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Exploring Functional Differences between the Right and Left Ventricles to Better Understand Right Ventricular Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9993060. [PMID: 34497685 PMCID: PMC8421158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The right and left ventricles have traditionally been studied as individual entities. Furthermore, modifications found in diseased left ventricles are assumed to influence on right ventricle alterations, but the connection is poorly understood. In this review, we describe the differences between ventricles under physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding the mechanisms that differentiate both ventricles would facilitate a more effective use of therapeutics and broaden our knowledge of right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. RV failure is the strongest predictor of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension, but at present, there are no definitive therapies directly targeting RV failure. We further explore the current state of drugs and molecules that improve RV failure in experimental therapeutics and clinical trials to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and provide evidence of their potential benefits in heart failure.
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2
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Dignam JP, Scott TE, Kemp-Harper BK, Hobbs AJ. Animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Getting to the heart of the problem. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:811-837. [PMID: 33724447 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a fatal disease due to the development of right ventricular (RV) failure. At present, no treatments targeted at the right ventricle are available, and RV function is not widely considered in the preclinical assessment of new therapeutics. Several small animal models are used in the study of PH, including the classic models of exposure to either hypoxia or monocrotaline, newer combinational and genetic models, and pulmonary artery banding, a surgical model of pure RV pressure overload. These models reproduce selected features of the structural remodelling and functional decline seen in patients and have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology of RV failure. However, significant reversal of remodelling and improvement in RV function remains a therapeutic obstacle. Emerging animal models will provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing the transition from adaptive remodelling to a failing right ventricle, aiding the hunt for druggable molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Dignam
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tara E Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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3
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Antigny F, Mercier O, Humbert M, Sabourin J. Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation alteration in right ventricular remodelling caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 113:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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4
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Ren X, Johns RA, Gao WD. EXPRESS: Right Heart in Pulmonary Hypertension: From Adaptation to Failure. Pulm Circ 2019; 9:2045894019845611. [PMID: 30942134 PMCID: PMC6681271 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019845611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure (RVF) has garnered significant attention in recent years because of its negative impact on clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH triggers a series of events, including activation of several signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and energy production. These processes render the RV adaptive to PH. However, RVF develops when PH persists, accompanied by RV ischemia, alterations in substrate and mitochondrial energy metabolism, increased free oxygen radicals, increased cell loss, downregulation of adrenergic receptors, increased inflammation and fibrosis, and pathologic microRNAs. Diastolic dysfunction is also an integral part of RVF. Emerging non-invasive technologies such as molecular or metallic imaging, cardiac MRI, and ultrafast Doppler coronary flow mapping will be valuable tools to monitor RVF, especially the transition to RVF. Most PH therapies cannot treat RVF once it has occurred. A variety of therapies are available to treat acute and chronic RVF, but they are mainly supportive, and no effective therapy directly targets the failing RV. Therapies that target cell growth, cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and myocyte regeneration are being tested preclinically. Future research should include establishing novel RVF models based on existing models, increasing use of human samples, creating human stem cell-based in vitro models, and characterizing alterations in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling during transition from adaptive RV to RVF. More successful strategies to manage RVF will likely be developed as we learn more about the transition from adaptive remodeling to maladaptive RVF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology,
China-Japan
Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Roger A. Johns
- Department of Anesthesiology and
Critical Care Medicine,
Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Dong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and
Critical Care Medicine,
Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Viswanathan G, Mamazhakypov A, Schermuly RT, Rajagopal S. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:179. [PMID: 30619886 PMCID: PMC6305072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload of the right ventricle (RV) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) leads to RV remodeling and failure, an important determinant of outcome in patients with PAH. Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are differentially regulated in the RV myocardium, contributing to the pathogenesis of RV adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Many pharmacological agents that target GPCRs have been demonstrated to result in beneficial effects on left ventricular (LV) failure, such as beta-adrenergic receptor and angiotensin receptor antagonists. However, the role of such drugs on RV remodeling and performance is not known at this time. Moreover, many of these same receptors are also expressed in the pulmonary vasculature, which could result in complex effects in PAH. This manuscript reviews the role of GPCRs in the RV remodeling and dysfunction and discusses activating and blocking GPCR signaling to potentially attenuate remodeling while promoting improvements of RV function in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Viswanathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Lee J, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Altered Nitric Oxide System in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases. Chonnam Med J 2016; 52:81-90. [PMID: 27231671 PMCID: PMC4880583 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by a family of NO synthases (NOS), including neuronal, inducible, and endothelial NOS (n/i/eNOS). NO-mediated effects can be beneficial or harmful depending on the specific risk factors affecting the disease. In hypertension, the vascular relaxation response to acetylcholine is blunted, and that to direct NO donors is maintained. A reduction in the activity of eNOS is mainly responsible for the elevation of blood pressure, and an abnormal expression of iNOS is likely to be related to the progression of vascular dysfunction. While eNOS/nNOS-derived NO is protective against the development of atherosclerosis, iNOS-derived NO may be proatherogenic. eNOS-derived NO may prevent the progression of myocardial infarction. