, Winqvist O, Harris RA, Larsson E, Persson AEG, Fredholm BB, Carlström M. Genetic Abrogation of Adenosine A3 Receptor Prevents Uninephrectomy and High Salt-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003868. [PMID: 27431647 PMCID: PMC5015411 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Early‐life reduction in nephron number (uninephrectomy [UNX]) and chronic high salt (HS) intake increase the risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Adenosine signaling via its different receptors has been implicated in modulating renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions as well as inflammatory processes; however, the specific role of the A3 receptor in cardiovascular diseases is not clear. In this study, gene‐modified mice were used to investigate the hypothesis that lack of A3 signaling prevents the development of hypertension and attenuates renal and cardiovascular injuries following UNX in combination with HS (UNX‐HS) in mice. Methods and Results Wild‐type (A3+/+) mice subjected to UNX‐HS developed hypertension compared with controls (mean arterial pressure 106±3 versus 82±3 mm Hg; P<0.05) and displayed an impaired metabolic phenotype (eg, increased adiposity, reduced glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia). These changes were associated with both cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis together with renal injuries and proteinuria. All of these pathological hallmarks were significantly attenuated in the A3−/− mice. Mechanistically, absence of A3 receptors protected from UNX‐HS–associated increase in renal NADPH oxidase activity and Nox2 expression. In addition, circulating cytokines including interleukins 1β, 6, 12, and 10 were increased in A3+/+ following UNX‐HS, but these cytokines were already elevated in naïve A3−/− mice and did not change following UNX‐HS. Conclusions Reduction in nephron number combined with chronic HS intake is associated with oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and development of hypertension in mice. Absence of adenosine A3 receptor signaling was strongly protective in this novel mouse model of renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Zollbrecht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin E Winerdal
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sällström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Unit of Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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The infarct-sparing effect of IB-MECA against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice is mediated by sequential activation of adenosine A3 and A 2A receptors. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:16. [PMID: 25711314 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting results exist regarding the role of A3 adenosine receptors (A3ARs) in mediating cardioprotection during reperfusion following myocardial infarction. We hypothesized that the effects of the A3AR agonist IB-MECA to produce cardioprotection might involve activation of other adenosine receptor subtypes. C57Bl/6 (B6), A3AR KO, A2AAR KO, and A2AAR KO/WT bone marrow chimeric mice were assigned to 12 groups undergoing either hemodynamic studies or 45 min of LAD occlusion and 60 min of reperfusion. IB-MECA (100 μg/kg) or vehicle was administered by iv bolus 5 min before reperfusion. Radioligand binding assays showed that IB-MECA has high affinity for the mouse A3AR (K i = 0.17 ± 0.05 nM), but also can bind with lower affinity to the A1AR (9.0 ± 2.4 nM) or the A2AAR (56.5 ± 10.2 nM). IB-MECA caused bi-phasic hemodynamic changes, which were completely absent in A3AR KO mice and were modified by A2AAR blockade or deletion. IB-MECA stimulated histamine release, increased heart rate, and significantly reduced IF size in B6 mice from 61.5 ± 1.4 to 48.6 ± 2.4% of risk region (RR; 21% reduction, p < 0.05) but not in A3AR KO mice. Compared to B6, A3AR KO mice had significantly reduced IF size (p < 0.05). In B6/B6 bone marrow chimeras, IB-MECA caused a 47% reduction of IF size (from 47.3 ± 3.9 to 24.7 ± 4.5, p < 0.05). However, no significant cardioprotective effect of IB-MECA was observed in A2AARKO/B6 mice, which lacked A2AARs only on their bone marrow-derived cells. Activation of A3ARs induces a bi-phasic hemodynamic response, which is partially mediated by activation of A2AARs. The cardioprotective effect of IB-MECA is due to the initial activation of A3AR followed by activation of A2AARs in bone marrow-derived cells.
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8
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Increased A3AR-dependent Vasoconstriction in Diabetic Mice Is Promoted by Myeloperoxidase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:465-72. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Koupenova M, Ravid K. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and their role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1703-1712. [PMID: 23460239 PMCID: PMC3849123 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that is released from all tissues and cells including liver, pancreas, muscle and fat, particularly under stress, intense exercise, or during cell damage. The role of adenosine in glucose homeostasis has been attributed to its ability to regulate, through its membrane receptors, processes such as insulin secretion, glucose release and clearance, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis. Additionally, adenosine and its multiple receptors have been connected to lipid metabolism by augmenting insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis, and the subsequent increase in free fatty acids and glycerol levels. Furthermore, adenosine was reported to control liver cholesterol synthesis, consequently affecting plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and the amount of fat tissue. Alterations in the balance of glucose and lipid homeostasis have implications in both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The ability of different adenosine receptors to activate and inhibit the same signaling cascades has made it challenging to study the influence of adenosine, adenosine analogs and their receptors in health and disease. This review focuses on the role and significance of different adenosine receptors in mediating the effect of adenosine on glucose and lipid homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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10
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Yang P, Chen P, Wang T, Zhan Y, Zhou M, Xia L, Cheng R, Guo Y, Zhu L, Zhang J. Loss of A(1) adenosine receptor attenuates alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 131:128-38. [PMID: 22956627 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis has limited therapeutic options and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The A(1) adenosine receptor (A(1)AR) was postulated to participate in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis induced by experimental extrahepatic cholestasis; however, the contribution of A(1)AR to intrahepatic cholestatic liver injury remains unknown. Here, we found that mice lacking A(1)AR were resistant to alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury, as evidenced by lower serum liver enzyme levels and reduced extent of histological necrosis. Bile acid accumulation in liver and serum was markedly diminished in A(1)AR(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. However, biliary and urinary outputs of bile acids were significantly enhanced in A(1)AR(-/-) mice. In the liver, mRNA expression of genes related to bile acid transport (Bsep and Mdr2) and hydroxylation (Cyp3a11) was increased in A(1)AR(-/-) mice. In the kidney, A(1)AR deficiency prevented the decrease of glomerular filtration rate caused by ANIT. Treatment of WT mice with A(1)AR antagonist DPCPX also protected against ANIT hepatotoxicity. Our results indicated that lack of A(1)AR gene protects mice from ANIT-induced cholestasis by enhancing toxic biliary constituents efflux through biliary excretory route and renal elimination system and suggested a potential role of A(1)AR as therapeutic target for the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate/toxicity
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/blood
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Bile Acids and Salts/urine
- Blotting, Western
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/chemically induced
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/complications
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/physiology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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11
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Butler M, Sanmugalingam D, Burton VJ, Wilson T, Pearson R, Watson RP, Smith P, Parkinson SJ. Impairment of adenosine A3 receptor activity disrupts neutrophil migratory capacity and impacts innate immune function in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3358-68. [PMID: 23027555 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties which are partly mediated by G(i) -coupled adenosine A3 receptors (A3Rs). A3R agonists have shown clinical benefit in a number of inflammatory conditions although some studies in A3R-deficient mice suggest a pro-inflammatory role. We hypothesised that, in addition to cell signalling effects, A3R compounds might inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis by disrupting the purinergic feedback loop controlling leukocyte migration. Human neutrophil activation triggered rapid upregulation of surface A3R expression which was disrupted by pre-treatment with either agonist (Cl-IB-MECA) or antagonist (MRS1220). Both compounds reduced migration velocity and neutrophil transmigration capacity without impacting the response to chemokines per se. Similar effects were observed in murine neutrophils, while cells from A3R-deficient mice displayed a constitutively impaired migratory phenotype indicating compound-induced desensitisation and genetic ablation had the same functional outcome. In a dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis model, A3R-deficient mice exhibited reduced colon pathology and decreased tissue myeloperoxidase levels at day 8 - consistent with reduced neutrophil recruitment. However, A3R-deficient mice were unable to resolve the dextran sodium sulphate-induced inflammation and had elevated numbers of tissue-associated bacteria by day 21. Our data indicate that A3Rs play a role in neutrophil migration and disrupting this function has the potential to