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Pál L, Muhollari T, Bujdosó O, Baranyai E, Nagy A, Árnyas E, Ádány R, Sándor J, McKee M, Szűcs S. Heavy metal contamination in recorded and unrecorded spirits. Should we worry? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104723. [PMID: 32645427 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals can be released into all alcoholic beverages during production and storage. However, there is at least a theoretical risk that they could be present in higher, and potentially toxic, concentrations in those produced in the household and small-scale stills common in Central and Eastern Europe, which lack quality control and whose products are unrecorded by authorities. Yet, so far, few studies comparing concentrations of heavy metals in recorded and unrecorded spirits have been published. In this study we ask whether there is any difference between heavy metal concentrations in recorded and unrecorded spirits and, thus, the related health risk. The levels of heavy metals were determined in recorded (n = 97) and unrecorded (n = 100) spirits using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric analysis and applied to population-based risk assessments, considering average, regular and chronic heavy drinkers. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Sn were significantly higher in unrecorded spirits than those in their recorded counterparts and recorded spirits contained significantly higher levels of Fe, Mn, and Ni than unrecorded spirits. Combined exposure to heavy metals posed a potential health risk in chronic heavy drinkers consuming recorded spirits. However, when compared to the health risk arising from drinking large volumes of ethanol, the risk is negligible. Consequently, there are no grounds to worry about the adverse effects of heavy metals from spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Pál
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Teuta Muhollari
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Bujdosó
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Edina Baranyai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Nagy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ervin Árnyas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Róza Ádány
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group, Public Health Research Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; WHO Collaborating Centre on Vulnerability and Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Martin McKee
- European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sándor Szűcs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Eom SY, Hwang MS, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Park JD, Kim YD, Kim H. Exome-wide association study identifies genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51, MYL2, and ALDH2 associated with blood lead levels in the general Korean population. Environ Health 2017; 16:11. [PMID: 28212632 PMCID: PMC5316181 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous toxic metal present in the environment that poses adverse health effects to humans. Inter-individual variation in blood Pb levels is affected by various factors, including genetic makeup. However, limited data are available on the association between genetic variation and blood Pb levels. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic markers associated with blood Pb levels in the Korean population. METHODS The study subjects consisted of 1,483 healthy adults with no history of occupational exposure to Pb. We measured blood Pb levels and calculated probable daily intake of Pb according to dietary data collected using 24-hour recall. We conducted exome-wide association screening using Illumina Human Exome-12v1.2 platform (n = 500) and a replication analysis using VeraCode Goldengate assay (n = 1,483). RESULTS Among the 244,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested, 12 SNPs associated with blood Pb level were identified, with suggestive significance level (P < 1 × 10-4). In the Goldengate assay for replication, three SNPs (C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671) were associated with statistically suggestively significant differences in blood Pb levels. When stratified by drinking status, a potential association of C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 with blood Pb level was observed only in drinkers. A marginally significant gene-environment interaction between ALDH2 rs671 and alcohol consumption was observed in relation to blood Pb levels. The effects of the three suggestively significant SNPs on blood Pb levels was dependent on daily calcium intake amounts. CONCLUSIONS This exome-wide association study indicated that C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms are linked to blood Pb levels in the Korean population. Our results suggest that these three SNPs are involved in the determination of Pb levels in Koreans via the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior, and that their negative effects may be compensated by appropriate calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-Ro, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju 28159 Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
