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Yuen YJ, Sabitha T, Li LJ, Walvekar VA, Ramesh K, Kini RM, Sivaraman J, Mok YK. Hijacking of plasminogen by dengue virus: The kringle-4 and -5 domains of plasminogen binds synergistically to the domain I of envelope protein. Protein Sci 2025; 34:e70035. [PMID: 39840809 PMCID: PMC11751865 DOI: 10.1002/pro.70035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a serious health issue, particularly in tropical countries like Singapore. We have previously found that dengue virus (DENV) recruits human plasmin in blood meal to enhance the permeability of the mosquito midgut for infection. Here, using biolayer interferometry, we found that neither kringle-4 nor kringle-5 plasmin domains alone binds well to dengue virus. However, the domains together lead to a synergistic effect, with both kringle-4 and -5 domains required and sufficient for binding. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that the N-terminal and C-terminal aspartic acid residues in the "DXD" acidic motifs of the kringle-4 and -5 domains likely have different roles when engaged with DENV. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry experiments on the plasmin:DENV complex led to the identification of two Lys-containing regions on domain I of the E-protein of DENV that are buried by plasmin and could be potential plasmin binding sites. These findings contradict with published literature that domain III of the DENV E-protein interacts with the kringle-1-3 domains of plasmin. We provide a plausible explanation for the observed discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jun Yuen
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Thekkoot Sabitha
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lim Jian Li
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Varsha Ashok Walvekar
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences CentreNavi MumbaiMaharashtraIndia
| | - Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Incyte Research InstituteWilmingtonDelawareUSA
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - J. Sivaraman
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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Kountouras J, Papaefthymiou A, Polyzos SA, Zavos C, Doulberis M. Letter to the editor re: Li et al. (2020), ‘The potential role of bacteria in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review’. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:539-540. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
- First Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Christos Zavos
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Banerjee S, Ghosh S, Sinha K, Sil PC. Unfolding the Mechanism of Proteases in Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Diseases. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROTEASES 2017:583-603. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6141-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Law RHP, Abu-Ssaydeh D, Whisstock JC. New insights into the structure and function of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:836-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Zoonotic infections caused by Streptococcus spp. have been neglected in spite of the fact that frequency and severity of outbreaks increased dramatically in recent years. This may be due to non-identification since respective species are often not considered in human medical diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, an expanding human population concomitant with an increasing demand for food and the increased number of companion animals favour conditions for host species adaptation of animal streptococci. This review aims to give an overview on streptococcal zoonoses with focus on epidemiology and pathogenicity of four major zoonotic species, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus equi sub. zooepidemicus, Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus suis.
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Barthel D, Singh B, Riesbeck K, Zipfel PF. Haemophilus influenzae uses the surface protein E to acquire human plasminogen and to evade innate immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:379-85. [PMID: 22124123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes acquire the human plasma protein plasminogen to their surface. In this article, we characterize binding of this important coagulation regulator to the respiratory pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and identify the Haemophilus surface protein E (PE) as a new plasminogen-binding protein. Plasminogen binds dose dependently to intact bacteria and to purified PE. The plasminogen-PE interaction is mediated by lysine residues and is also affected by ionic strength. The H. influenzae PE knockout strain (nontypeable H. influenzae 3655Δpe) bound plasminogen with ∼65% lower intensity as compared with the wild-type, PE-expressing strain. In addition, PE expressed ectopically on the surface of Escherichia coli also bound plasminogen. Plasminogen, either attached to intact H. influenzae or bound to PE, was accessible for urokinase plasminogen activator. The converted active plasmin cleaved the synthetic substrate S-2251, and the natural substrates fibrinogen and C3b. Using synthetic peptides that cover the complete sequence of the PE protein, the major plasminogen-binding region was localized to a linear 28-aa-long N-terminal peptide, which represents aa 41-68. PE binds plasminogen and also vitronectin, and the two human plasma proteins compete for PE binding. Thus, PE is a major plasminogen-binding protein of the Gram-negative bacterium H. influenzae, and when converted to plasmin, PE-bound plasmin aids in immune evasion and contributes to bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barthel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
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SCM, a novel M-like protein from Streptococcus canis, binds (mini)-plasminogen with high affinity and facilitates bacterial transmigration. Biochem J 2011; 434:523-35. [PMID: 21210764 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is an important zoonotic pathogen capable of causing serious invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans. In the present paper we report the binding of human plasminogen to S. canis and the recruitment of proteolytically active plasmin on its surface. The binding receptor for plasminogen was identified as a novel M-like protein designated SCM (S. canis M-like protein). SPR (surface plasmon resonance) analyses, radioactive dot-blot analyses and heterologous expression on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii confirmed the plasminogen-binding capability of SCM. The binding domain was located within the N-terminus of SCM, which specifically bound to the C-terminal part of plasminogen (mini-plasminogen) comprising kringle domain 5 and the catalytic domain. In the presence of urokinase, SCM mediated plasminogen activation on the bacterial surface that was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors and lysine amino acid analogues. Surface-bound plasmin effectively degraded purified fibrinogen as well as fibrin clots, resulting in the dissolution of fibrin thrombi. Electron microscopic illustration and time-lapse imaging demonstrated bacterial transmigration through fibrinous thrombi. The present study has led, for the first time, to the identification of SCM as a novel receptor for (mini)-plasminogen mediating the fibrinolytic activity of S. canis.