adversely affect innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Butler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Guo Y, Flaherty MP, Wu WJ, Tan W, Zhu X, Li Q, Bolli R. Genetic background, gender, age, body temperature, and arterial blood pH have a major impact on myocardial infarct size in the mouse and need to be carefully measured and/or taken into account: results of a comprehensive analysis of determinants of infarct size in 1,074 mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:288. [PMID: 22864681 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether the myocardial response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury varies depending on genetic background, gender, age, body temperature, and arterial blood pH, we studied 1,074 mice from 19 strains (including 129S6/SvEvTac (129S6), B6/129P2-Ptgs2(tm1Unc), B6/129SvF(2)/J, B6/129/D2, B6/CBAF1, B6/DBA/1JNcr, BALB/c, BPH2/J, C57BL/6/J (B6/J), C3H/DBA, C3H/FB/FF, C3H/HeJ-Pde6b(rd1), FVB/N/J [FVB/N], FVB/B6, FVB/ICR and Crl:ICR/H [ICR]) and distributed them into 69 groups depending on strain and: (1) two phases of ischemic preconditioning (PC); (2) coronary artery occlusion (O) time; (3) gender; (4) age; (5) blood transfusion; (6) core body temperature; and (7) arterial blood pH. Mice underwent O either without (non-preconditioned [naive]) or with prior cyclic O/reperfusion (R) (PC stimulus) consisting of six 4-min O/4-min R cycles 10 min (early PC, EPC) or 24 h (late PC, LPC) prior to 30 or 45-min O and 24 h R. In B6/J and B6/129/D2 mice, almost the entire risk region was infarcted after a 60-min O. Of the naive mouse hearts, B6/ecSOD(WT) and FVB/N mice had infarct sizes significantly smaller than those of the other mice. All strains except FVB/N benefited from the cardioprotection afforded by the early phase of PC; in contrast, development of LPC was inconsistent amongst groups and was strain-dependent. Female gender (1) was associated with reduced infarct size in ICR mice, (2) determined whether LPC developed in ICR mice, and (3) limited the protection afforded by EPC in 129S6 mice. Importantly, mild hypothermia (1 °C decrease in core temperature) and mild acidosis (0.18 decrease in blood pH) resulted in a striking cardioprotective effect in ICR mice: 67.5 and 43.0 % decrease in infarct size, respectively. Replacing blood losses with crystalloid fluids (instead of blood) during surgery also reduced infarct size. To our knowledge, this is the largest analysis of the determinants of infarct size in mice ever published. The results demonstrate that genetic background, gender, age (but not in ICR), body temperature and arterial blood pH have a major impact on infarct size, and thus need to be carefully measured and/or taken into account when designing a study of myocardial infarction in mice; failure to do so makes results uninterpretable. For example, core temperature and blood pH need to be measured, respiratory acidosis (or alkalosis) and hypothermia (or hyperthermia) must be avoided, and comparisons cannot be made between mouse strains or genders that exhibit different susceptibility to I/R injury (e.g., FVB/N male mice and ICR female mice are inherently protected against I/R injury).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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13
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Guo Y, Tukaye DN, Wu WJ, Zhu X, Book M, Tan W, Jones SP, Rokosh G, Narumiya S, Li Q, Bolli R. The COX-2/PGI2 receptor axis plays an obligatory role in mediating the cardioprotection conferred by the late phase of ischemic preconditioning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41178. [PMID: 22844439 PMCID: PMC3402528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacologic studies with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors suggest that the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) is mediated by COX-2. However, nonspecific effects of COX-2 inhibitors cannot be ruled out, and the selectivity of these inhibitors for COX-2 vs. COX-1 is only relative. Furthermore, the specific prostaglandin (PG) receptors responsible for the salubrious actions of COX-2-derived prostanoids remain unclear. Objective To determine the role of COX-2 and prostacyclin receptor (IP) in late PC by gene deletion. Methods COX-2 knockout (KO) mice (COX-2−/−), prostacyclin receptor KO (IP−/−) mice, and respective wildtype (WT, COX-2+/+ and IP+/+) mice underwent sham surgery or PC with six 4-min coronary occlusion (O)/4-min R cycles 24 h before a 30-min O/24 h R. Results There were no significant differences in infarct size (IS) between non-preconditioned (non-PC) COX-2+/+, COX-2−/−, IP+/+, and IP−/− mice, indicating that neither COX-2 nor IP modulates IS in the absence of PC. When COX-2−/− or IP−/− mice were preconditioned, IS was not reduced, indicating that the protection of late PC was completely abrogated by deletion of either the COX-2 or the IP gene. Administration of the IP selective antagonist, RO3244794 to C57BL6/J (B6) mice 30 min prior to the 30-min O had no effect on IS. When B6 mice were preconditioned 24 h prior to the 30-min O, IS was markedly reduced; however, the protection of late PC was completely abrogated by pretreatment of RO3244794. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that targeted disruption of the COX-2 gene completely abrogates the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, and that the IP, downstream of the COX-2/prostanoid pathway, is a key mediator of the late PC. These results provide unequivocal molecular genetic evidence for an essential role of the COX-2/PGI2 receptor axis in the cardioprotection afforded by the late PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deepali Nivas Tukaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wen-Jian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael Book
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wei Tan
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Jones
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Qianhong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ren T, Grants I, Alhaj M, McKiernan M, Jacobson M, Hassanain HH, Frankel W, Wunderlich J, Christofi FL. Impact of disrupting adenosine A₃ receptors (A₃⁻/⁻ AR) on colonic motility or progression of colitis in the mouse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1698-713. [PMID: 21744424 PMCID: PMC3116114 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological studies suggest that adenosine A₃AR influences motility and colitis. Functional A₃⁻/⁻AR knockout mice were used to prove whether A₃AR activation is involved in modulating either motility or colitis. METHODS A₃AR was probed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping, Western blot, and immunochemistry. Motility was assessed in vivo by artificial bead-expulsion, stool-frequency, and FITC-dextran transit. Colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in A₃⁻/⁻AR or wildtype (WT) age- and sex-matched controls. Progression of colitis was evaluated by histopathology, changes in myeloperoxidase (MPO), colon length, CD4(+) -cells, weight-loss, diarrhea, and the guaiac test. RESULTS Goat anti-hu-A₃ antiserum identified a 66 kDa immunogenic band in colon. A₃AR-immunoreactivity is expressed in SYN(+) -nerve varicosities, s-100(+) -glia, and crypt cells, but not 5-HT(+) (EC), CD4(+) (T), tryptase(+) (MC), or muscle cells. A₃AR immunoreactivity in myenteric ganglia of distal colon >> proximal colon by a ratio of 2:1. Intestinal transit and bead expulsion were accelerated in A₃⁻/⁻AR mice compared to WT; stool retention was lower by 40%-60% and stool frequency by 67%. DSS downregulated A₃AR in epithelia. DSS histopathology scores indicated less mucosal damage in AA₃⁻/⁻AR mice than WT. A₃⁻/⁻AR phenotype protected against DSS-induced weight loss, neutrophil (MPO), or CD4(+) -T cell infiltration, colon shortening, change in splenic weight, diarrhea, or occult-fecal blood. CONCLUSIONS Functional disruption of A₃AR in A₃⁻/⁻AR mice alters intestinal motility. We postulate that ongoing release of adenosine and activation of presynaptic-inhibitory A₃AR can slow down transit and inhibit the defecation reflex. A₃AR may be involved in gliotransmission. In separate studies, A₃⁻/⁻AR protects against DSS colitis, consistent with a novel hypothesis that A₃AR activation contributes to development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Ren
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Iveta Grants
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Mazin Alhaj
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Matt McKiernan
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Hamdy H. Hassanain
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Wendy Frankel
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Pathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Fievos L. Christofi
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210,Correspondence to: Fievos L. Christofi, Ph.D., Professor and Vice Chair of Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Professor of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 226 Tzagournis Medical Research Facility, 420 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH, U.S.A. 43210, Phone: 614-688-3802, Fax: 614-688-4894,
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15
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Long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling: purinoceptors control cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e9. [PMID: 21364628 PMCID: PMC3032501 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signalling system, which uses purines and pyrimidines as chemical transmitters, and purinoceptors as effectors, is deeply rooted in evolution and development and is a pivotal factor in cell communication. The ATP and its derivatives function as a 'danger signal' in the most primitive forms of life. Purinoceptors are extraordinarily widely distributed in all cell types and tissues and they are involved in the regulation of an even more extraordinary number of biological processes. In addition to fast purinergic signalling in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion, there is long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling involving cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death in the development and regeneration of most systems of the body. In this article, we focus on the latter in the immune/defence system, in stratified epithelia in visceral organs and skin, embryological development, bone formation and resorption, as well as in cancer.
