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Pluta AJ, Studniarek C, Murphy S, Norbury CJ. Cyclin-dependent kinases: Masters of the eukaryotic universe. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 15:e1816. [PMID: 37718413 PMCID: PMC10909489 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of structurally related cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) drives many aspects of eukaryotic cell function. Much of the literature in this area has considered individual members of this family to act primarily either as regulators of the cell cycle, the context in which CDKs were first discovered, or as regulators of transcription. Until recently, CDK7 was the only clear example of a CDK that functions in both processes. However, new data points to several "cell-cycle" CDKs having important roles in transcription and some "transcriptional" CDKs having cell cycle-related targets. For example, novel functions in transcription have been demonstrated for the archetypal cell cycle regulator CDK1. The increasing evidence of the overlap between these two CDK types suggests that they might play a critical role in coordinating the two processes. Here we review the canonical functions of cell-cycle and transcriptional CDKs, and provide an update on how these kinases collaborate to perform important cellular functions. We also provide a brief overview of how dysregulation of CDKs contributes to carcinogenesis, and possible treatment avenues. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Processing > 3' End Processing RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris J. Norbury
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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2
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Wang X, Liu R, Li S, Xia W, Guo H, Yao W, Liang X, Lu Y, Zhang H. The roles, molecular interactions, and therapeutic value of CDK16 in human cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114929. [PMID: 37236028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 16 (CDK16) is an orphan "cyclin-dependent kinase" (CDK) involved in the cell cycle, vesicle trafficking, spindle orientation, skeletal myogenesis, neurite outgrowth, secretory cargo transport, spermatogenesis, glucose transportation, cell apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, and autophagy. Human CDK16 is located on chromosome Xp11.3 and is related to X-linked congenital diseases. CDK16 is commonly expressed in mammalian tissues and may act as an oncoprotein. It is a PCTAIRE kinase in which Cyclin Y or its homologue, Cyclin Y-like 1, regulates activity by binding to the N- and C- terminal regions of CDK16. CDK16 plays a vital role in various cancers, including lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. CDK16 is a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we summarized and discussed the roles and mechanisms of CDK16 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiwei Guo
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People' s Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Yao
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Amrhein JA, Berger LM, Tjaden A, Krämer A, Elson L, Tolvanen T, Martinez-Molina D, Kaiser A, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Müller S, Knapp S, Hanke T. Discovery of 3-Amino-1 H-pyrazole-Based Kinase Inhibitors to Illuminate the Understudied PCTAIRE Family. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314834. [PMID: 36499165 PMCID: PMC9736855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The PCTAIRE subfamily belongs to the CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) family and represents an understudied class of kinases of the dark kinome. They exhibit a highly conserved binding pocket and are activated by cyclin Y binding. CDK16 is targeted to the plasma membrane after binding to N-myristoylated cyclin Y and is highly expressed in post-mitotic tissues, such as the brain and testis. Dysregulation is associated with several diseases, including breast, prostate, and cervical cancer. Here, we used the N-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine moiety from the promiscuous inhibitor 1 to target CDK16, by varying different residues. Further optimization steps led to 43d, which exhibited high cellular potency for CDK16 (EC50 = 33 nM) and the other members of the PCTAIRE and PFTAIRE family with 20-120 nM and 50-180 nM, respectively. A DSF screen against a representative panel of approximately 100 kinases exhibited a selective inhibition over the other kinases. In a viability assessment, 43d decreased the cell count in a dose-dependent manner. A FUCCI cell cycle assay revealed a G2/M phase cell cycle arrest at all tested concentrations for 43d, caused by inhibition of CDK16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alisa Amrhein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lena Marie Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amelie Tjaden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKTK Site Frankfurt-Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lewis Elson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tuomas Tolvanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen 1, 17177 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKTK Site Frankfurt-Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (T.H.)