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Mattalloni MS, Deza-Ponzio R, Albrecht PA, Cancela LM, Virgolini MB. Developmental lead exposure induces opposite effects on ethanol intake and locomotion in response to central vs. systemic cyanamide administration. Alcohol 2017; 58:1-11. [PMID: 28109342 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a developmental neurotoxicant that elicits differential responses to drugs of abuse. Particularly, ethanol consumption has been demonstrated to be increased as a consequence of environmental Pb exposure, with catalase (CAT) and brain acetaldehyde (ACD, the first metabolite of ethanol) playing a role. The present study sought to interfere with ethanol metabolism by inhibiting ALDH2 (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase) activity in both liver and brain from control and Pb-exposed rats as a strategy to accumulate ACD, a substance that plays a major role in the drug's reinforcing and/or aversive effects. To evaluate the impact on a 2-h chronic voluntary ethanol intake test, developmentally Pb-exposed and control rats were administered with cyanamide (CY, an ALDH inhibitor) either systemically or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the last 4 sessions of the experiment. Furthermore, on the last session and after locomotor activity was assessed, all animals were sacrificed to obtain brain and liver samples for ALDH2 and CAT activity determination. Systemic CY administration reduced the elevated ethanol intake already reported in the Pb-exposed animals (but not in the controls) accompanied by liver (but not brain) ALDH2 inactivation. On the other hand, a 0.3 mg i.c.v. CY administration enhanced both ethanol intake and locomotor activity accompanied by brain ALDH2 inactivation in control animals, while an increase in ethanol consumption was also observed in the Pb-exposed group, although in the absence of brain ALDH2 blockade. No changes were observed in CAT activity as a consequence of CY administration. These results support the participation of liver and brain ACD in ethanol intake and locomotor activity, responses that are modulated by developmental Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Soledad Mattalloni
- IFEC - CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina Deza-Ponzio
- IFEC - CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Alejandra Albrecht
- IFEC - CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Marina Cancela
- IFEC - CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam Beatriz Virgolini
- IFEC - CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Determination of Lead in Croatian Wines by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2011; 62:25-31. [DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of Lead in Croatian Wines by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption SpectrometryA method has been developed for direct determination of lead in wine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) with Zeeman-effect background correction. The thermal behaviour of Pb during pyrolysis and atomisation stages was investigated without matrix modifier and in the presence of Pd(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2+ Mg(NO3)2× 6H2O, and NH4H2PO4+ Mg(NO3)2× 6H2O as matrix modifiers. A simple 1:1 dilution of wine samples with Pd(NO3)2as a matrix modifier proved optimal for accurate determination of Pb in wine. Mean recoveries were 106 % for red and 114 % for white wine, and the detection limit was 3 μg L-1. Within-run precision of measurements for red and white wine was 2.1 % and 1.8 %, respectively. The proposed method was applied for analysis of 23 Croatian wines. Median Pb concentrations were 33 μg L-1, range (16 to 49) μg L-1in commercially available wines and 46 μg L-1, range (14 to 559) μg L-1in home-made wines. There were no statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in Pb concentration between commercial and home-made wines or between red and white wines.
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Fachinetto R, Pivetta LA, Farina M, Pereira RP, Nogueira CW, Rocha JBT. Effects of ethanol and diphenyl diselenide exposure on the activity of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase from mouse liver and brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:588-94. [PMID: 16364531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol toxicity is affected by both environmental and inherited features. Since oxidative stress is an important molecular mechanism for ethanol-induced cellular damage, the concomitant exposure to ethanol and pro-oxidative or antioxidant compounds can alter its toxicity. Here, we investigate the effects of exposure to ethanol and/or diphenyl diselenide, an organochalcogen with antioxidant properties, on parameters related to oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species-TBARS-and delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase-delta-ALA-D activity) in mouse liver and brain. In addition, the in vitro effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the activity of delta-ALA-D from human erythrocytes were also investigated. Both ethanol and diphenyl diselenide decreased hepatic delta-ALA-D activity and DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) reactivated this enzyme only after ethanol-induced inhibition. Moreover, ethanol increased liver TBARS levels, independently of the presence of diphenyl diselenide treatment. Brain delta-ALA-D activity and TBARS levels were not changed by ethanol or diphenyl diselenide exposure. Under in vitro conditions, acetaldehyde was a more potent inhibitor of delta-ALA-D from human erythrocytes when compared to ethanol, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. This study indicates that (1) hepatic delta-ALA-D is a molecular target for the damaging effect of ethanol under in vivo conditions; (2) diphenyl diselenide and ethanol seem to inhibit delta-ALA-D by different mechanisms; (3) acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol, is probably the main molecule responsible for the inhibitory effects of the parent compound on delta-ALA-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselei Fachinetto
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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