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16
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Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Linden J, Müller CE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors--an update. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1-34. [PMID: 21303899 PMCID: PMC3061413 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments have led to major changes in the recommendations. However, there have been so many other developments that an update is needed. The fact that the structure of one of the adenosine receptors has recently been solved has already led to new ways of in silico screening of ligands. The evidence that adenosine receptors can form homo- and heteromultimers has accumulated, but the functional significance of such complexes remains unclear. The availability of mice with genetic modification of all the adenosine receptors has led to a clarification of the functional roles of adenosine, and to excellent means to study the specificity of drugs. There are also interesting associations between disease and structural variants in one or more of the adenosine receptors. Several new selective agonists and antagonists have become available. They provide improved possibilities for receptor classification. There are also developments hinting at the usefulness of allosteric modulators. Many drugs targeting adenosine receptors are in clinical trials, but the established therapeutic use is still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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McIntosh VJ, Lasley RD. Adenosine receptor-mediated cardioprotection: are all 4 subtypes required or redundant? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:21-33. [PMID: 21335481 DOI: 10.1177/1074248410396877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced primarily through the metabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), therefore its levels increase during stressful situations when ATP utilization increases. Adenosine exerts potent cardioprotective effects on the ischemic/reperfused heart, reducing reversible and irreversible myocardial injury. Adenosine receptors (ARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors, and 4 subtypes exist--A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3), all of which have been shown to be cardioprotective. Adenosine receptors are expressed on multiple cardiac cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and myocytes. Activation of both A(1) and A(3) receptors prior to ischemia has been shown in multiple experimental models to reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. Additionally, activation of the A(2A) receptor at the onset of reperfusion has been shown to reduce injury. Most recently, there is evidence that the A(2B) receptor has cardioprotective effects upon its activation. However, controversy remains regarding the precise timing of activation of these receptors required to induce cardioprotection, as well as their involvement in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Adenosine receptors have been suggested to reduce cell death through actions at the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channel, as well as protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Additionally, the ability of ARs to interact has been documented, and several recent reports suggest that these interactions play a role in AR-mediated cardioprotection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cardioprotective effects of each AR subtype, as well as the proposed mechanisms of AR cardioprotection. Additionally, the role of AR interactions in cardioprotection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Cardioprotective Effects of 2-octynyladenosine (YT-146) in Ischemic/Reperfused Rat Hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:166-73. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318201c264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Feldman AM, Cheksis-Feiner E, Hamad E, Chan T. Adenosine receptor subtypes and the heart failure phenotype: translating lessons from mice to man. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2011; 122:198-214. [PMID: 21686225 PMCID: PMC3116336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and in myocardial protection during ischemia and reperfusion. The action of adenosine in the heart is mediated by four G-protein-coupled receptors: A(1)-AR and A(3)-AR, which act via Gα(1), and A(2A)-AR and A(2B)-AR, which act via Gα(s). Understanding of cellular signaling pathways triggered by adenosine has been complicated by the availability of only partially specific adenosine agonists/antagonists. Adenosine signaling appears to be at times redundant in receptor function, and cellular signaling pathways for adenosine are multiple, parallel, and interrelated. Data obtained about the specific role of individual adenosine receptors, through the genetic modulation of receptors in murine hearts have provided important information about the role of adenosine receptors in the heart. Here we review existing data and present new results that clarify the function of individual adenosine receptors in the heart and their role in the development of left ventricular dysfunction, and about the downstream signaling systems that are modified by adenosine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Feldman
- Jefferson Medical College, Department of Medicine, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 822, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wagner
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, CRP-Santé, Luxembourg
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21
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Yang JN, Wang Y, Garcia-Roves PM, Björnholm M, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A(3) receptors regulate heart rate, motor activity and body temperature. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:221-30. [PMID: 20121716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the phenotype of mice that lack the adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)R). METHODS We examined the heart rate, body temperature and locomotion continuously by telemetry over several days. In addition, the effect of the adenosine analogue R-N(6)-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA) was examined. We also examined heat production and food intake. RESULTS We found that the marked diurnal variation in activity, heart rate and body temperature, with markedly higher values at night than during day time, was reduced in the A(3)R knock-out mice. Surprisingly, the reduction in heart rate, activity and body temperature seen after injection of R-PIA in wild type mice was virtually eliminated in the A(3)R knock-out mice. The marked reduction in activity was associated with a decreased heat production, as expected. However, the A(3)R knock-out mice, surprisingly, had a higher food intake but no difference in body weight compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS The mice lacking adenosine A(3) receptors exhibit a surprisingly clear phenotype with changes in diurnal rhythm and temperature regulation. Whether these effects are due to a physiological role of A(3) receptors in these processes or whether they represent a role in development remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Yang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Yang P, Han Z, Chen P, Zhu L, Wang S, Hua Z, Zhang J. A contradictory role of A1 adenosine receptor in carbon tetrachloride- and bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:747-54. [PMID: 20007753 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.162727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking A(1) adenosine receptors (A(1)AR) were thought to be protected from developing fatty liver; however, the contribution of A(1)AR to hepatic fibrosis has not been explored. Here we found that the expression of A(1)AR was decreased in fibrotic liver induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) but increased in that induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Therefore, we examined whether A(1)AR contributes to hepatic fibrosis in CCl(4) and BDL animal models using A(1)AR knockout mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, hepatic fibrosis resulting from chronic CCl(4) exposure was attenuated in A(1)AR(-/-) mice with markedly decreased collagen deposition and reduced hepatic stellate cell activation, whereas bile duct-ligated A(1)AR(-/-) mice displayed a significant increase in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatocyte damage was reduced in A(1)AR(-/-) mice after a single injection of CCl(4), with down-regulation of CYP2E1 and UCP2 gene expression in livers, which resulted in impaired liver sensitivity to CCl(4). However, BDL caused severe bile infarcts in livers of A(1)AR(-/-) mice, with significantly elevated levels of bile acid compared with those in WT mice. CCl(4) and BDL resulted in different expression patterns of genes involved in fibrogenesis in A(1)AR(-/-) mice. These results indicate that A(1)AR participates in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis with a complex mechanism, and the effect of targeting adenosine and its receptors in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis should be cautiously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei St., Nanjing 210094, China
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Abstract
The study of the A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) represents a rapidly growing and intense area of research in the adenosine field. The present chapter will provide an overview of the expression patterns, molecular pharmacology and functional role of this A(3)AR subtype under pathophysiological conditions. Through studies utilizing selective A(3)AR agonists and antagonists, or A(3)AR knockout mice, it is now clear that this receptor plays a critical role in the modulation of ischemic diseases as well as in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. Therefore, the potential therapeutic use of agonists and antagonists will also be described. The discussion will principally address the use of such compounds in the treatment of brain and heart ischemia, asthma, sepsis and glaucoma. The final part concentrates on the molecular basis of A(3)ARs in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and includes a description of clinical trials with the selective agonist CF101. Based on this chapter, it is evident that continued research to discover agonists and antagonists for the A(3)AR subtype is warranted.
