1
|
Atsumi M, Pyykkö P. 10-Valence-Electron C≡O and the 14-VE C≡Pt: Two Triple-Bonded Isoelectronic Families Differing by a dδ 4 Ring. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21083-21090. [PMID: 38050990 PMCID: PMC10751794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
10-VE A≡A' Diatomics, such as N≡N, C≡O, etc., have a strong σ2π4 triple bond plus a lone pair at each end. In our studies on 14-VE A≡B systems, such as C≡Pt, we find a similar bonding system plus a (5dδ)4 ring. Here, the A atom belongs to groups 13-17 and the B atom to groups 7-11. Also the BB' combinations, triatomics, such as PtCO or DsCO or uranyl, and longer chains, such as AuCN and [NC-Au-CN]-, are discussed. The δ ring directly contributes to nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, and DFT calculations using the BH and H or mPW1K functionals reproduce the experimental trends of the NQCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Atsumi
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway. Postboks 1033, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Pekka Pyykkö
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O.Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Đorđević S, Radenković S, Shaik S, Braïda B. On the Nature of the Bonding in Coinage Metal Halides. Molecules 2022; 27:490. [PMID: 35056805 PMCID: PMC8780489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article analyzes the nature of the chemical bond in coinage metal halides using high-level ab initio Valence Bond (VB) theory. It is shown that these bonds display a large Charge-Shift Bonding character, which is traced back to the large Pauli pressure arising from the interaction between the bond pair with the filled semicore d shell of the metal. The gold-halide bonds turn out to be pure Charge-Shift Bonds (CSBs), while the copper halides are polar-covalent bonds and silver halides borderline cases. Among the different halogens, the largest CSB character is found for fluorine, which experiences the largest Pauli pressure from its σ lone pair. Additionally, all these bonds display a secondary but non-negligible π bonding character, which is also quantified in the VB calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; or
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trujillo C, Sánchez-Sanz G, Elguero J, Alkorta I. The Lewis acidities of gold(I) and gold(III) derivatives: a theoretical study of complexes of AuCl and AuCl3. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
4
|
Structural, bonding, and superhalogen properties of Au4X 4 −/0 (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Okabayashi T, Nakane A, Kubota H, Mitani Y, Yamamoto T, Matsumoto S, Tanimoto M. Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of AgCN and AuCN. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Aoto YA, de Lima Batista AP, Köhn A, de Oliveira-Filho AGS. How To Arrive at Accurate Benchmark Values for Transition Metal Compounds: Computation or Experiment? J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5291-5316. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Aoto
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ana Paula de Lima Batista
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institut
für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring
55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonio G. S. de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Obenchain DA, Frank DS, Grubbs GS, Pickett HM, Novick SE. The covalent interaction between dihydrogen and gold: A rotational spectroscopic study of H 2-AuCl. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:204302. [PMID: 28571327 PMCID: PMC5648549 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pure rotational transitions of H2-AuCl have been measured using a pulsed-jet cavity Fourier transform microwave spectrometer equipped with a laser ablation source. The structure was found to be T-shaped, with the H-H bond interacting with the gold atom. Both 35Cl and 37Cl isotopologues have been measured for both ortho and para states of H2. Rotational constants, quartic centrifugal distortion constants, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for gold and chlorine have been determined. The use of the nuclear spin-nuclear spin interaction terms Daa, Dbb, and Dcc for H2 were required to fit the ortho state of hydrogen, as well as a nuclear-spin rotation constant Caa. The values of the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant of gold are χaa=-817.9929(35) MHz, χbb=504.0(27) MHz, and χcc=314.0(27). This is large compared to the eQq of AuCl, 9.63 312(13) MHz, which indicates a strong, covalent interaction between gold and dihydrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Obenchain
- Department of Chemistry, Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Derek S Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - G S Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Herbert M Pickett
- Department of Chemistry, Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Stewart E Novick