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is significantly enhanced in eNOS-deficient animals. An important component of heart failure is the loss of coronary vascular eNOS activity. A pressure-overload may cause severer left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in eNOS null mice than in wild-type mice. iNOS-derived NO has detrimental effects on the myocardium. NO plays an important role in regulating the angiogenesis and slowing the interstitial fibrosis of the obstructed kidney. In unilateral ureteral obstruction, the expression of eNOS was decreased in the affected kidney. In triply n/i/eNOS null mice, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus developed along with reduced aquaporin-2 abundance. In chronic kidney disease model of subtotal-nephrectomized rats, treatment with NOS inhibitors decreased systemic NO production and induced left ventricular systolic dysfunction (renocardiac syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- JongUn Lee
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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7
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Exploring the monocrotaline animal model for the study of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A network approach. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Poels EM, da Costa Martins PA, van Empel VPM. Adaptive capacity of the right ventricle: why does it fail? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H803-13. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00573.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Only in recent years has the right ventricle (RV) function become appreciated to be equally important to the left ventricle (LV) function to maintain cardiac output. Right ventricular failure is, irrespectively of the etiology, associated with impaired exercise tolerance and poor survival. Since the anatomy and physiology of the RV is distinctly different than that of the LV, its adaptive mechanisms and the pathways involved are different as well. RV hypertrophy is an important mechanism of the RV to preserve cardiac output. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the right ventricle and its response to pathologic situations. We will focus on the adaptive capacity of the right ventricle and the molecular pathways involved, and we will discuss potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M. Poels
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Vessel Center, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paula A. da Costa Martins
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Vanessa P. M. van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Vessel Center, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Patel BM, Bhadada SV. Type 2 diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications: comparative evaluation of spironolactone, atenolol, metoprolol, ramipril and perindopril. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013; 36:340-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2013.827699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yigitaslan S, Sirmagul B. Relation of bosentan, iloprost, and sildenafil with growth factor levels in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34:222-9. [PMID: 22468718 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2011.631652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that growth factors play an important role in vascular remodeling that is evident in pulmonary hypertension (PH) pathogenesis. In the present study, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in serum and pulmonary artery samples of rats have been analyzed with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH after treatments with iloprost, bosentan, and sildenafil. Serum VEGF and pulmonary artery VEGF levels were found to be significantly lower in MCT groups compared with control groups and significantly higher in treatment groups compared with MCT groups. In conclusion, treatment strategies directed at increasing VEGF levels may be reasonable in PH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Yigitaslan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Hassanpour H, Momtaz H, Shahgholian L, Bagheri R, Sarfaraz S, Heydaripoor B. Gene expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors in the heart of broiler chickens with T3-induced pulmonary hypertension. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Pressure load: the main factor for altered gene expression in right ventricular hypertrophy in chronic hypoxic rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15859. [PMID: 21246034 PMCID: PMC3016335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated whether changes in gene expression in the right ventricle following pulmonary hypertension can be attributed to hypoxia or pressure loading. Methodology/Principal Findings To distinguish hypoxia from pressure-induced alterations, a group of rats underwent banding of the pulmonary trunk (PTB), sham operation, or the rats were exposed to normoxia or chronic, hypobaric hypoxia. Pressure measurements were performed and the right ventricle was analyzed by Affymetrix GeneChip, and selected genes were confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Right ventricular systolic blood pressure and right ventricle to body weight ratio were elevated in the PTB and the hypoxic rats. Expression of the same 172 genes was altered in the chronic hypoxic and PTB rats. Thus, gene expression of enzymes participating in fatty acid oxidation and the glycerol channel were downregulated. mRNA expression of aquaporin 7 was downregulated, but this was not the case for the protein expression. In contrast, monoamine oxidase A and tissue transglutaminase were upregulated both at gene and protein levels. 11 genes (e.g. insulin-like growth factor binding protein) were upregulated in the PTB experiment and downregulated in the hypoxic experiment, and 3 genes (e.g. c-kit tyrosine kinase) were downregulated in the PTB and upregulated in the hypoxic experiment. Conclusion/Significance Pressure load of the right ventricle induces a marked shift in the gene expression, which in case of the metabolic genes appears compensated at the protein level, while both expression of genes and proteins of importance for myocardial function and remodelling are altered by the increased pressure load of the right ventricle. These findings imply that treatment of pulmonary hypertension should also aim at reducing right ventricular pressure.