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Gillani SQ, Nisa MU, Sarwar Z, Reshi I, Bhat SA, Nabi N, Andrabi S. Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110032. [PMID: 33932497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misbah Un Nisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Zarka Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Irfana Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sameer Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Nusrat Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Shaida Andrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
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Decreased CDKL2 expression is correlated with the progression and poor prognosis of glioma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Qadir MI, Bukhat S, Rasul S, Manzoor H, Manzoor M. RNA therapeutics: Identification of novel targets leading to drug discovery. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:898-929. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Qadir
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Sherien Bukhat
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Rasul
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Hamid Manzoor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Majid Manzoor
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Phosphoregulation of the oncogenic protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) by the atypical CDK16/CCNY complex. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-17. [PMID: 30992425 PMCID: PMC6467995 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CDK16 (also known as PCTAIRE1 or PCTK1) is an atypical member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family that forms an active complex with cyclin Y (CCNY). Although both proteins have been recently implicated in cancer pathogenesis, it is still unclear how the CDK16/CCNY complex exerts its biological activity. To understand the CDK16/CCNY network, we used complementary proteomic approaches to identify potential substrates of this complex. We identified several candidates implicating the CDK16/CCNY complex in cytoskeletal dynamics, and we focused on the microtubule-associated protein regulator of cytokinesis (PRC1), an essential protein for cell division that organizes antiparallel microtubules and whose deregulation may drive genomic instability in cancer. Using analog-sensitive (AS) CDK16 generated by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis in 293T cells, we found that specific inhibition of CDK16 induces PRC1 dephosphorylation at Thr481 and delocalization to the nucleus during interphase. The observation that CDK16 inhibition and PRC1 downregulation exhibit epistatic effects on cell viability confirms that these proteins can act through a single pathway. In conclusion, we identified PRC1 as the first substrate of the CDK16/CCNY complex and demonstrated that the proliferative function of CDK16 is mediated by PRC1 phosphorylation. As CDK16 is emerging as a critical node in cancer, our study reveals novel potential therapeutic targets. Studying the activity of proteins that work together to control cell division is revealing several that might be suitable targets for new drugs to fight cancer. Researchers led by Josep Clotet and Mariana Ribeiro at the International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, investigated the activities of the complex formed between two proteins, CDK16 and CCNY. CDK16 is an enzyme that modifies other molecules by adding phosphate groups (PO4) to them. CCNY is a protein that controls the activity of CDK16 and other proteins. Previous research has suggested a role for the complex in the development of cancer, but the mechanism has been unclear. The researchers found that the CDK16/CCNY complex activates proteins that control the network of microtubules in cells known as the cytoskeleton. One of these proteins, PRC1, is essential for cell division.
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Wang Y, Qin X, Guo T, Liu P, Wu P, Liu Z. Up-regulation of CDK16 by multiple mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes tumor progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:97. [PMID: 28716136 PMCID: PMC5514535 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains difficult to cure due to lack of effective treatment and the molecular mechanisms are complex and not completely understood. In this study, We investigated the role of CDK16 in tumor progression of HCC. Methods We interrogated the expression level of CDK16 by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry(IHC) and studied its clinical significance. The functional role of CDK16 on HCC was studied via gain and loss of function in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP) assay were performed to investigate the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the regulation of CDK16. Results CDK16 expression was significantly up-regulated in HCC and higher expression of CDK16 was positively correlated with aggressive clinicopathological phenotype and poorer survival rates. Functionally, knockdown of CDK16 suppressed proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Inactivation of CDK16 also induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Most importantly, CDK16 promoted epithelial mesenchymal transition and tumor invasion by activating β-catenin signaling. In addition, We identified E2F1 as a positive transcriptional regulator of CDK16. Moreover, down regulation of miR-125b-5p enhanced CDK16 expression at post-transcriptional level. Conclusion We provided the first evidence that CDK16 is an bona fide oncogene in HCC, and multiple activating mechanisms at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels together contributes to CDK16 up-regulation in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0569-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhisu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Yanagi T, Hata H, Mizuno E, Kitamura S, Imafuku K, Nakazato S, Wang L, Nishihara H, Tanaka S, Shimizu H. PCTAIRE1/CDK16/PCTK1 is overexpressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and regulates p27 stability and cell cycle. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:149-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.02.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yanagi T, Tachikawa K, Wilkie-Grantham R, Hishiki A, Nagai K, Toyonaga E, Chivukula P, Matsuzawa SI. Lipid Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA Transfer Against PCTAIRE1/PCTK1/Cdk16 Inhibits In Vivo Cancer Growth. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e327. [PMID: 27351680 PMCID: PMC5022131 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PCTAIRE1/CDK16/PCTK1 plays critical roles in cancer cell proliferation and antiapoptosis. To advance our previously published in vitro results with PCTAIRE1 silencing, we examined the in vivo therapeutic potential of this approach by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) encapsulated by lipid nanoparticles. Therapy experiments of PCTAIRE1 siRNA were performed using human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells and human A2058 melanoma cells. A single dose of PCTAIRE1 siRNA-lipid nanoparticles was found to be highly effective in reducing in vivo PCTAIRE1 expression for up to 4 days as assayed by immunoblotting. Therapy experiments were started 4 days after subcutaneous injection of cancer cells. Treatment with PCTAIRE1 siRNA-lipid nanoparticles (0.5 mg/kg RNA, twice a week) reduced tumor volume and weight significantly compared with the scramble-control group. Histopathological analysis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) showed increased apoptosis of tumor cells treated with PCTAIRE1-siRNA. Overall, our results demonstrate that siRNA treatment targeting PCTAIRE1 is effective in vivo, suggesting that PCTAIRE1 siRNA-lipid nanoparticles might be a novel therapeutic approach against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Yanagi
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Current address: Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Rachel Wilkie-Grantham
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Asami Hishiki
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ko Nagai
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ellen Toyonaga
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pad Chivukula
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shu-Ichi Matsuzawa
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Current address: Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
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Yanagi T, Shi R, Aza-Blanc P, Reed JC, Matsuzawa SI. PCTAIRE1-knockdown sensitizes cancer cells to TNF family cytokines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119404. [PMID: 25790448 PMCID: PMC4366397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While PCTAIRE1/PCTK1/Cdk16 is overexpressed in malignant cells and is crucial in tumorigenesis, its function in apoptosis remains unclear. Here we investigated the role of PCTAIRE1 in apoptosis, especially in the extrinsic cell death pathway. Gene-knockdown of PCTAIRE1 sensitized prostate cancer PPC1 and Du145 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells to TNF-family cytokines, including TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Meanwhile, PCTAIRE1-knockdown did not sensitize non-malignant cells, including diploid fibroblasts IMR-90 and the immortalized prostate epithelial cell line 267B1. PCTAIRE1-knockdown did not up-regulate death receptor expression on the cell surface or affect caspase-8, FADD and FLIP expression levels. PCTAIRE1-knockdown did promote caspase-8 cleavage and RIPK1 degradation, while RIPK1 mRNA knockdown sensitized PPC1 cells to TNF-family cytokines. Furthermore, the kinase inhibitor SNS-032, which inhibits PCTAIRE1 kinase activity, sensitized PPC1 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together these results suggest that PCTAIRE1 contributes to the resistance of cancer cell lines to apoptosis induced by TNF-family cytokines, which implies that PCTAIRE1 inhibitors could have synergistic effects with TNF-family cytokines for cytodestruction of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Yanagi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ranxin Shi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Reed
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JR); (SM)
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JR); (SM)
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PCTAIRE1 regulates p27 stability, apoptosis and tumor growth in malignant melanoma. Oncoscience 2014; 1:624-33. [PMID: 25593992 PMCID: PMC4278280 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PCTAIRE1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase family protein that has been implicated in spermatogenesis. Although we recently revealed the function of PCTAIRE1 in tumorigenesis of epithelial carcinoma cells, its tumorigenic function in melanoma remains unclear. Interrogation of the Oncomine database revealed that malignant melanoma showed up-regulation of PCTAIRE1 mRNA compared to normal skin and benign melanocytic nevus tissues. In the melanoma cell lines A2058 and SK-MEL-28, PCTAIRE1 gene knockdown using siRNA or shRNA diminished melanoma cell proliferation as assessed by cellular ATP levels, cell counting and clonogenic assays. Moreover, FACS analyses of annexin V-PI staining and DNA content showed that PCTAIRE1 knockdown caused apoptosis in A2058 cells. In contrast, PCTAIRE1 does not appear to be involved in the proliferation of immortalized human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Depletion of PCTAIRE1 by siRNA/shRNA led to p27 accumulation in melanoma cells but not HaCaT cells. In tumor xenografts of melanoma A2058 cells, conditional knockdown of PCTAIRE1 restored p27 protein expression and suppressed tumor growth. Our findings reveal a crucial role for PCTAIRE1 in regulating p27 protein levels and tumor growth in melanoma cells, suggesting that PCTAIRE1 could provide a target for melanoma treatment.