- Department of Chemistry, Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Ave., Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang R, Yu Y, Steimle TC, Cheng L. The electric dipole moments in the ground states of gold oxide, AuO, and gold sulfide, AuS. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064307. [PMID: 28201899 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The B2Σ- - X2Π3/2(0,0) bands of a cold molecular beam sample of gold monoxide, AuO, and gold monosulfide, AuS, have been recorded at high resolution both field free and in the presence of a static electric field. The observed electric field induced splittings and shifts were analyzed to produce permanent electric dipole moments, μ→el, of 2.94±0.06 D and 2.22±0.05 D for the X2Π3/2(v = 0) states of AuO and AuS, respectively. A molecular orbital correlation diagram is used to rationalize the trend in ground state μ→el values for AuX (X = F, Cl, O, and S) molecules. The experimentally determined μ→el are compared to those computed at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) level augmented with a perturbative inclusion of triple excitations (CCSD(T)) level of theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Yuanqin Yu
- School of Physics and Material Science, Anhui University Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Timothy C Steimle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoshizawa T, Zou W, Cremer D. Calculations of electric dipole moments and static dipole polarizabilities based on the two-component normalized elimination of the small component method. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terutaka Yoshizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evans CJ, Needham LME, Walker NR, Köckert H, Zaleski DP, Stephens SL. The pure rotational spectra of the open-shell diatomic molecules PbI and SnI. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244309. [PMID: 26723673 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure rotational spectra of the ground electronic states of lead monoiodide and tin monoiodide have been measured using a chirped pulsed Fourier transform microwave spectrometer over the 7-18.5 GHz region for the first time. Each of PbI and SnI has a X (2)Π1/2 ground electronic state and may have a hyperfine structure that aids the determination of the electron electric dipole moment. For each species, pure rotational transitions of a number of different isotopologues and their excited vibrational states have been assigned and fitted. A multi-isotopologue Dunham-type analysis was carried out on both species producing values for Y01, Y02, Y11, and Y21, along with Λ-doubling constants, magnetic hyperfine constants and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. The Born-Oppenheimer breakdown parameters for Pb have been evaluated and the parameter rationalized in terms of finite nuclear field effects. Analysis of the bond lengths and hyperfine interaction indicates that the bonding in both PbI and SnI is ionic in nature. Equilibrium bond lengths have been evaluated for both species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa-Maria E Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Hansjochen Köckert
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Zaleski
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna L Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Demissie TB, Jaszuński M, Komorovsky S, Repisky M, Ruud K. Absolute NMR shielding scales and nuclear spin–rotation constants in 175LuX and 197AuX (X = 19F, 35Cl, 79Br and 127I). J Chem Phys 2015; 143:164311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4934533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taye B. Demissie
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michał Jaszuński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 01 224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michal Repisky
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maldonado AF, Melo JI, Aucar GA. Theoretical analysis of NMR shieldings of group-11 metal halides on MX (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) molecular systems, and the appearance of quasi instabilities on AuF. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25516-24. [PMID: 26364677 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate calculations of nuclear magnetic shieldings of group-11 metal halides, σ(M; MX) (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I), were performed with relativistic and nonrelativistic theoretical schemes in order to learn more about the importance of the involved electronic mechanisms that underlie such shieldings. We applied state of the art schemes: polarization propagators at a random phase level of approach (PP-RPA); spin-free Hamiltonian (SF); linear response elimination of small component (LRESC) and density functional theory (DFT) with two different functionals: B3LYP and PBE0. The results from DFT calculations are not close to those from the relativistic polarization propagator calculations at the RPA level of approach (RelPP-RPA), in line with previous results. The spin-orbit (SO) contribution to a shielding constant is important only for MF molecules (M = Cu, Ag, Au). Different electronic mechanisms are considered within the LRESC method, bunched into two groups: core- and ligand-dependent. For the analysed shieldings the core-dependent electronic mechanisms are the most important ones; the ligand-dependent being only important for MF molecules. An out of range value for σ(Au) is found in AuF. It was previously reported in the literature, either originated in the large fluorine electronegativity together with large spin-orbit coupling contributions; or, due to Fermi-contact contributions. We argue here that such an unexpected large value is an artifact originated in the appearance of quasi instabilities, and show how to handle this apparent problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Maldonado
