1
|
Hernandez EP, Kusakisako K, Talactac MR, Galay RL, Hatta T, Matsuo T, Fujisaki K, Tsuji N, Tanaka T. Characterization and expression analysis of a newly identified glutathione S-transferase of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis during blood-feeding. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:91. [PMID: 29422079 PMCID: PMC5806375 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are obligate hematophagous parasites important economically and to health. Ticks consume large amounts of blood for their survival and reproduction; however, large amounts of iron in blood could lead to oxidative stress. Ticks use several molecules such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), ferritins, and peroxiredoxins to cope with oxidative stress. This study aimed to identify and characterize the GSTs of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis in order to determine if they have a role in coping with oxidative stress. Methods Genes encoding GSTs of H. longicornis were isolated from the midgut CDNA library. Genes have been cloned and recombinant GSTs have been expressed. The enzymatic activities, enzyme kinetic constants, and optimal pH of the recombinant GSTs toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were determined. The gene transcription and protein expression profiles were determined in the whole ticks and internal organs, and developmental stages using real time RT-PCR and Western blotting during blood feeding. The localization of GST proteins in organs was also observed using immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Results We have isolated two genes encoding GSTs (HlGST and HlGST2). The enzymatic activity toward CDNB is 9.75 ± 3.04 units/mg protein for recombinant HlGST and 11.63 ± 4.08 units/mg protein for recombinant HlGST2. Kinetic analysis of recombinant HlGST showed Km values of 0.82 ± 0.14 mM and 0.64 ± 0.32 mM for the function of CDNB and GSH, respectively. Meanwhile, recombinant HlGST2 has Km values of 0.61 ± 0.20 mM and 0.53 ± 0.02 mM for the function of CDNB and GSH, respectively. The optimum pH of recombinant HlGST and recombinant HlGST2 activity was 7.5–8.0. Transcription of both GSTs increases in different developmental stages and organs during blood-feeding. GST proteins are upregulated during blood-feeding but decreased upon engorgement in whole ticks and in some organs, such as the midgut and hemocytes. Interestingly, salivary glands, ovaries, and fat bodies showed decreasing protein expression during blood-feeding to engorgement. Varying localization of GSTs in the midgut, salivary glands, fat bodies, ovaries, and hemocytes was observed depending on the feeding state, especially in the midgut and salivary glands. Conclusions In summary, a novel GST of H. longicornis has been identified. Characterization of the GSTs showed that GSTs have positive correlation with the degree and localization of oxidative stress during blood-feeding. This could indicate their protective role during oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2667-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pacia Hernandez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Melbourne Rio Talactac
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Department of Clinical and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Remil Linggatong Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, College, 3004, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan. .,Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Wu H, Dobson JR, Browne G, Hong D, Akech J, Languino LR, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Expression of the IL-11 Gene in Metastatic Cells Is Supported by Runx2-Smad and Runx2-cJun Complexes Induced by TGFβ1. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2098-108. [PMID: 25808168 PMCID: PMC4515199 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In tumor cells, two factors are abnormally increased that contribute to metastatic bone disease: Runx2, a transcription factor that promotes expression of metastasis related and osteolytic genes; and IL-11, a secreted osteolytic cytokine. Here, we addressed a compelling question: Does Runx2 regulate IL-11 gene expression? We find a positive correlation between Runx2, IL-11 and TGFβ1, a driver of the vicious cycle of metastatic bone disease, in prostate cancer (PC) cell lines representing early (LNCaP) and late (PC3) stage disease. Further, like Runx2 knockdown, IL-11 knockdown significantly reduced expression of several osteolytic factors. Modulation of Runx2 expression results in corresponding changes in IL-11 expression. The IL-11 gene has Runx2, AP-1 sites and Smad binding elements located on the IL-11 promoter. Here, we demonstrated that Runx2-c-Jun as well as Runx2-Smad complexes upregulate IL-11 expression. Functional studies identified a significant loss of IL-11 expression in PC3 cells in the presence of the Runx2-HTY mutant protein, a mutation that disrupts Runx2-Smad signaling. In response to TGFβ1 and in the presence of Runx2, we observed a 30-fold induction of IL-11 expression, accompanied by increased c-Jun binding to the IL-11 promoter. Immunoprecipitation and in situ co-localization studies demonstrated that Runx2 and c-Jun form nuclear complexes in PC3 cells. Thus, TGFβ1 signaling induces two independent transcriptional pathways - AP-1 and Runx2. These transcriptional activators converge on IL-11 as a result of Runx2-Smad and Runx2-c-Jun interactions to amplify IL-11 gene expression that, together with Runx2, supports the osteolytic pathology of cancer induced bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jason R. Dobson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gillian Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jacqueline Akech