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Abstract
Adenosine, a catabolite of ATP, exerts numerous effects in the heart, including modulation of the cardiac response to stress, such as that which occurs during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Over the past 20 years, substantial evidence has accumulated that adenosine, administered either prior to ischemia or during reperfusion, reduces both reversible and irreversible myocardial injury. The latter effect results in a reduction of both necrosis or myocardial infarction (MI) and apoptosis. These effects appear to be mediated via the activation of one or more G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), referred to as A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. Experimental studies in different species and models suggest that activation of the A(1) or A(3)ARs prior to ischemia is cardioprotective. Further experimental studies reveal that the administration of A(2A)AR agonists during reperfusion can also reduce MI, and recent reports suggest that A(2B)ARs may also play an important role in modulating myocardial reperfusion injury. Despite convincing experimental evidence for AR-mediated cardioprotection, there have been only a limited number of clinical trials examining the beneficial effects of adenosine or adenosine-based therapeutics in humans, and the results of these studies have been equivocal. This review summarizes our current knowledge of AR-mediated cardioprotection, and the roles of the four known ARs in experimental models of ischemia-reperfusion. The chapter concludes with an examination of the clinical trials to date assessing the safety and efficacy of adenosine as a cardioprotective agent during coronary thrombolysis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4217, Australia.
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Lu Z, Fassett J, Xu X, Hu X, Zhu G, French J, Zhang P, Schnermann J, Bache RJ, Chen Y. Adenosine A3 receptor deficiency exerts unanticipated protective effects on the pressure-overloaded left ventricle. Circulation 2008; 118:1713-21. [PMID: 18838560 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.788307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous adenosine can protect the overloaded heart against the development of hypertrophy and heart failure, but the contribution of A(1) receptors (A(1)R) and A(3) receptors (A(3)R) is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that A(1)R and A(3)R can protect the heart against systolic overload, we exposed A(3)R gene-deficient (A(3)R knockout [KO]) mice and A(1)R KO mice to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Contrary to our hypothesis, A(3)R KO attenuated 5-week TAC-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (ratio of ventricular mass/body weight increased to 7.6+/-0.3 mg/g in wild-type mice compared with 6.3+/-0.4 mg/g in KO mice), fibrosis, and dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction decreased to 43+/-2.5% and 55+/-4.2% in wild-type and KO mice, respectively). A(3)R KO also attenuated the TAC-induced increases of myocardial atrial natriuretic peptide and the oxidative stress markers 3'-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal. In contrast, A(1)R KO increased TAC-induced mortality but did not alter ventricular hypertrophy or dysfunction compared with wild-type mice. In mice in which extracellular adenosine production was impaired by CD73 KO, TAC caused greater hypertrophy and dysfunction and increased myocardial 3'-nitrotyrosine. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induced to hypertrophy with phenylephrine, the adenosine analogue 2-chloroadenosine reduced cell area, protein synthesis, atrial natriuretic peptide, and 3'-nitrotyrosine. Antagonism of A(3)R significantly potentiated the antihypertrophic effects of 2-chloroadenosine. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine exerts protective effects on the overloaded heart, but the A(3)R acts counter to the protective effect of adenosine. The data suggest that selective attenuation of A(3)R activity might be a novel approach to treat pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Lu
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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A3 and P2Y2 receptors control the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs in a mouse model of sepsis. Shock 2008; 30:173-7. [PMID: 18091570 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318160dad4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that A3 adenosine receptors and P2Y2 purinergic receptors play an important role in neutrophil chemotaxis. Chemotaxis of neutrophils to sites of infections is critical for immune defense. However, excessive accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs can cause acute lung tissue damage. Here we assessed the role of A3 and P2Y2 receptors in neutrophil sequestration to the lungs in a mouse model of sepsis. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) using adult male C57BL/6J mice (wild type [WT]), homozygous A3 receptor knockout (A3KO) mice, and P2Y2 receptor knockout (P2Y2KO) mice. Animals were killed 2, 4, 6, or 8 h after CLP, and peritoneal lavage fluid and blood were collected. Lungs were removed, and neutrophil infiltration was evaluated using elastase as a marker. Leukocyte and bacterial counts in peritoneal lavage fluid and blood samples were determined. Survival after sepsis was determined in a separate group. Leukocyte counts in the peritoneum were lower in A3KO and P2Y2KO mice than in WT mice. Conversely, initial leukocyte counts in the peripheral blood were higher in KO mice than in WT mice. Neutrophil sequestration to the lungs reached a maximum 2 h after CLP and remained significantly higher in WT mice compared with A3KO and P2Y2KO mice (P < 0.001). Survival after 24 h was significantly lower in WT mice (37.5%) than in A3KO or P2Y2KO mice (82.5%; P < 0.05). These data suggest that A3 and P2Y2 receptors are involved in the influx of neutrophils into the lungs after sepsis. Thus, pharmaceutical approaches that target these receptors might be useful to control acute lung tissue injury in sepsis.
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Schepp CP, Reutershan J. Bench-to-bedside review: adenosine receptors--promising targets in acute lung injury? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:226. [PMID: 18828873 PMCID: PMC2592730 DOI: 10.1186/cc6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening disorders that have substantial adverse effects on outcomes in critically ill patients. ALI/ARDS develops in response to pulmonary or extrapulmonary injury and is characterized by increased leakage from the pulmonary microvasculature and excessive infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells into the lung. Currently, no therapeutic strategies are available to control these fundamental pathophysiological processes in human ALI/ARDS. In a variety of animal models and experimental settings, the purine nucleoside adenosine has been demonstrated to regulate both endothelial barrier integrity and polymorphonuclear cell trafficking in the lung. Adenosine exerts its effects through four G-protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) that are expressed on leukocytes and nonhematopoietic cells, including endothelial and epithelial cells. Each type of adenosine receptor (AR) is characterized by a unique pharmacological and physiological profile. The development of selective AR agonists and antagonists, as well as the generation of gene-deficient mice, has contributed to a growing understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that are critically involved in the development of ALI/ARDS. Adenosine-dependent pathways are involved in both protective and proinflammatory effects, highlighting the need for a detailed characterization of the distinct pathways. This review summarizes current experimental observations on the role of adenosine signaling in the development of acute lung injury and illustrates that adenosine and ARs are promising targets that may be exploited in the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten P Schepp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is ubiquitous in the body, and is a critical component of ATP. Its concentration jumps 100-fold during periods of oxygen depletion and ischemia. There are four adenosine receptors: A(1) and A(3) coupled to G(i/o) and the high-affinity A(2A) and low-affinity A(2B) coupled to G(s). Adenosine is one of three autacoids released by ischemic tissue which are important triggers of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). It is the A(1) and to some extent A(3) receptors which participate in the intracellular signaling that triggers cardioprotection. Unlike bradykinin and opioids, the other two autacoids, adenosine is not dependent on opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels or release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but rather activates phospholipase C and/or protein kinase C (PKC) directly. Another signaling cascade at reperfusion involves activated PKC which initiates binding to and activation of an A(2) adenosine receptor that we believe is the A(2B). Although the latter is the low-affinity receptor, its interaction with PKC increases its affinity and makes it responsive to the accumulated tissue adenosine. A(2B) agonists, but not adenosine or A(1) agonists, infused at reperfusion can initiate this second signaling cascade and mimic preconditioning's protection. The same A(2B) receptors are critical for postconditioning's protection. Thus adenosine is both an important trigger and a mediator of cardioprotection.