- Institute for Modelling and Innovative Technology, IMIT (CONICET-UNNE) and Physics Department - Natural and Exact Science Faculty, Northeastern University of Argentina, Avda Libertad 5460 W3404AAS, Corrientes, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang R, Steimle TC, Cheng L, Stanton JF. The permanent electric dipole moment of gold chloride, AuCl. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.996619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Canal Neto A, Jorge F. All-electron double zeta basis sets for the most fifth-row atoms: Application in DFT spectroscopic constant calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Yoshizawa T, Sakaki S. NMR shielding constants of CuX, AgX, and AuX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) investigated by density functional theory based on the Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:1013-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Filatov M, Zou W, Cremer D. Communication: On the isotope anomaly of nuclear quadrupole coupling in molecules. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:131102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4757568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
18
|
Jiang DE, Walter M. The halogen analogs of thiolated gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4234-4239. [PMID: 22539033 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Is it possible to replace all the thiolates in a thiolated gold nanocluster with halogens while still maintaining the geometry and the electronic structure? In this work, we show from density functional theory that such halogen analogs of thiolated gold nanoclusters are highly likely. Using Au(25)X(18)(-) as an example, where X = F, Cl, Br, or I replaces -SR, we find that Au(25)Cl(18)(-) demonstrates a high similarity to Au(25)(SR)(18)(-) by showing Au-Cl distances, Cl-Au-Cl angles, band gap, and frontier orbitals similar to those in Au(25)(SR)(18)(-). DFT-based global minimization also indicates the energetic preference of staple formation for the Au(25)Cl(18)(-) cluster. The similarity between Au(m)(SR)(n) and Au(m)X(n) could be exploited to make viable Au(m)X(n) clusters and to predict structures for Au(m)(SR)(n).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-en Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rabilloud F. Structure and stability of coinage metal fluoride and chloride clusters (MnFn and MnCln, M = Cu, Ag, or Au; n = 1-6). J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2083-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
20
|
Rabilloud F. Structure and Bonding in Coinage Metal Halide Clusters MnXn, M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = Br, I; n = 1–6. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3474-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rabilloud
- CNRS, UMR 5579 LASIM, Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France, and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stephens SL, Mizukami W, Tew DP, Walker NR, Legon AC. Molecular geometry of OC⋅⋅⋅AgI determined by broadband rotational spectroscopy andab initiocalculations. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:064306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3683221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
22
|
Wu X, Xie H, Qin Z, Tan K, Tang Z, Lu X. Photoelectron imaging and theoretical studies of silver monohalides AgX- (X = Cl, Br, I) and AuCl-. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6321-6. [PMID: 21615102 DOI: 10.1021/jp1100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodetachment of AgX(-) (X = Cl, Br, I) and AuCl(-) is studied by a photoelectron velocity map imaging technique and theoretical calculations. Photoelectron spectra (PES) and photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) were obtained. The vibrationally resolved spectra provided approximately equal electron affinities (EAs) for AgX: 1.593(22) eV for AgCl, 1.623(21) eV for AgBr, and 1.603(22) eV for AgI, respectively. Franck-Condon simulations of these spectra gave the equilibrium bond lengths and vibrational frequencies of the title anions. Relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations using BLYP, PW91, PBE, and BP86 functionals have been performed to predict the EAs of the AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) molecules. The computed EAs at the BP86 level of theory are in good agreement with the experimental values. Energy partitioning analyses (EPA) at the BP86(ZORA)/QZ4P level of theory of both anions and their neutrals were reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evans CJ, Wright TG, Gardner AM. Geometries and Bond Energies of the He−MX, Ne−MX, and Ar−MX (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = F, Cl) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4446-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp912027y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH United Kingdom,
| | - Timothy G. Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Gardner