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program and Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stein GS, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Zaidi SK, Nickerson JA, Montecino MA, Young DW. An architectural genetic and epigenetic perspective. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:297-303. [PMID: 21184003 PMCID: PMC3251170 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organization and intranuclear localization of nucleic acids and regulatory proteins contribute to both genetic and epigenetic parameters of biological control. Regulatory machinery in the cell nucleus is functionally compartmentalized in microenvironments (focally organized sites where regulatory factors reside) that provide threshold levels of factors required for transcription, replication, repair and cell survival. The common denominator for nuclear organization of regulatory machinery is that each component of control is architecturally configured and every component of control is embedded in architecturally organized networks that provide an infrastructure for integration and transduction of regulatory signals. It is realistic to anticipate emerging mechanisms that account for the organization and assembly of regulatory complexes within the cell nucleus can provide novel options for cancer diagnosis and therapy with maximal specificity, reduced toxicity and minimal off-target complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stein GS, Lian JB, Montecino M, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi J, Zaidi SK, Gutierrez S, Harrington K, Shen J, Young D, Pockwinse S. Nuclear microenvironments support physiological control of gene expression. Chromosome Res 2004; 11:527-36. [PMID: 12971727 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024943214431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the organization of nucleic acids and regulatory proteins is functionally linked to the assembly, localization and activity of gene regulatory machinery. Cellular, molecular, biochemical and in-vivo genetic evidence support an obligatory relationship between nuclear microenvironments where regulatory complexes reside and fidelity of transcriptional control. Perturbations in mechanisms governing the intranuclear trafficking of transcription factors and the temporal/spatial organization of regulatory proteins within the nucleus occur with compromised gene expression that abrogates skeletal development and mediates leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stein GS, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Javed A, Montecino M, Zaidi SK, Young D, Choi JY, Gutierrez S, Pockwinse S. Nuclear microenvironments support assembly and organization of the transcriptional regulatory machinery for cell proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91:287-302. [PMID: 14743389 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial organization of transcriptional regulatory machinery provides microenvironments within the nucleus where threshold concentrations of genes and cognate factors facilitate functional interactions. Conventional biochemical, molecular, and in vivo genetic approaches, together with high throughput genomic and proteomic analysis are rapidly expanding our database of regulatory macromolecules and signaling pathways that are requisite for control of genes that govern proliferation and differentiation. There is accruing insight into the architectural organization of regulatory machinery for gene expression that suggests signatures for biological control. Localized scaffolding of regulatory macromolecules at strategic promoter sites and focal compartmentalization of genes, transcripts, and regulatory factors within intranuclear microenvironments provides an infrastructure for combinatorial control of transcription that is operative within the three dimensional context of nuclear architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. N., Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Pratap J, Choi J, Zaidi SK, Javed A, Gutierrez S, Harrington K, Shen J, Young D. Intranuclear organization of RUNX transcriptional regulatory machinery in biological control of skeletogenesis and cancer. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 30:170-6. [PMID: 12732180 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RUNX (AML/CBFA/PEBP2) transcription factors serve as paradigms for obligatory relationships between nuclear structure and physiological control of phenotypic gene expression. The RUNX proteins contribute to tissue restricted transcription by sequence-specific binding to promoter elements of target genes and serving as scaffolds for the assembly of coregulatory complexes that mediate biochemical and architectural control of activity. We will present an overview of approaches we are pursuing to address: (1) the involvement of RUNX proteins in governing competency for protein/DNA and protein/protein interactions at promoter regulatory sequences; (2) the recruitment of RUNX factors to subnuclear sites where the machinery for expression or repression of target genes is organized; and (3) the trafficking and integration of regulatory signals that control RUNX-mediated transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Wijnen AJV, Montecino M, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi J, Zaidi SK, Gutierrez S, Harrington K, Shen J, Young D. Intranuclear trafficking of transcription factors: Requirements for vitamin D-mediated biological control of gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:340-55. [PMID: 12520536 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The architecturally associated subnuclear organization of nucleic acids and cognate regulatory factors suggest functional interrelationships between nuclear structure and gene expression. Mechanisms that contribute to the spatial distribution of transcription factors within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture control the sorting of regulatory information as well as the assembly and activities of sites within the nucleus that support gene expression. Vitamin D control of gene expression serves as a paradigm for experimentally addressing mechanisms that govern the intranuclear targeting of regulatory factors to