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Vermoote M, Vandekerckhove TTM, Flahou B, Pasmans F, Smet A, De Groote D, Van Criekinge W, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Genome sequence of Helicobacter suis supports its role in gastric pathology. Vet Res 2011; 42:51. [PMID: 21414191 PMCID: PMC3065412 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter (H.) suis has been associated with chronic gastritis and ulcers of the pars oesophagea in pigs, and with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in humans. In order to obtain better insight into the genes involved in pathogenicity and in the specific adaptation to the gastric environment of H. suis, a genome analysis was performed of two H. suis strains isolated from the gastric mucosa of swine. Homologs of the vast majority of genes shown to be important for gastric colonization of the human pathogen H. pylori were detected in the H. suis genome. H. suis encodes several putative outer membrane proteins, of which two similar to the H. pylori adhesins HpaA and HorB. H. suis harbours an almost complete comB type IV secretion system and members of the type IV secretion system 3, but lacks most of the genes present in the cag pathogenicity island of H. pylori. Homologs of genes encoding the H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were identified in H. suis. H. suis also possesses several other presumptive virulence-associated genes, including homologs for mviN, the H. pylori flavodoxin gene, and a homolog of the H. pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A gene. It was concluded that although genes coding for some important virulence factors in H. pylori, such as the cytotoxin-associated protein (CagA), are not detected in the H. suis genome, homologs of other genes associated with colonization and virulence of H. pylori and other bacteria are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miet Vermoote
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Theo Marie Vandekerckhove
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominic De Groote
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Long M, Luo J, Li Y, Zeng FY, Li M. Detection and evaluation of antibodies against neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:2381-8. [PMID: 19452583 PMCID: PMC2684607 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect and evaluate the antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) in patients with gastric cancer and other gastroduodenal diseases.
METHODS: Recombinant HP-NAP was prepared from a prokaryotic expression system in Escherichia coli. Serum positivity and level of HP-NAP-specific antibodies in sera from 43 patients with gastric cancer, 28 with chronic gastritis, 28 with peptic ulcer, and 89 healthy controls were measured by rHP-NAP-based ELISA. rHP-NAP-stimulated production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and growth-related oncogene (GROα) cytokines in the culture supernatant of SGC7901 gastric epithelial cells was also detected.
RESULTS: The serum positivity and mean absorbance value of HP-NAP-specific antibodies in the gastric cancer group (97.7% and 1.01 ± 0.24) were significantly higher than those in the chronic gastritis group (85.7% and 0.89 ± 0.14, P < 0.005) and healthy control group (27.7% and 0.65 ± 0.18, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for the detection of HP-NAP-specific antibodies were 95.5% and 91.5%, respectively. HP-NAP could slightly up-regulate IL-8 production in gastric epithelial cell lines but had no effect on GROα production.
CONCLUSION: Infection with virulent H pylori strains secreting HP-NAP is associated with severe gastroduodenal diseases, and HP-NAP may play a role in the development of gastric carcinoma. rHP-NAP-based ELISA can be used as a new method to detect H pylori infection. The direct effect of HP-NAP on gastric epithelial cells may be limited, but HP-NAP may contribute to inflammatory response or carcinogenesis by activating neutrophils.