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gavin Williams T, Wilson AK. Importance of the quality of metal and ligand basis sets in transition metal species. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:054108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2951990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Poleshchuk OK, Branchadell V, Ritter RA, Fateev AV. Quadrupole coupling constants and isomeric Mössbauer shifts for halogen-containing gold, platinum, niobium, tantalum and antimony compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-008-9698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Pantazis DA, Chen XY, Landis CR, Neese F. All-Electron Scalar Relativistic Basis Sets for Third-Row Transition Metal Atoms. J Chem Theory Comput 2008; 4:908-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ct800047t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xian-Yang Chen
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Frank Neese
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grubbs GS, Dewberry CT, Etchison KC, Kerr KE, Cooke SA. A search accelerated correct intensity Fourier transform microwave spectrometer with pulsed laser ablation source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:096106. [PMID: 17902981 DOI: 10.1063/1.2786022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ablation of metal surfaces in the presence of a precursor gas produces reaction products which are often difficult to predict and highly dependent on ablation conditions. This article describes the successful development and implementation of a laser ablation source-equipped Fourier transform microwave spectrometer capable of observing 4 GHz regions of spectra in a single data acquisition event. The dramatically increased speed with which regions may be searched, when compared to other high resolution microwave techniques, allows the source conditions to be the prime variable in laser ablation microwave spectroscopic studies. A second feature of the technique is that observed spectral features have correct relative intensities. This is advantageous when assigning observed spectra. The study of two metal chlorides, AgCl and AuCl, illustrate the instrument's benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garry S Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, PO Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bizzocchi L, Giuliano BM, Grabow JU. Hyperfine constants, nuclear magnetic shielding and spin–spin coupling parameters for AgI and CuI. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
30
|
Okabayashi T, Okabayashi EY, Tanimoto M, Furuya T, Saito S. Rotational spectroscopy of AuH and AuD in the 1Σ+ electronic ground state. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Observation of the rotational spectra of CuI and AgI molecules generated by laser ablation in a pulsed-jet, Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Tsipis AC, Tsipis CA. Ligand-Stabilized Aromatic Three-Membered Gold Rings and Their Sandwichlike Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10623-38. [PMID: 16045350 DOI: 10.1021/ja051415t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electronic structure calculations (DFT) suggest that ligand-stabilized three-membered gold(I) rings constituting the core structure in a series of cyclo-Au3L(n)H(3-n) (L = CH3, NH2, OH and Cl; n = 1, 2, 3) molecules exhibit aromaticity, which is primarily due to 6s and 5d cyclic electron delocalization over the triangular Au3 framework (s- and d-orbital aromaticity). The aromaticity of the novel triangular gold(I) isocycles was verified by a number of established criteria of aromaticity. In particular, the nucleus-independent chemical shift, NICS(0), the upfield changes in the chemical shifts for Li+, Ag+, and Tl+ cations over the Au3 ring plane, and their interaction with electrophiles (e.g., H+, Li+, Ag+, and Tl+) are indicative for the aromaticity of the three-membered gold(I) rings. Interestingly, unlike the respective substituted derivatives of cyclopropenium cation and the bora-cyclopropene carbacyclic analogues, the aromatic Au3 rings, although exhibit comparable diatropicity, react with electrophiles in a different way affording 1:1 and 2:1 sandwichlike complexes. The bonding in the three-membered gold(I) rings is characterized by a common ring-shaped electron density, more commonly seen in aromatic organic molecules and in "all-metal" aromatics, such as the cyclo-[Hg3]4- tetraanion. Moreover, the cation-pi interactions in the 1:1 and 1:2 sandwichlike complexes formed upon reacting the Au3 rings with electrophiles, depending on the nature of the cation, are predicted to be predominantly electrostatic (Li+, Tl+) or covalent (H+, Ag+). The 1:2 complexes constitute a new class of sandwichlike complexes, which are expected to have novel properties and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannnina, Ioannina 451 10, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Puzzarini C, Peterson KA. Multiple bonds to gold: a theoretical investigation of XAuC (X=F, Cl, Br, I) molecules. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
35
|
