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Ma J, Lee YK. Examining the Association between Cigarette Smoking Quantity and Subjective Salt Taste Preference and Salt-Related Eating Behavior. Korean J Fam Med 2023; 44:335-341. [PMID: 37647943 PMCID: PMC10667072 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.23.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking can reduce taste sensitivity, the ability to sense various tastes, and diet quality and can increase the incidence of diseases such as hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the association between the smoking amount, subjective salt preference, and salt-related eating behaviors. METHODS Data of more than 16 million individuals from the Korean Community Health Survey were used. Forest plots were drawn to compare the cumulative odds ratios of salt taste preference and salt-related eating behaviors, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, education level, household income, marital status, and drinking status at various smoking levels. RESULTS Subjective salt preference and salt-related eating behaviors increased with smoking amount; the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for smoking >20 cigarettes were higher than those for smoking <20 cigarettes. For daily smokers, the AOR was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.31) for 1-5 cigarettes per day and 1.68 (95% CI, 1.65-1.71) for 16-20 cigarettes per day (P<0.001). Smokers were more likely to have more frequent salt-related eating behaviors than nonsmokers. CONCLUSION The subjective salt preference of smokers was higher than that of nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers used salt or soy sauce and dipped fried food in soy sauce more frequently than nonsmokers, which was also related to smoking amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Monzani D, D'Addario M, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Greco A, Quarenghi F, Steca P. Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Prevalence and Change after the First Event. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018; 10:434-456. [PMID: 30230683 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy lifestyles are modifiable risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) onset and recurrence. While unhealthy lifestyles tend to cluster together within the general healthy population, little is known about the prevalence and clustering of these behaviours in people with ACS before and after the first acute event. The aim of this study was to identify lifestyle profiles of patients with ACS and to explore their change after their first coronary event. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-six patients completed self-report measures of healthy habits at the beginning of cardiac rehabilitation and 6 months later. By adopting a person-oriented approach, we analysed lifestyle clustering and its change over time. Differences in depression, anxiety, and negative illness perception among lifestyle profiles were assessed. RESULTS We identified seven profiles, ranging from more maladaptive to healthier clusters. Findings showed a strong interrelation among unhealthy habits in patients. We highlighted a moderate individual and group stability of cluster membership over time. Moreover, unhealthier lifestyle profiles were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and negative illness perception. CONCLUSION These results may have implications for the development and implementation of multimodal interventions addressing wider-ranging improvement in lifestyles by targeting multiple unhealthy behaviours in patients with ACS.
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Abstract
In the face of shifting demographics and an increase in human longevity, it is important to examine carefully what is known about cognitive ageing, and to identify and promote possibly malleable lifestyle and health-related factors that might mitigate age-associated cognitive decline. The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921, n = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936, n = 1091) are longitudinal studies of cognitive and brain ageing based in Scotland. Childhood IQ data are available for these participants, who were recruited in later life and then followed up regularly. This overview summarises some of the main LBC findings to date, illustrating the possible genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive function (level and change) and brain imaging biomarkers in later life. Key associations include genetic variation, health and fitness, psychosocial and lifestyle factors, and aspects of the brain's structure. It addresses some key methodological issues such as confounding by early-life intelligence and social factors and emphasises areas requiring further investigation. Overall, the findings that have emerged from the LBC studies highlight that there are multiple correlates of cognitive ability level in later life, many of which have small effects, that there are as yet few reliable predictors of cognitive change, and that not all of the correlates have independent additive associations. The concept of marginal gains, whereby there might be a cumulative effect of small incremental improvements across a wide range of lifestyle and health-related factors, may offer a useful way to think about and promote a multivariate recipe for healthy cognitive and brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corley
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - S R Cox
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - I J Deary
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