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13
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Raaf L, Noll C, Cherifi MEH, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Delabar JM, Benazzoug Y, Janel N. Myocardial fibrosis and TGFB expression in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 347:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Lim KA, Kim KC, Cho MS, Lee BE, Kim HS, Hong YM. Gene expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor a on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats after bosentan treatment. Korean Circ J 2010; 40:459-64. [PMID: 20967148 PMCID: PMC2957645 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2010.40.9.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Endothelin (ET)-1, a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, has a potential pathophysiologic role in pulmonary hypertension. Bosentan, a dual ET receptor (ET(A)/ET(B)) antagonist, is efficacious in treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The objectives of this study were to investigate the expression of ET-1 and ET receptor A (ERA) genes and to evaluate the effect of bosentan in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated as follows: control (n=36), subcutaneous (sc) injection of saline; MCT (n=36), sc injection of MCT (60 mg/kg); and bosentan (n=36), sc injection of MCT (60 mg/kg) plus 25 mg/kg/day bosentan orally. RESULTS Serum ET-1 concentrations in the MCT group were higher than the control group on day 28 and 42. Quantitative analysis of peripheral pulmonary arteries revealed that the increase in medial wall thickness after MCT injection was significantly attenuated in the bosentan group on day 28 and 42. In addition, the increase in the number of intra-acinar muscular arteries after MCT injection was reduced by bosentan on day 14, 28 and 42. The levels of ET-1 and ERA gene expression were significantly increased in the MCT group compared with control group on day 5, and bosentan decreased the expression of ET-1 on day 5. CONCLUSION ET-1 contributes to the progression of cardiopulmonary pathology in rats with MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension. Administration of bosentan reduced ET-1 gene expression in MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Korea
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15
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Cardiomyocyte-specific inactivation of thyroid hormone in pathologic ventricular hypertrophy: an adaptative response or part of the problem? Heart Fail Rev 2010; 15:133-42. [PMID: 19107595 PMCID: PMC2820687 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in various rodent models of pathologic ventricular hypertrophy report the re-expression of deiodinase type 3 (D3) in cardiomyocytes. D3 inactivates thyroid hormone (T3) and is mainly expressed in tissues during development. The stimulation of D3 activity in ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure is associated with severe impairment of cardiac T3 signaling. Hypoxia-induced signaling appears to drive D3 expression in the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte, but other signaling cascades implicated in hypertrophy are also capable of stimulating transcription of the DIO3 gene. Many cardiac genes are transcriptionally regulated by T3 and impairment of T3 signaling will not only reduce energy turnover, but also lead to changes in gene expression that contribute to contractile dysfunction in pathologic remodeling. Whether stimulation of D3 activity and the ensuing local T3-deficiency is an adaptive response of the stressed heart or part of the pathologic signaling network leading to heart failure, remains to be established.