Energy-consistent pseudopotentials for group 11 and 12 atoms: adjustment to multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock data. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Schwerdtfeger P, Bast R, Gerry MCL, Jacob CR, Jansen M, Kellö V, Mudring AV, Sadlej AJ, Saue T, Söhnel T, Wagner FE. The quadrupole moment of the 3∕2+ nuclear ground state of Au197 from electric field gradient relativistic coupled cluster and density-functional theory of small molecules and the solid state. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:124317. [PMID: 15836388 DOI: 10.1063/1.1869975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempt is made to improve the currently accepted muonic value for the 197Au nuclear quadrupole moment [+0.547(16)x10(-28) m2] for the 3/2+ nuclear ground state obtained by Powers et al. [Nucl. Phys. A230, 413 (1974)]. From both measured Mossbauer electric quadrupole splittings and solid-state density-functional calculations for a large number of gold compounds a nuclear quadrupole moment of +0.60x10(-28) m2 is obtained. Recent Fourier transform microwave measurements for gas-phase AuF, AuCl, AuBr, and AuI give accurate bond distances and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the 197Au isotope. However, four-component relativistic density-functional calculations for these molecules yield unreliable results for the 197Au nuclear quadrupole moment. Relativistic singles-doubles coupled cluster calculations including perturbative triples [CCSD(T) level of theory] for these diatomic systems are also inaccurate because of large cancellation effects between different field gradient contributions subsequently leading to very small field gradients. Here one needs very large basis sets and has to go beyond the standard CCSD(T) procedure to obtain any reliable field gradients for gold. From recent microwave experiments by Gerry and co-workers [Inorg. Chem. 40, 6123 (2001)] a significantly enhanced (197)Au nuclear quadrupole coupling constant in (CO)AuF compared to free AuF is observed. Here, these cancellation effects are less important, and relativistic CCSD(T) calculations finally give a nuclear quadrupole moment of +0.64x10(-28) m2 for 197Au. It is argued that it is currently very difficult to improve on the already published muonic value for the 197Au nuclear quadrupole moment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Research Center (TCCRC), Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University (Albany Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore MSC, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
XeAuF has been detected and characterized using microwave rotational spectroscopy. It was prepared by laser ablation of Au in the presence of Xe and SF(6), and stabilized in a supersonic jet of Ar. The spectrum was measured with a cavity pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, in the frequency range 6-26 GHz. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and (131)Xe and (197)Au nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have been evaluated. The molecule is linear, with a short XeAu bond (2.54 A), and is rigid. The (131)Xe nuclear quadrupole coupling constant (NQCC) is large (-135 MHz). The (197)Au NQCC differs radically from that of uncomplexed AuF. The results are supported by those of ab initio calculations which have given an XeAu dissociation energy approximately 100 kJ mol(-1), plus Mulliken and natural bond orbital populations, MOLDEN plots of valence orbitals, and an energy density distribution. All evidence is consistent with XeAu covalent bonding in XeAuF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Okabayashi T, Koto F, Tsukamoto K, Yamazaki E, Tanimoto M. Pure rotational spectrum of gold monoxide (AuO) in the X2Π3/2 state. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
39
|
Michaud JM, Cooke SA, Gerry MCL. Rotational Spectra, Structures, Hyperfine Constants, and the Nature of the Bonding of KrCuF and KrCuCl. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:3871-81. [PMID: 15206868 DOI: 10.1021/ic040009s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotational spectra of KrCuF and KrCuCl have been measured in the frequency range 8-18 GHz, using a pulsed jet cavity Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The molecules were prepared by ablating Cu metal with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and allowing the plasma to react with appropriate precursors (Kr plus SF(6) or Cl(2)) contained in the backing gas of the jet (Ar or Kr). Rotational constants, internuclear distances, vibration frequencies, and (83)Kr, Cu, and Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have all been evaluated. The Kr-Cu bonds are short and the complexes are rigid. The (83)Kr coupling constant of KrCuF is large (128.8 MHz). The Cu nuclear quadrupole coupling constants differ radically from those of uncomplexed CuF and CuCl molecules. The results are supported by those of ab initio calculations, which have also yielded Mulliken populations, MOLDEN plots of valence molecular orbitals and Laplace concentrations, and electron localization functions. The results are consistent with those reported earlier for other noble gas-noble metal halide complexes. The results have been used to assess the nature of the bonding in the complexes and have produced good evidence for weak noble gas-noble metal chemical bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Michaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thomas JM, Walker NR, Cooke SA, Gerry MCL. Microwave Spectra and