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Interactions between the products of the Herpes simplex genome and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes: relevance to pathological-signalling cascades. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:920-34. [PMID: 18164103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The products of the Herpes simplex (HSV-1) genome interact with many Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes or proteins. These in turn affect those of the virus. For example, HSV-1 binds to heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG2), or alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), and enters cells via nectin receptors, which are cleaved by gamma-secretase (APH1B, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, NCSTN). The virus also binds to blood-borne lipoproteins and apolipoprotein E (APOE) is able to modify its infectivity. Viral uptake is cholesterol- and lipid raft-dependent (DHCR24, HMGCR, FDPS, RAFTLIN, SREBF1). The virus is transported to the nucleus via the dynein and kinesin (KNS2) motors associated with the microtubule network (MAPT). Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a role in this transport. Nuclear export is mediated via disruption of the nuclear lamina and binding to LMNA. Herpes simplex activates kinases (CDC2 and casein kinase 2) whose substrates include APOE, APP, MAPT, PSEN2, and SREBF1. A viral protein is also able to delete mitochondrial DNA, a situation prevalent in Alzheimer's disease. The virus binds to the host transcription factors transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) and POU2F1 that control many other genes associated with Alzheimer's disease. Viral latency is controlled by IL6 and IL1B and at different stages of its life cycle the virus can either promote or attenuate apoptosis via Fas and tumor necrosis factor pathways (FAS, TNF, DAPK1, PARP1). Viral evasion strategies include inhibition of the antigen processor TAP2, the production of an Fc immunoglobulin receptor mimic (FCER1G) and inhibition of the viral-activated kinase EIF2AK2. These and other host/viral interactions, targeted to certain Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes, support the idea that some form of synergy between the pathogen and genetic factors may play a role in the pathology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Beyer BCM, Heiss MM, Simon EH, Gruetzner KU, Babic R, Jauch KW, Schildberg FW, Allgayer H. Urokinase system expression in gastric carcinoma: prognostic impact in an independent patient series and first evidence of predictive value in preoperative biopsy and intestinal metaplasia specimens. Cancer 2006; 106:1026-35. [PMID: 16435385 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic relevance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), u-PA receptor (u-PAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in gastric carcinoma was demonstrated in an independent patient series. To the authors' knowledge,the roles of these activators as predictors of aggressive phenotypes in preoperative biopsies, Helicobacter pylori infection, and intestinal metaplasia have to date not been investigated simultaneously in resected tumors. The objectives of the current study were 1) to demonstrate the prognostic relevance of u-PA, u-PAR, and PAI-1 in an independent series; 2) to evaluate u-PA system expression in preoperative biopsy specimens compared with resected tumors; and 3) to evaluate u-PA system expression in intestinal metaplasias and samples with H. pylori infection. METHODS In 104 patients with gastric carcinoma (median follow-up, 68 mos), u-PA, u-PAR, and PAI-1 in tumors and metaplasias were evaluated immunohistochemically. Preoperative biopsies were evaluated in a subset of patients. Patients were screened for H. pylori (urease) and tumor cells in bone marrow (u-PAR/CK18). RESULTS u-PA and PAI-1 were confirmed as independent prognostic parameters, and u-PAR was associated with a trend toward a poor prognosis. u-PA system tumor expression was found to be correlated significantly with u-PAR in disseminated tumor cells and H. pylori-infected tumors, implicating a role of H. pylori in protease induction. There was a significant correlation noted between u-PA system staining between preoperative biopsies and the results in resected tumors. The expression of u-PAR and PAI-1 in intestinal metaplasias was found to be associated significantly with advanced tumor stage (depth of invasion; pathologic tumor status) and lymph node involvement (pathologic lymph node status) and was correlated significantly with u-PA system expression in tumors. CONCLUSIONS To the author's know the current study is the first to date to demonstrate that u-PA system expression may serve as a predictor of risk in intestinal metaplasias and preoperative biopsies, implicating consequences for neoadjuvant therapy. The independent impact on recurrence and survival and a correlation with u-PAR-expression of minimal residual disease were identified in this independent series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C M Beyer
- Department of Surgery Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Dubreuil JD, Giudice GD, Rappuoli R. Helicobacter pylori interactions with host serum and extracellular matrix proteins: potential role in the infectious process. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66:617-29, table of contents. [PMID: 12456785 PMCID: PMC134656 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.66.4.617-629.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium, specifically colonizes the stomachs of humans. Once established in this harsh ecological niche, it remains there virtually for the entire life of the host. To date, numerous virulence factors responsible for gastric colonization, survival, and tissue damage have been described for this bacterium. Nevertheless, a critical feature of H. pylori is its ability to establish a long-lasting infection. In fact, although good humoral (against many bacterial proteins) and cellular responses are observed, most infected persons are unable to eradicate the infection. A large body of evidence has shown that the interaction between H. pylori and the host is very complex. In addition to the effect of virulence factors on colonization and persistence, binding of specialized bacterial proteins, known as receptins, to certain host molecules (ligands) could explain the success of H. pylori as a chronically persisting pathogen. Some of the reported interactions are of high affinity, as revealed by their calculated dissociation constant. This review examines the binding of host proteins (serum and extracellular matrix proteins) to H. pylori and considers the significance of these interactions in the infectious process. A more thorough understanding of the kinetics of these receptin interactions could provide a new approach to preventing deeper tissue invasion in H. pylori infections and could represent an alternative to antibiotic treatment.
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