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Okada M, Harada T, Kikuzuki R, Yamawaki H, Hara Y. Effects of telmisartan on right ventricular remodeling induced by monocrotaline in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:193-200. [PMID: 19809219 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09112fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, has cardioprotective effects on monocrotaline-induced right ventricular (RV) remodeling in rats. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into control group (CONT), monocrotaline (60 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated group (MCT), monocrotaline (60 mg/kg, i.p.) + telmisartan (3 mg/kg per day, p.o.)-treated group (MCT+TEL), and telmisartan (3 mg/kg per day, p.o.) alone-treated group (TEL). Hearts were excised after echocardiography examinations at day 25. Significant increase in RV weight and histologically remarkable fibrosis in RV sections were observed in MCT. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, a parameter for RV systolic function, significantly decreased in MCT. These RV hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction were inhibited in MCT+TEL. In MCT, the acceleration time/ejection time ratio of pulmonary artery flow velocity, an index of pulmonary hypertension, significantly decreased. This decrease was not affected in MCT+TEL. In MCT, expressions and activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, which play a critical role in cardiac remodeling, significantly increased in the RV. In MCT+TEL, these increases in expressions and activities were inhibited. MCT showed about 2-fold increase in transforming growth factor-beta1 expression compared with CONT, and such an increase was not decreased in MCT+TEL. There were no significant changes of these parameters in TEL compared with CONT. These results suggest that telmisartan could attenuate the monocrotaline-induced RV remodeling through improvements of RV hypertrophy, fibrosis, dysfunction, and inhibition of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
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Lim KA, Shim JY, Cho SH, Kim KC, Han JJ, Hong YM. Effect of endothelin receptor blockade on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.6.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yun Shim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Chang Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Jin Han
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Kajiya M, Hirota M, Inai Y, Kiyooka T, Morimoto T, Iwasaki T, Endo K, Mohri S, Shimizu J, Yada T, Ogasawara Y, Naruse K, Ohe T, Kajiya F. Impaired NO-mediated vasodilation with increased superoxide but robust EDHF function in right ventricular arterial microvessels of pulmonary hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2737-44. [PMID: 17220192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00548.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) causes right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and, according to the extent of pressure overload, eventual heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that the mechanical stress in PH-RV impairs the vasoreactivity of the RV coronary microvessels of different sizes with increased superoxide levels. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with monocrotaline ( n = 126) to induce PH or with saline as controls ( n = 114). After 3 wk, coronary arterioles (diameter = 30–100 μm) and small arteries (diameter = 100–200 μm) in the RV were visualized using intravital videomicroscopy. We evaluated ACh-induced vasodilation alone, in the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) or catalase with or without l-NAME, and in the presence of SOD. The degree of suppression in vasodilation by l-NAME and TEA was used as indexes of the contributions of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), respectively. In PH rats, ACh-induced vasodilation was significantly attenuated in both arterioles and small aretries, especially in arterioles. This decreased vasodilation was largely attributable to reduced NO-mediated vasoreactivity, whereas the EDHF-mediated vasodilation was relatively robust. The suppressive effect on arteriolar vasodilation by catalase was similar to TEA in both groups. Superoxide, as measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence, was significantly elevated in the RV tissues in PH. SOD significantly ameliorated the impairment of ACh-induced vasodilation in PH. Robust EDHF function will play a protective role in preserving coronary microvascular homeostasis in the event of NO dysfunction with increased superoxide levels.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biological Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biological Factors/metabolism
- Catalase/metabolism
- Coronary Circulation/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Microcirculation/physiopathology
- Microscopy, Video
- Monocrotaline
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Tetraethylammonium/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Kajiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Castro MG, Rodríguez-Pascual F, Magán-Marchal N, Reguero JR, Alonso-Montes C, Morís C, Alvarez V, Lamas S, Coto E. Screening of the endothelin1 gene (EDN1) in a cohort of patients with essential left ventricular hypertrophy. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 71:601-10. [PMID: 17335511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to analyse the role of endothelin1 gene (EDN1) variation in essential left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We searched for EDN1 variants in 145 Spanish patients with an essential form of LVH (not secondary to hypertension, aortic stenosis, or any other disease that could explain the hypertrophy). The five EDN1 coding exons and 1.5 kilobases of the promoter region were analysed through single strand conformation analysis and direct sequencing. We found four nucleotide changes: -1224 C/A (promoter), -131 ins/del A (exon 1, 5'-non-translated sequence), A/G in codon 106 (exon 3, silent), and G/T in codon 198 (exon 5, lys198asn). To determine the association between these polymorphisms and cardiac hypertrophy, we compared the genotype frequencies from these 145 patients with 250 healthy controls. We found a higher frequency of patients homozygous for 198 lys (198 KK) (65% vs. 52%; p = 0.01; OR = 1.76) and for -1224 AA (73% vs. 66%; p = 0.19). Homozygotes for -1224 A + 198 K (AA+KK) were significantly more frequent in patients (62% vs. 45%; p = 0.0007; OR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.35-3.25). The expression of the -1224 C/A and exon 5 K198N variants was analysed with cells in culture. These in vitro studies showed that these variations did not differ in their expression levels. In conclusion, our work has shown that EDN1 variation, and in particular homozygosity for the -1224A/198K haplotype, is associated with the risk of developing cardiac hypertrophy. However, these EDN1 variants do not affect in vitro gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Castro