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Yanagi T, Krajewska M, Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. PCTAIRE1 phosphorylates p27 and regulates mitosis in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5795-807. [PMID: 25205104 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PCTAIRE1 is distant relative of the cyclin-dependent kinase family that has been implicated in spermatogenesis and neuronal development, but it has not been studied in cancer. Here, we report that PCTAIRE1 is expressed in prostate, breast, and cervical cancer cells, where its RNAi-mediated silencing causes growth inhibition with aberrant mitosis due to defects in centrosome dynamics. PCTAIRE1 was not similarly involved in proliferation of nontransformed cells, including diploid human IMR-90 fibroblasts. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified tumor suppressor p27 as a PCTAIRE1 interactor. In vitro kinase assays showed PCTAIRE1 phosphorylates p27 at Ser10. PCTAIRE1 silencing modulated Ser10 phosphorylation on p27 and led to its accumulation in cancer cells but not in nontransformed cells. In a mouse xenograft model of PPC1 prostate cancer, conditional silencing of PCTAIRE1 restored p27 protein expression and suppressed tumor growth. Mechanistic studies in HeLa cells showed that PCTAIRE1 phosphorylates p27 during the S and M phases of the cell cycle. Notably, p27 silencing was sufficient to rescue cells from mitotic arrest caused by PCTAIRE1 silencing. Clinically, PCTAIRE1 was highly expressed in primary breast and prostate tumors compared with adjacent normal epithelial tissues. Together our findings reveal an unexpected role for PCTAIRE1 in regulating p27 stability, mitosis, and tumor growth, suggesting PCTAIRE1 as a candidate cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Yanagi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - John C Reed
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California.
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Mikolcevic P, Rainer J, Geley S. Orphan kinases turn eccentric: a new class of cyclin Y-activated, membrane-targeted CDKs. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3758-68. [PMID: 22895054 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PCTAIRE kinases (PCTK) are a highly conserved, but poorly characterized, subgroup of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). They are characterized by a conserved catalytic domain flanked by N- and C-terminal extensions that are involved in cyclin binding. Vertebrate genomes contain three highly similar PCTAIRE kinases (PCTK1,2,3, a.k.a., CDK16,17,18), which are most abundant in post-mitotic cells in brain and testis. Consistent with this restricted expression pattern, PCTK1 (CDK16) has recently been shown to be essential for spermatogenesis. PCTAIREs are activated by cyclin Y (CCNY), a highly conserved single cyclin fold protein. By binding to N-myristoylated CCNY, CDK16 is targeted to the plasma membrane. Unlike conventional cyclin-CDK interactions, binding of CCNY to CDK16 not only requires the catalytic domain, but also domains within the N-terminal extension. Interestingly, phosphorylation within this domain blocks CCNY binding, providing a novel means of cyclin-CDK regulation. By using these functional characteristics, we analyzed "PCTAIRE" sequence containing protein kinase genes in genomes of various organisms and found that CCNY and CCNY-dependent kinases are restricted to eumetazoa and possibly evolved along with development of a central nervous system. Here, we focus on the structure and regulation of PCTAIREs and discuss their established functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mikolcevic
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 16/PCTAIRE kinase 1 is activated by cyclin Y and is essential for spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:868-79. [PMID: 22184064 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06261-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 16 (CDK16, PCTK1) is a poorly characterized protein kinase, highly expressed in the testis and the brain. Here, we report that CDK16 is activated by membrane-associated cyclin Y (CCNY). Treatment of transfected human cells with the protein kinase A (PKA) activator forskolin blocked, while kinase inhibition promoted, CCNY-dependent targeting of CDK16-green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the cell membrane. CCNY binding to CDK16 required a region upstream of the kinase domain and was found to be inhibited by phosphorylation of serine 153, a potential PKA phosphorylation site. Thus, in contrast to other CDKs, CDK16 is regulated by phosphorylation-controlled cyclin binding. CDK16 isolated from murine testis was unphosphorylated, interacted with CCNY, and exhibited kinase activity. To investigate the function of CDK16 in vivo, we established a conditional knockout allele. Mice lacking CDK16 developed normally, but male mice were infertile. Spermatozoa isolated from their epididymis displayed thinning and elongation of the annulus region, adopted a bent shape, and showed impaired motility. Moreover, CDK16-deficient spermatozoa had malformed heads and excess residual cytoplasm, suggesting a role of CDK16 in spermiation. Thus, CDK16 is a membrane-targeted CDK essential for spermatogenesis.