nuclear domains where transcription of developmental and tissue-specific genes occur. We will present an overview of molecular, cellular, genetic, and biochemical approaches that provide insight into the trafficking of regulatory factors that mediate vitamin D control of gene expression to transcriptionally active subnuclear sites. Examples will be presented that suggest modifications in the intranuclear targeting of transcription factors abrogate competency for vitamin D control of skeletal gene expression during development and fidelity of gene expression in tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein expression system has been used extensively to generate a large quantity of proteins for structural studies. To avoid the inter-domain flexibility introduced by the GST segment, GST-fusion proteins are normally cleaved with proteases to release the GST moiety prior to crystallization. Recently, several reports have shown that GST-fusion proteins can also be used as a vehicle to determine the crystal structures of the attached small peptides and biological regulatory domains. In comparison with the standard method, GST-fusion proteins are more easily crystallized under similar conditions. In addition, the structure of the desired protein or peptide can be determined using the molecular replacement method with the help of the GST structure. Thus, GST-fusion proteins can be used as a new technique for structural determination of small regulatory domains, especially of small peptides. Here, we review the recent progress on this technique, known as GST-driven crystallization. We have summarized and compared different methods of protein preparation and crystallization used by different groups. We have also compared the three-dimensional structures, especially those of the fused peptide segments. Finally, we have discussed the potential effects of the crystal packing on the crystal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Montecino M, Choi J, Zaidi K, Javed A. Intranuclear trafficking of transcription factors: implications for biological control. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 14):2527-33. [PMID: 10862710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.14.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The subnuclear organization of nucleic acids and cognate regulatory factors suggests that there are functional interrelationships between nuclear structure and gene expression. Nuclear proteins that are localized in discrete domains within the nucleus include the leukemia-associated acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factors, the SC-35 RNA-processing factors, nucleolar proteins and components of both transcriptional and DNA replication complexes. Mechanisms that control the spatial distribution of transcription factors within the three-dimensional context of the nucleus may involve the sorting of regulatory information, as well as contribute to the assembly and activity of sites that support gene expression. Molecular, cellular, genetic and biochemical approaches have identified distinct protein segments, termed intranuclear-targeting signals, that are responsible for directing regulatory factors to specific subnuclear sites. Gene rearrangements that remove or alter intranuclear-targeting signals are prevalent in leukemias and have been linked to altered localization of regulatory factors within the nucleus. These modifications in the intranuclear targeting of transcription factors might abrogate fidelity of gene expression in tumor cells by influencing the spatial organization and/or assembly of machineries involved in the synthesis and processing of gene transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ. Bone tissue specific transcriptional control: options for targeting gene therapy to the skeleton. Cancer 2000; 88:2899-902. [PMID: 10898331 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12+<2899::aid-cncr3>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transplantation of multipotential bone marrow cells containing bone tissue specific promoter-controlled transgenes provides an efficacious approach to deliver therapeutic gene expression to osteoblasts for the treatment of patients with bone disorders or tumor metastasis to the skeleton. The specificity of tissue-restricted gene therapy can be refined by utilization of a 31-amino-acid segment of the hematopoietic and osteogenic AML/CBF transcription factors that direct the regulatory proteins to subnuclear sites that support gene expression. METHODS Unfractionated adherent bone marrow cells from transgenic mice constructed with the proximal 1.7 kb of the osteocalcin gene promoter fused to a CAT reporter were transplanted by intravenous infusion. Engraftment and expression at the single-cell level within the context of tissue organization was established by immunohistochemistry using an anti-CAT antibody. Sequences that support the intranuclear trafficking of AML/CBF transcription factors to subnuclear sites that support transcription were determined by the expression and visualization of mutated and epitope tagged AML/CBF proteins. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of an extensive series of tissue sections from mice posttransplantation using an anti-CAT antibody indicated that CAT-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes were present in bone sections. These findings indicate that donor bone marrow-derived cells engraft in bone tissue in an environment that supports maturation to the developmental stage at which a bone specific osteocalcin promoter is transcriptionally active. Characterization of functional domains in AML/CBF transcription factors has established that there are at least two regulated events that are required for targeting the factors to transcriptionally active nuclear domains: A nuclear localization signal in the amino terminal region controls nuclear import and retention, and a nuclear matrix targeting signal in the carboxyl region controls association with nuclear matrix-linked sites where transcription occurs. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of hematopoietic and bone phenotypic promoters, together with the additional level of specificity inherent in the AML/CBF family of hematopoietic and osteogenic intranuclear targeting signals, offers viable options for constructing gene therapy regimens that are targeted to the skeleton for the control of metastatic disease. It is realistic to anticipate that, as additional parameters of gene regulatory mechanisms are defined, particularly components of transcriptional control that are operative within a three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture, opportunities for enhancing the effectiveness of treating patients with tumors that metastasize to bone will be extended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gordon JA, Pockwinse SM, Stewart FM, Quesenberry PJ, Nakamura T, Croce CM, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Modified intranuclear organization of regulatory factors in human acute leukemias: Reversal after treatment. J Cell Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000401)77:1<30::aid-jcb4>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Javed A, McNeil S, Pockwinse SM. Insight into regulatory factor targeting to transcriptionally active subnuclear sites. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:110-6. [PMID: 10579916 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that coordinate the spatial organization of genes and regulatory proteins within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture contribute to the sorting of regulatory information as well as the assembly and activity of sites within the nucleus that support gene expression. In this article we will present an overview of experimental approaches that provide insight into the trafficking of the hematopoietic and bone-specific AML/CBF family of regulatory factors to transcriptionally active subnuclear sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang L, Guo B, Javed A, Choi JY, Hiebert S, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Zhou GW. Crystal structure of the nuclear matrix targeting signal of the transcription factor acute myelogenous leukemia-1/polyoma enhancer-binding protein 2alphaB/core binding factor alpha2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:33580-6. [PMID: 10559245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.47.33580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)/polyoma enhancer-binding protein (PEBP2alpha)/core-binding factor alpha (CBFA) class are key transactivators of tissue-specific genes of the hematopoietic and bone lineages. AML-1/PEBP2alphaB/CBFA2 proteins participating in transcription are associated with the nuclear matrix. This association is solely dependent on a highly conserved C-terminal protein segment, designated the nuclear matrix targeting signal (NMTS). The NMTS of AML-1 is physically distinct from the nuclear localization signal, operates autonomously, and supports transactivation. Our data indicate that the related AML-3 and AML-2 proteins are also targeted to the nuclear matrix in situ by analogous C-terminal domains. Here we report the first crystal structure of an NMTS in an AML-1 segment fused to glutathione S-transferase. The model of the NMTS consists of two loops connected by a flexible U-shaped peptide chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- G S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Pockwinse SH, McNeil S. Implications for interrelationships between nuclear architecture and control of gene expression under microgravity conditions. FASEB J 1999; 13 Suppl:S157-66. [PMID: 10352158 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.9001.s157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Components of nuclear architecture are functionally interrelated with control of gene expression. There is growing appreciation that multiple levels of nuclear organization integrate the regulatory cues that support activation and suppression of genes as well as the processing of gene transcripts. The linear representation of genes and promoter elements provide the potential for responsiveness to physiological regulatory signals. Parameters of chromatin structure and nucleosome organization support synergism between activities at independent regulatory sequences and render promoter elements accessible or refractory to transcription factors. Association of genes, transcription factors, and the machinery for transcript processing with the nuclear matrix facilitates fidelity of gene expression within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture. Mechanisms must be defined that couple nuclear morphology with enzymatic parameters of gene expression. The recent characterization of factors that mediate chromatin remodeling and identification of intranuclear targeting signals that direct transcription factors to subnuclear domains where gene expression occurs link genetic and structural components of transcriptional control. Nuclear reorganization and aberrant intranuclear trafficking of transcription factors for developmental and tissue-specific control occurs in tumor cells and in neurological disorders. Compromises in nuclear structure-function interrelationships can occur as a consequence of microgravity-mediated perturbations in cellular architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, McNeil S, Pockwinse SM. Transcriptional control within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture: Requirements for boundaries and direction. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<24::aid-jcb4>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Pockwinse SM, McNeil S. Linkages of nuclear architecture to biological and pathological control of gene expression. J Cell Biochem 1998; 72 Suppl 30-31:220-231. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1998)72:30/31+<220::aid-jcb27>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1998] [Accepted: 10/21/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|