- Genética Molecular, Hopital Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Usui SI, Yao A, Hatano M, Kohmoto O, Takahashi T, Nagai R, Kinugawa K. Upregulated Neurohumoral Factors are Associated With Left Ventricular Remodeling and Poor Prognosis in Rats With Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circ J 2006; 70:1208-15. [PMID: 16936438 DOI: 10.1253/circj.70.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular remodeling might be involved in the pathophysiology of right ventricular hypertrophy/failure due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), while the left ventricle is considered not under pressure/volume overload. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH were used in the present study to examine whether upregulated neurohumoral factors may induce left ventricular (LV) remodeling and(/or) contribute to prognosis. Morphological analysis revealed a significant increase in the weight of the free walls of both ventricles and the interventricular septum, indicating biventricular hypertrophy, although systemic blood pressure was not elevated. RNase protection assay demonstrated the activation of a fetal gene program in the cardiac muscle of the left and right ventricular free walls. Similar activation of the fetal gene program was observed in the LV of rats continuously infused with angiotensin (AT) II, although this was not the case for rats infused with isoproterenol. Measured plasma levels of ATII, noradrenaline, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were all significantly elevated in the PAH rats. Furthermore, the plasma BNP level positively correlated with the ratio of heart weight to body weight and the plasma level of ATII. Not right but LV hypertrophy was significantly reduced by treatment with an AT II type 1 receptor blocker, valsartan, whereas the effect of an adrenergic alpha1 and beta1,2 blocker, carvedilol, was borderline. Survival rate in the PAH rats was significantly improved when they were treated with valsartan or carvedilol. CONCLUSIONS Upregulated neurohumoral factors seem to play an important role in LV remodeling without mechanical overload, and are associated with impairment of prognosis in rats with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Usui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Ahmed MS, von Lueder TG, Øie E, Kjekshus H, Attramadal H. Induction of myocardial connective tissue growth factor in pacing-induced heart failure in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 184:27-36. [PMID: 15847641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2005.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted, heparin-binding, and extracellular matrix associated protein shown to stimulate many of the cellular events underlying fibrosis. Previous investigations have revealed that myocardial CTGF is substantially induced in ischaemic heart failure, particularly in the ischaemic and peri-ischaemic region. The purpose of the present study was to investigate to what extent myocardial induction of CTGF is a general response to congestive heart failure (CHF) and to what extent CTGF is a decisive effector of fibrosis. METHODS Experimental heart failure in pigs was induced by rapid pacing at 220-240 beats min(-1) for 3 weeks (CHF pigs; n = 12). RESULTS The CHF pigs exhibited significant left ventricular (LV) dilatation, reduced contractility, and increased cardiac filling pressures. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that myocardial CTGF mRNA levels in CHF pigs were fivefold higher (P < 0.05) than those in control pigs (n = 10). Similar elevations of immunoreactive CTGF (sixfold; P < 0.05) were observed in myocardial tissue samples prepared for Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of myocardial tissue sections revealed predominant expression in interstitial and perivascular fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Myocardial procollagen alpha1(I) mRNA levels were also significantly elevated (sixfold; P < 0.05) in CHF pigs compared with controls, whereas myocardial tissue contents of collagen were not statistically different between the groups. CONCLUSION Induction of myocardial CTGF in heart failure is not just a response to ischaemia, but rather a general response to evolving heart failure. Yet, induction of myocardial CTGF was clearly not a sufficient effector of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ahmed
- MSD Cardiovascular Research Center and Institute for Surgical Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Leung SWS, Cheng X, Lim SL, Pang CCY. Augmented Pulmonary Vascular and Venous Constrictions to N G-Nitro- L-Arginine Methyl Ester in Rats with Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Pharmacology 2003; 69:164-70. [PMID: 14512704 DOI: 10.1159/000072670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase) were examined in thiobutabarbital-anesthetized control-rats and rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. L-NAME (1-16 mg/kg i.v.) increased mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, venous resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac output in both the control and pulmonary hypertensive rats. Relative to the controls, L-NAME (16 mg/kg) caused a smaller increase (approximately 50% of control) in mean arterial pressure in the pulmonary hypertensive rats, but greater increases in venous (approximately 200%) as well as pulmonary vascular (approximately 400%) resistances and a greater decrease in cardiac output (approximately 140%). The results show that NO is an important dilator within the arterial, venous and pulmonary circulation; its pulmonary and venous dilator roles are augmented in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, B.C., Canada