Structures of KrAuF, KrAgF, and KrAgBr; 83Kr Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling and the Nature of Noble Gas−Noble Metal Halide Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:1235-46. [PMID: 14746496 DOI: 10.1021/ja0304300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microwave spectra of the complexes KrAuF and KrAgBr have been measured for the first time using a cavity pulsed jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The samples were prepared by laser ablation of the metal from its solid and allowing the resulting plasma to react with an appropriate precursor (Kr, plus SF6 or Br2) contained in the backing gas of the jet (usually Ar). Rotational constants; geometries; centrifugal distortion constants; vibration frequencies; and 197Au, 79Br, and 81Br nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have all been evaluated. The complexes are unusually rigid and have short Kr-Au and Kr-Ag bonds. The 197Au nuclear quadrupole coupling constant differs radically from its value in an AuF monomer. In addition 83Kr hyperfine structure has been measured for KrAuF and the previously reported complex KrAgF. The geometry of the latter has been reevaluated. Large values for the 83Kr nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have been found for both complexes. Both the 197Au and 83Kr hyperfine constants indicate a large reorganization of the electron distribution on complex formation. A thorough assessment of the nature of the noble gas-noble metal bonding in these and related complexes (NgMX; Ng is a noble gas, M is a noble metal, and X is a halogen) has been carried out. The bond lengths are compared with sums of standard atomic and ionic radii. Ab initio calculations have produced dissociation energies along with Mulliken populations and other data on the electron distributions in the complexes. The origins of the rigidity, dissociation energies, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are considered. It is concluded that there is strong evidence for weak noble gas-noble metal chemical bonding in the complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
van Wüllen C. Relativistic Density Functional Calculations on Small Molecules. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(04)80037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
Donald KJ, Mulder WH, von Szentpály L. Valence-State Atoms in Molecules. 7. Influence of Polarization and Bond-Charge on Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelling J. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, and Institut für Theoretische Chemie der Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Willem H. Mulder
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, and Institut für Theoretische Chemie der Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - László von Szentpály
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, and Institut für Theoretische Chemie der Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Okabayashi T, Nakaoka Y, Yamazaki E, Tanimoto M. Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectroscopy of AuF in the ground state. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
44
|
Guichemerre M, Chambaud G, Stoll H. Electronic structure and spectroscopy of monohalides of metals of group I-B. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(02)00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
45
|
Brown JR, Schwerdtfeger P, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Experimental and theoretical studies of diatomic gold halides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:485-492. [PMID: 12019972 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The diatomic gold halides AuX are studied by means of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy and ab initio theory at a quasi-relativistic CCSD(T) level of theory. A thermokinetic approach is used to determine the bond-dissociation energies of neutral AuCl, AuBr, and AuI as well as cationic AuI+, i.e., D(0)(Au-Cl) = 66 +/- 3 kcal/mol, D(0)(Au-Br) = 50 +/- 5 kcal/mol, as well as the brackets 52 kcal/mol < D(0)(Au-I) < 64 kcal/mol and 54 kcal/mol < D(0)(Au+-I) < 66 kcal/mol at 0 K. These values allow an evaluation of previous experimental and theoretical data concerning diatomic gold halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Reuben Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Evans CJ, Reynard LM, Gerry MC. Pure rotational spectra, structures, and hyperfine constants of OC-AuX (X = F, Cl, Br). Inorg Chem 2001; 40:6123-31. [PMID: 11703109 DOI: 10.1021/ic0104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotational spectra of OC-AuX (X = F, Cl, Br) have been measured in the frequency range 5-21 GHz, using a pulsed jet cavity Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The molecules were prepared by ablating Au metal with a Nd:YAG laser and allowing the vapor to react with CO plus a halide precursor contained in the Ar backing gas of the jets. For OC-AuCl and OC-AuBr these are the first high-resolution spectroscopic measurements; for OC-AuF these are the first observations of any kind. All three molecules are linear. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have been precisely evaluated. The geometries determined for all three molecules show CO bond lengths close to that of free CO, plus relatively long Au-C bonds. These results are corroborated by ab initio calculations, which have also produced Mulliken populations showing significant sigma-donation from CO to Au, plus some pi-back-donation from Au to CO. There are major changes in the Au, Cl, and Br nuclear quadrupole coupling constants when CO bonds to AuX, consistent with the formation of strong Au-C bonds. The structural properties of OC-AuF are somewhat different from those of OC-AuCl and OC-AuBr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schulz A, Hargittai M. Structural variations and bonding in gold halides: a quantum chemical study of monomeric and dimeric gold monohalide and gold trihalide molecules, AuX, Au2X2, AuX3, and Au2X6 (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Chemistry 2001; 7:3657-70. [PMID: 11575767 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010903)7:17<3657::aid-chem3657>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of all gold mono- and trihalides and of their dimers have been calculated at the B3LYP, MP2, and CCSD(T) levels of theory by using relativistic pseudopotentials for all atoms except fluorine. Our computations support the experimental observation that the relative stability of the monohalides increases from the fluoride toward the iodide, while the stability trend of the trihalides is the opposite. The potential energy surface (PES) of all gold trihalides has been investigated. These molecules are typical Jahn-Teller systems; the trigonal planar D3h-symmetry geometry does not correspond to the minimum energy structure for any of them. At the same time, the amount and character of their Jahn-Teller distortion changes gradually from AuF3 to AuI3. The minimum energy geometry is a T-shaped structure for AuF3 and AuCl3, with a Y-shaped transition-state structure. For AuI3, the Y-shaped structure lies lower than the T-shaped structure on the PES. For AuBr3 and AuI3, neither of them is the global minimum but instead an L-shaped structure, which lies outside the Jahn-Teller PES. This structure can be considered to be a donor-acceptor system, or a closed-shell interaction, with I2 acting as donor and AuI as acceptor. The dimers of gold monohalides have very short gold-gold distances and demonstrate the aurophilic interaction. The dimers of the trihalides are planar molecules with two bridging halogen atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, LMU, University of Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The stability of gold iodides in the oxidation state +I and +III is investigated at the ab initio and density functional level using relativistic and nonrelativistic energy-adjusted pseudopotentials for gold and iodine. The calculations reveal that relativistic effects stabilize the higher oxidation state of gold as expected, that is Au2I6 is thermodynamically stable at the relativistic level, whilst at the nonrelativistic level the complex of two iodine molecules weakly bound to both gold atoms in Au2I2 is energetically preferred. The rather low stability of AuI3 with respect to dissociation into AuI and I2 will make it difficult to isolate this species in the solid state as (possibly) Au2I6 or detect it by matrix-isolation techniques. The monomer AuI3 is Jahn-Teller distorted from the ideal trigonal planar (D3h) form, but adopts a Y-shaped structure (in contrast to AuF3 and AuCl3), and in the nonrelativistic case can be described as I2 weakly bound to AuI. Relativistic effects turn AuI3 from a static Jahn-Teller system to a dynamic one. For the yet undetected gas-phase species AuI accurate coupled-cluster calculations for the potential energy curve are used to predict vibrational-rotational constants. Solid-state density functional calculations are performed for AuI and Au2I6 in order to predict cohesive energies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Söhnel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Reynard LM, Evans CJ, Gerry MCL. Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Hyperfine Constants of Kr-AgCl: Formation of a Weak Kr-Ag Covalent Bond. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 206:33-40. [PMID: 11281682 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.2000.8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The pure rotational spectrum of the complex Kr-AgCl has been measured between 8-15 GHz using a cavity pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The complex was found to be linear and relatively rigid, with a Kr-Ag bond length of approximately 2.641 Å. The Kr-Ag stretching frequency was estimated to be 117 cm(-1). Ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 level of theory gave the geometry, vibration frequencies, Kr-Ag bond dissociation energy, and orbital populations. The Kr-Ag bond dissociation energy was estimated to be approximately 28 kJ mol(-1). The Kr-Ag force constant and dissociation energy are greater than those of Ar-Ag in Ar-AgCl. The chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants show slight changes on complex formation. Ab initio orbital population analysis shows a small shift in sigma-electron density from Kr to Ag on complex formation. The combined experimental and ab initio results are consistent with the presence of a weak Kr-Ag covalent bond. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reynard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|