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Steca P, Monzani D, Greco A, Franzelli C, Magrin ME, Miglioretti M, Sarini M, Scrignaro M, Vecchio L, Fattirolli F, D’Addario M. Stability and change of lifestyle profiles in cardiovascular patients after their first acute coronary event. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183905. [PMID: 28850579 PMCID: PMC5574544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle and health behavior changes play an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of ACS recurrence. Changes in unhealthy lifestyles after an acute coronary event have been analyzed by considering separate behaviors individually, even though research on the healthy population has demonstrated that unhealthy behaviors tend to co-occur. Purpose The aim of this study was to identify lifestyle profiles of ACS patients and to explore their pathways of change for one year after their first coronary event by adopting a typological approach. Methods Two hundred and twenty-three patients (84% male; mean age = 57.14) completed self-report measures of health-related behaviors at the beginning of cardiac rehabilitation, and six months and twelve months after. At each wave depression, anxiety and heart rate were also evaluated. Cluster analysis was performed to identify lifestyle profiles and to analyze their change over time. Differences in psychological factors and heart rate among clusters were assessed. Results Patients' diet, physical activity, and smoking behavior greatly improved six months after their first coronary event. No further improvements were detected after one year. At each wave specific lifestyle profiles were identified, ranging from more maladaptive to healthier clusters. Patients with multiple unhealthy behaviors experience greater difficulties in maintaining a healthier lifestyle over time. Moreover, the results demonstrated the association between lifestyle profiles at twelve months after the acute coronary event and depression measured six months earlier. Finally, the most maladaptive lifestyle profile had many members with elevated heart rate at twelve months after the cardiac rehabilitation. Conclusions Current findings may have a strong practical impact in the development and implementation of personalized secondary prevention programs targeting lifestyles of ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Steca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Monzani
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Franzelli
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcello Sarini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Scrignaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vecchio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattirolli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco D’Addario
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan –Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Haukkala A, Laaksonen M, Uutela A. Smokers who do not want to quit - Is consonant smoking related to lifestyle and socioeconomic factors? Scand J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14034948010290031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To examine whether consonant smokers (who say they would not like to quit) differ from dissonant smokers (who would like to quit) in other forms of health-related behaviour and socioeconomic background. Methods: The participants included 2,709 male and 1,774 female smokers (aged 25-64 years old) from six annual population-based samples, examined between 1989 and 1994 via a mailed questionnaire. Results : Consonant male smokers were more likely to be heavy drinkers, use mostly butter on bread, and to not eat vegetables. Particularly in the middle educational and income groups, consonant male smokers were more likely to be heavy drinkers. Consonant female smokers were more often heavy drinkers and more sedentary than dissonant female smokers. If a male smoker belonged to the lower income group he was more likely to be a consonant smoker. Conclusions: Consonant male smokers had more adverse health behaviours compared to dissonant smokers, but nearly half of them did not have any other adverse health behaviours. However, a negative attitude towards smoking cessation was associated with other adverse health behaviours. There were no socioeconomic differences in willingness to quit smoking among female smokers and those differences between male smoker groups were small. Factors other than motivation to quit should be targeted to diminish socioeconomic differences in smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Haukkala
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Helsinki,
| | - Mikko Laaksonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Uutela
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Booth CL. Differences in Dietary Patterns of Nonsmoking Adults Married to Smokers vs. Nonsmokers. Am J Health Promot 2016. [DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To compare dietary intakes of nonsmoking adults married to smokers or non-smokers. Design. Respondents to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994 to 1996 (response rate = 76.1% for 2 days of dietary intake). Nonsmoking adults aged 18 and older were grouped according to the smoking status of their spouse. Setting. In-home interviews in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. Subjects. The selected sample included 757 men and 754 women who were married to nonsmokers, and 197 men and 262 women who were married to smokers. Measures. Selected demographic variables, food group servings, food energy, and densities of selected nutrients were compared using χ2 and analysis of covariance. Results. Men and women married to smokers had greater (p ⩽ .025) energy-adjusted intakes of total and saturated fat but significantly lower (p ⩽ .05) energy-adjusted intakes of fiber and vitamin A. Men married to smokers consumed significantly more (p < .025) energy-adjusted cholesterol and ethanol but significantly less calcium (p = .026); women married to smokers consumed significantly less (p = .014) energy-adjusted folate. Men married to smokers consumed significantly more (p ⩽ .05) alcoholic beverages, coffee, and soft drinks; women married to smokers consumed significantly less water (p = .014) but more cheese and table sweeteners (p ⩽ .05). Conclusions. Nonsmoking men and women who were married to smokers had compromised dietary intakes. Nonsmoking men whose wives smoked, in particular, had unhealthy diets due to elevated intakes of fat and cholesterol and low intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and fiber. Health professionals should continue to provide tobacco cessation instruction and dietary guidance, but also be aware of at-risk patients' immediate family members who likely share an increased risk of disease because of poor diet quality and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
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Strong LL, Hoover DS, Heredia NI, Krasny S, Spears CA, Correa-Fernández V, Wetter DW, Fernandez ME. Perspectives of Mexican-origin smokers on healthy eating and physical activity. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:465-77. [PMID: 27240536 PMCID: PMC4945857 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Key modifiable risk behaviors such as smoking, poor diet and physical inactivity often cluster and may have multiplicative adverse effects on health. This study investigated barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and physical activity (PA) in overweight Mexican-origin smokers to inform the adaptation of an evidence-based smoking cessation program into a multiple health behavior change intervention. Five focus groups were conducted with overweight Mexican-origin men (n = 9) and women (n = 21) who smoked. Barriers and facilitators of healthy eating and PA were identified, and gender differences were assessed. Participants expressed some motivation to eat healthfully and identified strategies for doing so, yet many women experienced difficulties related to personal, family and work-related circumstances. Barriers to healthy eating among men were related to food preferences and lack of familiarity with fruits and vegetables. Participants performed PA primarily within the context of work and domestic responsibilities. Stress/depressed mood, lack of motivation and concern for physical well-being limited further PA engagement. Routines involving eating, PA and smoking highlight how these behaviors may be intertwined. Findings emphasize the importance of social, structural and cultural contexts and call for additional investigation into how to integrate healthy eating and PA into smoking cessation interventions for overweight Mexican-origin smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larkin L Strong
- Department of Health Disparities Research, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana S Hoover
- Department of Health Disparities Research, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natalia I Heredia
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health and the Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Krasny
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claire A Spears
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavior, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Virmarie Correa-Fernández
- Department of Psychological, Health and Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - David W Wetter
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Maria E Fernandez
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health and the Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Meader N, King K, Moe-Byrne T, Wright K, Graham H, Petticrew M, Power C, White M, Sowden AJ. A systematic review on the clustering and co-occurrence of multiple risk behaviours. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:657. [PMID: 27473458 PMCID: PMC4966774 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk behaviours, such as smoking and physical inactivity account for up to two-thirds of all cardiovascular deaths, and are associated with substantial increased mortality in many conditions including cancer and diabetes. As risk behaviours are thought to co-occur in individuals we conducted a systematic review of studies addressing clustering or co-occurrence of risk behaviours and their predictors. As the main aim of the review was to inform public health policy in England we limited inclusion to studies conducted in the UK. METHODS Key databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. We included UK based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated risk behaviours such as smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet. High heterogeneity precluded meta-analyses. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were included in the review (32 cross-sectional and five longitudinal). Most studies investigated unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol misuse, and smoking. In general adult populations, there was relatively strong evidence of clustering between alcohol misuse and smoking; and unhealthy diet and smoking. For young adults, there was evidence of clustering between sexual risk behaviour and smoking, sexual risk behaviour and illicit drug use, and sexual risk behaviour and alcohol misuse. The strongest associations with co-occurrence and clustering of multiple risk behaviours were occupation (up to 4-fold increased odds in lower SES groups) and education (up to 5-fold increased odds in those with no qualifications). CONCLUSIONS Among general adult populations, alcohol misuse and smoking was the most commonly identified risk behaviour cluster. Among young adults, there was consistent evidence of clustering found between sexual risk behaviour and substance misuse. Socio-economic status was the strongest predictor of engaging in multiple risk behaviours. This suggests the potential for interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours either sequentially or concurrently particularly where there is evidence of clustering. In addition, there is potential for intervening at the social or environmental level due to the strong association with socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Kristelle King