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA. The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:123-40. [PMID: 18029023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a primordial signaling molecule present in every cell of the human body that mediates its physiological functions by interacting with 4 subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors, termed A1, A2A, A2B and A3. The A3 subtype is perhaps the most enigmatic among adenosine receptors since, although several studies have been performed in the years to elucidate its physiological function, it still presents in several cases a double nature in different pathophysiological conditions. The 2 personalities of A3 often come into direct conflict, e.g., in ischemia, inflammation and cancer, rendering this receptor as a single entity behaving in 2 different ways. This review focuses on the most relevant aspects of A3 adenosine subtype activation and summarizes the pharmacological evidence as the basis of the dichotomy of this receptor in different therapeutic fields. Although much is still to be learned about the function of the A3 receptor and in spite of its duality, at the present time it can be speculated that A3 receptor selective ligands might show utility in the treatment of ischemic conditions, glaucoma, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other disorders in which inflammation is a feature. The biggest and most intriguing challenge for the future is therefore to understand whether and where selective A3 agonists or antagonists are the best choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Peart JN, Headrick JP. Adenosinergic cardioprotection: Multiple receptors, multiple pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:208-21. [PMID: 17408751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, formed primarily via hydrolysis of 5'-AMP, has been historically dubbed a "retaliatory" metabolite due to enhanced local release and beneficial actions during cellular/metabolic stress. From a cardiovascular perspective, evidence indicates the adenosinergic system is essential in mediation of intrinsic protection (e.g., pre- and postconditioning) and determining myocardial resistance to insult. Modulation of adenosine and its receptors thus remains a promising, though as yet not well-realized, approach to amelioration of injury in ischemic-reperfused myocardium. Adenosine exerts effects through A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptor subtypes (A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, and A(3)AR), which are all expressed in myocardial and vascular cells, and couple to G proteins to trigger a range of responses (generally, but not always, beneficial). Adenosine can also enhance tolerance to injurious stimuli via receptor-independent metabolic effects. Given adenosines contribution to preconditioning, it is no surprise that postreceptor signaling typically mimics that associated with preconditioning. This involves activation/translocation of PKC, PI3 kinase, and MAPKs, with ultimate effects at the level of mitochondrial targets-the mitochondrial K(ATP) channel and/or the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Nonetheless, differences in cytoprotective signaling and actions of the different adenosine receptor subtypes have been recently revealed. Our understanding of adenosinergic cytoprotection continues to evolve, with roles for the A(2) subtypes emerging, together with evidence of essential receptor "cross-talk" in mediation of protection. This review focuses on current research into adenosine-mediated cardioprotection, highlighting recent findings which, together with a wealth of prior knowledge, may ultimately facilitate adenosinergic approaches to clinical cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Center, QLD, 4217, Australia.
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Ashton KJ, Peart JN, Morrison RR, Matherne GP, Blackburn MR, Headrick JP. Genetic modulation of adenosine receptor function and adenosine handling in murine hearts: insights and issues. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:693-705. [PMID: 17258765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine receptor system has been attributed with a broad range of both physiological and so-called 'retaliatory' functions in the heart and vessels. Despite many years of research, the precise roles of adenosine within the cardiovascular system continue to be debated, and new functions are continually emerging. Adenosine acts via 4 known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sub-types: A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs). In addition to roles in cardiovascular control, these receptors may represent therapeutic targets, having been attributed with roles in modifying cell death and injury, inflammatory processes, and cardiac and vascular remodeling during/after ischemic or hypoxic insult. A number of models have been developed in which AR sub-types and adenosine handling enzymes have been genetically deleted or transgenically overexpressed in an attempt to more equivocally identify the regulatory functions of these proteins, to identify their potential value as therapeutic targets, and to uncover new regulatory functions of this receptor family. Findings generally support current dogma regarding cardioprotection via A(1) and A(3)ARs, and coronary vasoregulation via A(2)AR sub-types. However, some outcomes are both novel and controversial. This review outlines AR-modified murine models currently under study from the perspective of cardiovascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University Southport, QLD 4217, Australia
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Funakoshi H, Chan TO, Good JC, Libonati JR, Piuhola J, Chen X, MacDonnell SM, Lee LL, Herrmann DE, Zhang J, Martini J, Palmer TM, Sanbe A, Robbins J, Houser SR, Koch WJ, Feldman AM. Regulated Overexpression of the A
1
-Adenosine Receptor in Mice Results in Adverse but Reversible Changes in Cardiac Morphology and Function. Circulation 2006; 114:2240-50. [PMID: 17088462 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.620211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Both the A
1
- and A
3
-adenosine receptors (ARs) have been implicated in mediating the cardioprotective effects of adenosine. Paradoxically, overexpression of both A
1
-AR and A
3
-AR is associated with changes in the cardiac phenotype. To evaluate the temporal relationship between AR signaling and cardiac remodeling, we studied the effects of controlled overexpression of the A
1
-AR using a cardiac-specific and tetracycline-transactivating factor–regulated promoter.
Methods and Results—
Constitutive A
1
-AR overexpression caused the development of cardiac dilatation and death within 6 to 12 weeks. These mice developed diminished ventricular function and decreased heart rate. In contrast, when A
1
-AR expression was delayed until 3 weeks of age, mice remained phenotypically normal at 6 weeks, and >90% of the mice survived at 30 weeks. However, late induction of A
1
-AR still caused mild cardiomyopathy at older ages (20 weeks) and accelerated cardiac hypertrophy and the development of dilatation after pressure overload. These changes were accompanied by gene expression changes associated with cardiomyopathy and fibrosis and by decreased Akt phosphorylation. Discontinuation of A
1
-AR induction mitigated cardiac dysfunction and significantly improved survival rate.