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16
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Gomi H, Sassa T, Thompson RF, Itohara S. Involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 in cognitive function required for contextual and spatial learning in mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:17. [PMID: 20428496 PMCID: PMC2859807 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (Cdkl2) is a cdc2-related serine/threonine protein kinase that is postnatally expressed in various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal thalamus. The extremely high Cdkl2 expression in these regions suggests that it has a role in cognition and emotion. Recent genetic studies indicate that mutations of Cdkl family kinases are associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in humans. To elucidate the physiologic role of Cdkl2, we behaviorally analyzed Cdkl2(LacZ/LacZ) mice lacking Cdkl2. Cdkl2(LacZ/LacZ) mice had reduced latencies to enter the dark compartment after electric footshock in an inhibitory avoidance task and attenuated contextual fear responses when exposed to mild training conditions. Hippocampal spatial learning in the Morris water maze was slightly anomalous with mice exhibiting an abnormal swimming pattern. The aversive response in a two-way avoidance task was slightly, but not significantly, enhanced. On the other hand, Cdkl2(LacZ/LacZ) mice did not exhibit altered sensitivity to aversive stimuli, such as electric footshock and heat, or deficits in the elevated plus maze or rotating rod test. These findings suggest that Cdkl2 is involved in cognitive function and provide in vivo evidence for the function of Cdkl family kinases expressed in terminally differentiated neurons in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gomi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
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Herskovits AZ, Davies P. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human PCTAIRE 3. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2005; 24:98-105. [PMID: 15857174 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2005.24.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for the unique N-terminal domain of the PCTAIRE 3 protein kinase have been produced and characterized. The specificity of these antibodies has been assessed by ELISA, Western blot, and immunoflorescence techniques. These reagents are specific for recombinant PCTAIRE 3 of human origin and do not cross-react with PCTAIRE 1 or PCTAIRE 2, despite the high homology between members of the PCTAIRE subfamily of cdc2-like kinases. Immunoblotting of transfected cells reveals that all of the antibodies recognize both isoforms of the PCTAIRE 3 kinase. Epitope mapping reveals three distinct classes of PCTAIRE 3 antibodies that recognize different sites within an immunodominant region of the N-terminal domain of the protein. The creation of highly specific PCTAIRE 3 monoclonal reagents will be useful for assessing the native distribution and function of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Herskovits
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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18
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O'Neill T, Giarratani L, Chen P, Iyer L, Lee CH, Bobiak M, Kanai F, Zhou BB, Chung JH, Rathbun GA. Determination of substrate motifs for human Chk1 and hCds1/Chk2 by the oriented peptide library approach. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:16102-15. [PMID: 11821419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111705200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Chk1 and Chk2 are two Ser/Thr effector kinases that play critical roles in DNA damage-activated cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathways downstream of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and ataxia telangiectasia-related. Endogenous substrates have been identified for human hCds1/Chk2 and Chk1; however, the sequences surrounding the substrate residues appear unrelated, and consensus substrate motifs for the two Ser/Thr kinases remain unknown. We have utilized peptide library analyses to develop specific, highly preferred substrate motifs for hCds1/Chk2 and Chk1. The optimal motifs are similar for both kinases and most closely resemble the previously identified Chk1 and hCds1/Chk2 substrate target sequences in Cdc25C and Cdc25A, the regulation of which plays an important role in S and G(2)M arrest. Essential residues required for the definition of the optimal motifs were also identified. Utilization of the peptides to assay the substrate specificities and catalytic activities of Chk1 and hCds1/Chk2 revealed substantial differences between the two Ser/Thr kinases. Structural modeling analyses of the peptides into the Chk1 catalytic cleft were consistent with Chk1 kinase assays defining substrate suitability. The library-derived substrate preferences were applied in a genome-wide search program, revealing novel targets that might serve as substrates for hCds1/Chk2 or Chk1 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted O'Neill
- Center for Blood Research, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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