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Adamy C, Oliviero P, Eddahibi S, Rappaport L, Samuel JL, Teiger E, Chassagne C. Cardiac modulations of ANG II receptor expression in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H733-40. [PMID: 12124222 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01088.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular myocardial hypertrophy during hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is associated with local renin-angiotensin system activation. The expression of angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) and type 2 (AT(2)) receptors in this setting has never been investigated. We have therefore examined the chronic hypoxia pattern of AT(1) and AT(2) expression in the right and left cardiac ventricles, using in situ binding and RT-PCR assays. Hypoxia produced right, but not left, ventricular hypertrophy after 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Hypoxia for 2 days was associated in each ventricle with a simultaneous and transient increase (P < 0.05) in AT(1) binding and AT(1) mRNA levels in the absence of any significant change in AT(2) expression level. Only after 14 days of hypoxia, AT(2) binding increased (P < 0.05) in the two ventricles, concomitantly with a right ventricular decrease (P < 0.05) in AT(2) mRNA. Along these data, AT(1) and AT(2) binding remained unchanged in both the left and hypertrophied right ventricles from rats treated with monocrotaline for 30 days. These results indicate that chronic hypoxia induces modulations of AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in both cardiac ventricles probably through direct and indirect mechanisms, respectively, which modulations may participate in myogenic (at the level of smooth or striated myocytes) rather than in the growth response of the heart to hypoxia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Heart Ventricles
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Ligands
- Male
- Monocrotaline
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Organ Size
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Adamy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U127/572, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Circulation Paris VII, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Denis Diderot, 41 boulevard de la Chapelle, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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Baybutt RC, Rosales C, Brady H, Molteni A. Dietary fish oil protects against lung and liver inflammation and fibrosis in monocrotaline treated rats. Toxicology 2002; 175:1-13. [PMID: 12049831 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fish oil in preventing tissue pathologies associated with monocrotaline (MCT) toxicity. Twenty-four weanling rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) 12 to a group fed a diet containing 15% (w/w) corn oil (control) and (2) 12 to a group fed a diet containing fish oil (13%) and corn oil (2%) as the source of fat. Rats were fed for 4 weeks prior to MCT treatment. Six rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with MCT and six injected with its vehicle (water) and all were continued on their respective diets. All rats were sacrificed 3 weeks after injection. In rats receiving MCT, we observed severe interstitial pneumonia, septal fibrosis, vasculitis with virtual obliteration of the lumen of the small arteries and arterioles, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and hepatomegaly and hepatocyte vacuole formation. Dietary fish oil significantly reduced septal fibrosis and development of pneumonia. There was a slight, but statistically insignificant decrease in vasculitis and fish oil did not prevent RVH (pulmonary hypertension). In addition, fish oil effectively protected the MCT-treated rats from development of hepatocyte vacuoles (steatosis), hepatic inflammation and vasculitis, increased presence of fibroblasts and collagen deposition in the centrilobular and, to a lesser extent, in the periportal spaces. These results suggest that lung parenchymal inflammation can be attenuated without altering the course of development of pulmonary hypertension in the MCT model. These results also indicate that fish oil protects against inflammation and fibrosis in the lung and liver, and against hepatocyte vacuole formation in MCT-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Baybutt
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502-1407, USA.
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Lee J, Kim S, Jung M, Oh Y, Kim SW. Altered expression of vascular natriuretic peptide receptors in experimental hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29:299-303. [PMID: 11985539 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the regulation of vascular natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR) is related to the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). 2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive to activate and inhibit the RAS, respectively. Another model of hypertension was induced by treatment with an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, namely NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). 3. The mRNA expression of NPR-A, NPR-C, angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin AT1 receptors was determined in the thoracic aorta by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The particulate guanylyl cyclase activity stimulated by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was also determined in the membrane fraction of the thoracic aorta. 4. The plasma concentrations of ANP were increased significantly in the three models of hypertension. Plasma renin activity was increased in 2K1C hypertension, decreased in DOCA-salt hypertension and not significantly altered in L-NAME hypertension. 5. The mRNA expression of NPR-A and NPR-C was decreased, whereas that of ACE and AT1 receptors was increased in 2K1C and L-NAME hypertension. The mRNA expression of NPR-A and NPR-C was increased, whereas that of ACE and AT1 receptors was decreased in DOCA-salt hypertension. 6. The particulate guanylyl cyclase activity was decreased in 2K1C and L-NAME hypertension and increased in DOCA-salt hypertension. 7. The vascular expression of NPR may be reciprocally regulated by local RAS activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Enzyme Activation
- Guanylate Cyclase/biosynthesis
- Guanylate Cyclase/blood
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Male
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/biosynthesis
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptors, Angiotensin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/blood
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Renin/blood
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- JongUn Lee
- Department of Physiology and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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