Conclusions—
These data suggest that robust constitutive myocardial A
1
-AR overexpression induces a dilated cardiomyopathy, whereas delaying A
1
-AR expression until adulthood ameliorated but did not eliminate the development of cardiac pathology. Thus, the inducible A
1
-AR transgenic mouse model provides novel insights into the role of adenosine signaling in heart failure and illustrates the potentially deleterious consequences of selective versus nonselective activation of adenosine-signaling pathways in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Funakoshi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Yang D, Zhang Y, Nguyen HG, Koupenova M, Chauhan AK, Makitalo M, Jones MR, Hilaire CS, Seldin DC, Toselli P, Lamperti E, Schreiber BM, Gavras H, Wagner DD, Ravid K. The A2B adenosine receptor protects against inflammation and excessive vascular adhesion. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1913-23. [PMID: 16823489 PMCID: PMC1483170 DOI: 10.1172/jci27933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine has been described as playing a role in the control of inflammation, but it has not been certain which of its receptors mediate this effect. Here, we generated an A2B adenosine receptor-knockout/reporter gene-knock-in (A2BAR-knockout/reporter gene-knock-in) mouse model and showed receptor gene expression in the vasculature and macrophages, the ablation of which causes low-grade inflammation compared with age-, sex-, and strain-matched control mice. Augmentation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, and a consequent downregulation of IkappaB-alpha are the underlying mechanisms for an observed upregulation of adhesion molecules in the vasculature of these A2BAR-null mice. Intriguingly, leukocyte adhesion to the vasculature is significantly increased in the A2BAR-knockout mice. Exposure to an endotoxin results in augmented proinflammatory cytokine levels in A2BAR-null mice compared with control mice. Bone marrow transplantations indicated that bone marrow (and to a lesser extent vascular) A2BARs regulate these processes. Hence, we identify the A2BAR as a new critical regulator of inflammation and vascular adhesion primarily via signals from hematopoietic cells to the vasculature, focusing attention on the receptor as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hao G. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anil K. Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Makitalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew R. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cynthia St. Hilaire
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C. Seldin
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Toselli
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Lamperti
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara M. Schreiber
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haralambos Gavras
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ge ZD, Peart JN, Kreckler LM, Wan TC, Jacobson MA, Gross GJ, Auchampach JA. Cl-IB-MECA [2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide] reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by activating the A3 adenosine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1200-10. [PMID: 16985166 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used pharmacological agents and genetic methods to determine whether the potent A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide (Cl-IB-MECA) protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via the A(3)AR or via interactions with other AR subtypes. Pretreating wild-type (WT) mice with Cl-IB-MECA reduced myocardial infarct size induced by 30 min of coronary occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion at doses (30 and 100 mug/kg) that concomitantly reduced blood pressure and stimulated systemic histamine release. The A(3)AR-selective antagonist MRS 1523 [3-propyl-6-ethyl-5[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2-phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridine-carboxylate], but not the A(2A)AR antagonist ZM 241385 [4-{2-7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo-[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl}phenol], blocked the reduction in infarct size provided by Cl-IB-MECA, suggesting a mechanism involving the A(3)AR. To further examine the selectivity of Cl-IB-MECA, we assessed its cardioprotective effectiveness in A(3)AR gene "knock-out" (A(3)KO) mice. Cl-IB-MECA did not reduce myocardial infarct size in A(3)KO mice in vivo and did not protect isolated perfused hearts obtained from A(3)KO mice from injury induced by global ischemia and reperfusion. Additional studies using WT mice treated with compound 48/80 [condensation product of p-methoxyphenethyl methylamine with formaldehyde] to deplete mast cell contents excluded the possibility that Cl-IB-MECA was cardioprotective by releasing mediators from mast cells. These data demonstrate that Cl-IB-MECA protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice principally by activating the A(3)AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Ge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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35
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Forman MB, Stone GW, Jackson EK. Role of Adenosine as Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 24:116-47. [PMID: 16961725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although early reperfusion and maintained patency is the mainstay therapy for ST elevation myocardial infarction, experimental studies demonstrate that reperfusion per se induces deleterious effects on viable ischemic cells. Thus "myocardial reperfusion injury" may compromise the full potential of reperfusion therapy and may account for unfavorable outcomes in high-risk patients. Although the mechanisms of reperfusion injury are complex and multifactorial, neutrophil-mediated microvascular injury resulting in a progressive decrease in blood flow ("no-reflow" phenomenon) likely plays an important role. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside found in large quantities in myocardial and endothelial cells. It activates four well-characterized receptors producing various physiological effects that attenuate many of the proposed mechanisms of reperfusion injury. The cardio-protective effects of adenosine are supported by its role as a mediator of pre- and post-conditioning. In experimental models, administration of adenosine in the peri-reperfusion period results in a marked reduction in infarct size and improvement in ventricular function. The cardioprotective effects in the canine model have a narrow time window with the drug losing its effect following three hours of ischemia. Several small clinical studies have demonstrated that administration of adenosine with reperfusion therapy reduces infarct size and improves ventricular function. In the larger AMISTAD and AMISTAD II trials a 3-h infusion of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion resulted in a striking reduction in infarct size (55-65%). Post hoc analysis of AMISTAD II showed that this was associated with significantly improved early and late mortality in patients treated within 3.17 h of symptoms. An intravenous infusion of adenosine for 3 h should be considered as adjunctive therapy in high risk-patients undergoing reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn B Forman
- Emory University and North Atlanta Cardiovascular Associates, P.C., Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Abstract
Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a wide range of conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischaemic diseases, sleep disorders, immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. After more than three decades of medicinal chemistry research, a considerable number of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors have been discovered, and some have been clinically evaluated, although none has yet received regulatory approval. However, recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the various adenosine receptor subtypes, and in the development of selective and potent ligands, as discussed in this review, have brought the goal of therapeutic application of adenosine receptor modulators considerably closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA.
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Masino SA, Vaugeois JM. ACTIONS OF ADENOSINE AT ITS RECEPTORS IN THE CNS: Insights from Knockouts and Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:385-412. [PMID: 15822182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and its receptors have been the topic of many recent reviews ( 1 – 26 ). These reviews provide a good summary of much of the relevant literature—including the older literature. We have, therefore, chosen to focus the present review on the insights gained from recent studies on genetically modified mice, particularly with respect to the function of adenosine receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets. The information gained from studies of drug effects is discussed in this context, and discrepancies between genetic and pharmacological results are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is attributed with multiple beneficial actions in ischemic-reperfused myocardium, including modulation of oncotic and apoptotic cell death and enhancement of contractile function. Additionally, the A3AR may attenuate vascular dysfunction and improve long-term outcome from myocardial insult (modulating hypertrophy and angiogenesis). Available evidence indicates that this receptor sub-type is minimally activated by endogenous adenosine during ischemia (A3AR antagonists exerting no effects on ischemic outcome), and is thus amenable to activation with exogenous agonists. Protected phenotypes arise with both pre- and post-ischemic treatment with A3AR agonists, and transient A3AR agonism also triggers early and delayed preconditioned states. The molecular basis for the varied protective actions of the A3AR remains poorly defined, and may well vary between species (e.g. rodent vs. human) and protective responses (e.g. acute vs. delayed protection). Nonetheless, A3ARs may be more promising as therapeutic "anti-ischemic" targets compared with other adenosine receptor subtypes, since A3AR agonists elicit fewer and less significant side-effects. This review addresses current knowledge and controversy regarding the protective actions (and associated signaling) of A3ARs in ischemic-reperfused heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4217, Australia.
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39
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Schulte G, Sommerschild H, Yang J, Tokuno S, Goiny M, Lövdahl C, Johansson B, Fredholm BB, Valen G. Adenosine A1 receptors are necessary for protection of the murine heart by remote, delayed adaptation to ischaemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 182:133-43. [PMID: 15450109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adenosine is involved in classic pre-conditioning (PC) in most species, acting through especially adenosine A1 and A3 receptors. We studied whether the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) was important for remote, delayed adaptation to ischaemia using a mouse with targeted deletion of the A1R gene. METHODS Remote, delayed adaptation was evoked by brain ischaemia (BIPC) through bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries. Through microdialysis probes placed in the brain and the abdominal aorta, we found that plasma adenosine increased following carotid artery ligation. Twenty-four hours after ligation, hearts were isolated, Langendorff perfused and subjected to 40 min global ischaemia and 60 min reperfusion. Hearts from sham operated and BIPC animals either with (A1R+/+) or without (A1R-/-) the gene for the adenosine A(1)R were compared with each other. RESULTS In wild types, BIPC reduced infarct size and improved functional recovery during reperfusion, but BIPC did not protect hearts of A1R-/- mice. There were no significant differences between sham-operated A1R+/+ and A1R-/- in recovery of function or infarct size. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were phosphorylated during reperfusion of sham treated hearts. The increase in ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation detected was attenuated in hearts of BIPC or A1R-/- animals. CONCLUSION During BIPC adenosine acting on the A1R appears necessary for myocardial protection. MAPK signalling may possibly be involved in organ protection during the delayed phase of remote, delayed adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic extracellular matrix composed of cell surface proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and adsorbed serum proteins that has been implicated in the regulation and modulation of capillary tube hematocrit, permeability, and hemostasis. High tissue adenosine levels have been shown to adversely affect microvascular function and tissue survival after an ischemic episode, and previous work in this laboratory has shown that adenosine causes arteriolar constriction and degranulation of mast cells via the A3 receptor (A3AR). We hypothesized that adenosine exerts at least part of its effect through modification of the glycocalyx via the A3AR. We used an in vivo cremaster model (hamster and mouse) in which circulating plasma was labeled with a 70-kDa FITC-dextran, and the capillaries were examined before and after superfusion with varying concentrations of adenosine (or other vasoactive molecules). Measurements of the dextran exclusion from an endothelial cell surface layer and red cell separation from the endothelial cell surface were made for up to 30 minutes. Our data indicate that adenosine causes a rapid and profound decrease in the ability of the glycocalyx to exclude dextran but only affects red blood cell exclusion at pharmacological levels. Knockout mice deficient in the A3AR were completely protected from glycocalyx changes attributable to adenosine. These data show a potential link between a known vasoactive tissue metabolite, adenosine, and regulation of the glycocalyx, which may be important during (patho)physiological changes in microvascular function during inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Platts
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics and the Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va 22908-1394, USA
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41
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Yaar R, Jones MR, Chen JF, Ravid K. Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J Cell Physiol 2004; 202:9-20. [PMID: 15389588 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors represent a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in a wide variety of tissues. This family contains four receptor subtypes: A1 and A3, which mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase; and A2a and A2b, which mediate stimulation of this enzyme. Currently, all receptor subtypes have been genetically deleted in mouse models except for the A2b adenosine receptor, and some have been overexpressed in selective tissues of transgenic mice. Studies involving these transgenic mice indicated that receptor levels are rate limiting, as effects were amplified upon increases in receptor level. The knockout models pointed to clusters of activities related to the physiologies of the cardiovascular and the nervous systems, which are either reduced or enhanced upon specific receptor deletion. Interestingly, the trend of effects on these systems is similar in the A1 and A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice and opposite to the effects observed in the A2a adenosine receptor knockout model. This review summarizes in vitro studies on pathways affected by each adenosine receptor, and primarily focuses on the above in vivo models generated to investigate the physiologic role of adenosine receptors. Furthermore, it illustrates the need for multiple adenosine receptor subtype deficiency studies in mice and the deletion of the A2b subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Headrick JP, Hack B, Ashton KJ. Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H1797-818. [PMID: 14561676 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the cardiovascular system generate and release purine nucleoside adenosine in increasing quantities when constituent cells are "stressed" or subjected to injurious stimuli. This increased adenosine can interact with surface receptors in myocardial, vascular, fibroblast, and inflammatory cells to modulate cellular function and phenotype. Additionally, adenosine is rapidly reincorporated back into 5'-AMP to maintain the adenine nucleotide pool. Via these receptor-dependent and independent (metabolic) paths, adenosine can substantially modify the acute response to ischemic insult, in addition to generating a more sustained ischemia-tolerant phenotype (preconditioning). However, the molecular basis for acute adenosinergic cardioprotection remains incompletely understood and may well differ from more widely studied preconditioning. Here we review current knowledge and some controversies regarding acute cardioprotection via adenosine and adenosine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4217, Australia.
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44
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Maddock HL, Gardner NM, Khandoudi N, Bril A, Broadley KJ. Protection from myocardial stunning by ischaemia and hypoxia with the adenosine A3 receptor agonist, IB-MECA. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 477:235-45. [PMID: 14522362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pig isolated working hearts were exposed to 30-min ischaemia by reducing coronary flow to 10%, followed by reperfusion. Aortic output fell to 4.5+/-4.5% of the pre-ischaemic value at reperfusion, recovering to 48.2+/-14.6% at 20-min post-reperfusion; the index of myocardial stunning. IB-MECA (N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide, 3 x 10(-7) M), infused from 10 min into ischaemia, did not affect recovery of aortic output 20 min after reperfusion (41.9+/-1.9%). IB-MECA infused at reperfusion, however, significantly protected against stunning, aortic output recovering to 79.6+/-3.9% at 20-min post-reperfusion. Hypoxic gassing (5% CO(2) in nitrogen, 30 min) of guinea pig isolated paced left atria and papillary muscles reduced the developed tension, recovering to 75% 5 min after re-oxygenation. This myocardial stunning was unaffected by IB-MECA (3 x 10(-7) M) added 10 min into hypoxia. IB-MECA added at reoxygenation significantly improved recovery, which was prevented by the adenosine A(3) receptor antagonist, 1-propyl-3-(3-iodo-4-aminobenzyl)-8-(4-oxyacetate)phenylxanthine (I-ABOPX, 1 x 10(-5) M). Thus, stimulation of adenosine A(3) receptors at reperfusion/reoxygenation in guinea pig cardiac preparations protects against myocardial stunning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Maddock
- Department of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cathays Park, Wales CF10 3XF, Cardiff, UK
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45
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Fedorova IM, Jacobson MA, Basile A, Jacobson KA. Behavioral characterization of mice lacking the A3 adenosine receptor: sensitivity to hypoxic neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2003; 23:431-47. [PMID: 12825837 PMCID: PMC3145360 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023601007518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The potential neuroprotective actions of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) were investigated using mice with functional deletions of the A3AR (A3AR-/-) in behavioral assessments of analgesia, locomotion, tests predictive of depression and anxiety, and the effects of mild hypoxia on cognition and neuronal survival. 2. Untreated A3AR-/- mice were tested in standard behavioral paradigms, including activity in the open field, performance in the hot-plate, tail-flick, tail-suspension, and swim tests, and in the elevated plus maze. In addition, mice were exposed repeatedly to a hypoxic environment containing carbon monoxide (CO). The cognitive effects of this treatment were assessed using the contextual fear conditioning test. After testing, the density of pyramidal neurons in the CA1, 2, and 3 subfields of the hippocampus was determined using standard histological and morphometric techniques. 3. A3AR-/- mice showed increased locomotion in the open field test, elevated plus maze (number of arm entries) and light/dark box (number of transitions). However, they spent more time immobile in two different tests of antidepressant activity (Swim and tail suspension tests). A3AR-/- mice also showed evidence of decreased nociception in the hotplate, but not tail-flick tests. Further, A3AR-/- mice were more vulnerable to hippocampal pyramidal neuron damage following episodes of carbon monoxide (CO)-induced hypoxia. One week after exposure to CO a moderate loss of pyramidal neurons was observed in all hippocampal subfields of both wild-type (A3AR+/+) and A3AR-/- mice. However, the extent of neuronal death in the CA2-3 subfields was less pronounced in A3AR+/+ than A3AR-/- mice. This neuronal loss was accompanied by a decline in cognitive function as determined using contextual fear conditioning. These histological and cognitive changes were reproduced in wild-type mice by repeatedly administering the A3AR-selective antagonist MRS 1523 (5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpyridine-5-carboxylate 1 mg/kg i.p.). 4. These results indicate that pharmacologic or genetic suppression of A3AR function enhances some aspects of motor function and suppresses pain processing at supraspinal levels, while acting as a depressant in tests predictive of antidepressant action. Consistent with previous reports of the neuroprotective actions of A3AR agonists, A3AR-/- mice show an increase in neurodegeneration in response to repeated episodes of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Fedorova
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Anthony Basile
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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46
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Majumdar S, Aggarwal BB. Adenosine suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kappaB selectively induced by tumor necrosis factor in different cell types. Oncogene 2003; 22:1206-18. [PMID: 12606947 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2002] [Revised: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous immunomodulator that has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties through a mechanism that is not fully established. Owing to the pivotal role of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in these responses, we tested the hypothesis that adenosine mediates its effects through suppression of NF-kappaB activation. We investigated the effects of adenosine on NF-kappaB activation induced by various inflammatory agents in human myeloid KBM-5 cells. The treatment of these cells with adenosine suppressed TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation, but had no effect on activation of another redox-sensitive transcription factor, AP-1. These effects were not restricted to myeloid cells, as NF-kappaB activation in other lymphocytic and epithelial cell types was also inhibited. The effect on TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation was selective as adenosine had minimal effect on NF-kappaB activation induced by H(2)O(2), PMA, LPS, okadaic acid, or ceramide, suggesting differences in the pathway leading to NF-kappaB activation by different agents. Adenosine also suppressed NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by TNF or by overexpression of TNFR1, TRAF 2, NIK, and p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. The suppression of TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation by adenosine was found not to be because of inhibition of TNF-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation or IkappaBalpha kinase activation. The suppression of TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation was unique to adenosine, as neither its metabolites (inosine, AMP, and ATP) nor pyrimidines (thymidine and uridine) had any effect. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that adenosine selectively suppresses TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation, which may contribute to its role in suppression of inflammation and of the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Alkaline Phosphatase/biosynthesis
- Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Ceramides/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- HeLa Cells/drug effects
- HeLa Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- I-kappa B Kinase
- I-kappa B Proteins/physiology
- Jurkat Cells/drug effects
- Jurkat Cells/metabolism
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/embryology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Okadaic Acid/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proteins/physiology
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thymidine/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Uridine/pharmacology
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Majumdar
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas, TX 77030, USA
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47
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Lee HT, Ota-Setlik A, Xu H, D'Agati VD, Jacobson MA, Emala CW. A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against ischemia- and myoglobinuria-induced renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284:F267-73. [PMID: 12388399 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00271.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) activation and inhibition worsen and improve, respectively, renal function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. We sought to further characterize the role of A(3) ARs in modulating renal function after either I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. A(3) knockout mice had significantly lower plasma creatinines compared with C57 controls 24 h after I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. C57 control mice pretreated with the A(3) AR antagonist [3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(+/-)-dihydropyridine-3,5 dicarboxylate] or agonist [0.125 mg/kg N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-N-methyl-5'-carbamoyladenosine (IB-MECA)] demonstrated improved or worsened renal function, respectively, after I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. Higher doses of IB-MECA were lethal in C57 mice subjected to renal ischemia. H(1) but not H(2) histamine receptor antagonist prevented death in mice pretreated with IB-MECA before renal ischemia. Improvement in renal function was associated with significantly improved renal histology. In conclusion, preischemic A(3) AR activation (0.125 mg/kg IB-MECA) exacerbated renal I/R injury in mice. Mice lacking A(3) ARs or blocking A(3) ARs in wild-type mice resulted in significant renal protection from ischemic or myoglobinuric renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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48
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Yaar R, Lamperti ED, Toselli PA, Ravid K. Activity of the A3 adenosine receptor gene promoter in transgenic mice: characterization of previously unidentified sites of expression. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:267-72. [PMID: 12482577 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sites of A3 adenosine receptor gene expression have not been fully explored nor has this gene's promoter activity been confirmed in vivo. Transgenic mice were generated in which 2.3 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site of the mouse A3 adenosine receptor was coupled to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Selective transgene expression was detected in testis and brain as well as at other sites in which A3 adenosine receptor message has not been previously reported, including retinal ganglion cells and smooth muscle cells of the cerebrospinal vasculature. Our study suggests that this promoter may be useful in the selective targeting of gene expression to specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Yaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, K225, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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49
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Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM, de Mendonça A. Adenosine receptors in the nervous system: pathophysiological implications. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 68:377-92. [PMID: 12576292 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurones and glia. Once in the extracellular space, adenosine modifies cell functioning by operating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR; A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)) that can inhibit (A(1)) or enhance (A(2)) neuronal communication. Interactions between adenosine receptors and other G-protein-coupled receptors, ionotropic receptors and receptors for neurotrophins also occur, and this might contribute to a fine-tuning of neuronal function. Manipulations of adenosine receptors influence sleep and arousal, cognition and memory, neuronal damage and degeneration, as well as neuronal maturation. These actions might have therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, as well as for other neurological situations such as epilepsy, idiopathic pain or even drug addition. Peripheral side effects associated with adenosine receptor agonists limit their usefulness in therapeutics; in contrast, adenosine receptor antagonists appear to have less side effects as it is the case of the well-known non-selective antagonists theophylline (present in tea) or caffeine (abundant in coffee and tea), and their emerging beneficial actions in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are encouraging. A(1) receptor antagonism may also be useful to enhance cognition and facilitate arousal, as well as in the periphery when deficits of neurotransmitter release occur (e.g. myasthenic syndromes). Enhancement of extracellular adenosine levels through drugs that influence its metabolism might prove useful approaches in situations such as neuropathic pain, where enhanced activation of inhibitory adenosine A(1) receptors is beneficial. One might then consider adenosine as a fine-tuning modulator of neuronal activity, which via subtle effects causes harmonic actions on neuronal activity. Whenever this homeostasis is disrupted, pathology may be installed and selective receptor antagonism or agonism required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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50
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Cross HR, Murphy E, Black RG, Auchampach J, Steenbergen C. Overexpression of A(3) adenosine receptors decreases heart rate, preserves energetics, and protects ischemic hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1562-8. [PMID: 12234810 PMCID: PMC3934563 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) signaling modulates myocardial function, energetics, and cardioprotection, hearts from wild-type and A(3)AR-overexpressor mice were subjected to 20-min ischemia and 40-min reperfusion while (31)P NMR spectra were acquired. Basal heart rate and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were lower in A(3)AR-overexpressor hearts than wild-type hearts. Ischemic ATP depletion was delayed and postischemic recoveries of contractile function, ATP, and phosphocreatine were greater in A(3)AR-hearts. To determine the role of depressed heart rate and to confirm A(3)AR-specific signaling, hearts were paced at 480 beats/min with or without 60 nmol/l MRS-1220 (A(3)AR-specific inhibitor) and then subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. LVDP was similar in paced A(3)AR-overexpressor and paced wild-type hearts. Differences in ischemic ATP depletion and postischemic contractile and energetic dysfunction remained in paced A(3)AR-overexpressor hearts versus paced wild-type hearts but were abolished by MRS-1220. In summary, A(3)AR overexpression decreased basal heart rate and contractility, preserved ischemic ATP, and decreased postischemic dysfunction. Pacing abolished the decreased contractility but not the ATP preservation or cardioprotection. Therefore, A(3)AR overexpression results in cardioprotection via a specific A(3)AR effect, possibly involving preservation of ATP during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Cross
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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