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Thirimon Moe-Byrne
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Kath Wright
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Hilary Graham
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martin White
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda J. Sowden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Sonia H, Jihene M, Imed H, Rim G, Mylene B, Mounir S, Souad A, Khaoula K, Mustafa A, Harry L, Najib M, Hassen G. Clustering of chronic disease risk factors with tobacco smoking habits among adults in the work place in Sousse, Tunisia. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24:220. [PMID: 27800075 PMCID: PMC5075448 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.220.7163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of our study was to explore the major non-communicable risk factors (unhealthy diet, sedentarily, alcohol consumption) of smokers and nonsmokers in workplaces. Methods A cross-sectional study was derived from an initial assessment in workplaces which was part of a community-based intervention to prevent chronic disease risk factors conducted in 2009 in the region of Sousse, Tunisia. The surveyed subjects were employees in six factories spread across three delegations in the region. Overall, 1770 of 2250 employees participated in the assessment. In this study, the clustering of non-communicable diseases risk factors with smoking habits was made only for male employees including in this study 1099 among 2250. Data were collected at worksites by a questionnaire, via interview or self-report. The main items assessed socio-demographics characteristics, smoking status, eating habits, level of physical activity and alcohol use of the participants. Results The percentage of male smokers was 54.0%(n=594). Their average age of daily smoking initiation was 19.22 (±4.24 years). The percentage of male smokers consuming 5 fruits and vegetables per day was significantly lower than nonsmokers (57.2% vs 63.5%, p=0.04). The proportion of male smokers consuming alcohol was about three times that of nonsmokers (16.5% vs 5.8%, p=0.001). The proportion of male employees who agree with anti-smoking laws in work places was higher for nonsmokers than for smokers. Conclusion A strong association existed between smoking and risky lifestyles factors in the work place. Such findings are potentially useful in directing intervention efforts regarding smoking cessation in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hmad Sonia
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Maatoug Jihene
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Harrabi Imed
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ghammem Rim
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Belkacem Mylene
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Amimi Souad
- Group of Occupational Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Lando Harry
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mrizak Najib
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ghannem Hassen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
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Haibach JP, Homish GG, Collins RL, Ambrosone CB, Giovino GA. Fruit and vegetable intake as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Subst Abus 2016; 37:571-578. [PMID: 27093192 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1179703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have consistently reported associations among depression, cigarette smoking, and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). This study evaluated FVI as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and smoking. METHODS The authors analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: Child and Young Adult. The study sample was adults aged 19-33 years at baseline in the year 2004 from the Young Adult Survey portion. Moderation analyses were performed using the Johnson-Neyman technique to assess whether baseline FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and smoking status cross-sectionally and as a predictor of smoking cessation longitudinally at 4-year follow-up. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, at lower levels of FVI (<4.9 times/day), there was a significant association between smoking and depressive symptoms (P < .05), but not at higher levels of FVI (≥4.9 times/day; P > .05). Longitudinally, there was an inverse association between depressive symptoms and quitting smoking at FVI <1.2 times/day (P < .05), but there was not a significant association at FVI ≥1.2 times/day (P ≥ .05). CONCLUSIONS FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The cross-sectional findings might be partially explained by the longitudinal findings paired with prior research; there might be fewer smokers with high FVI because depressive symptoms are removed as an impediment to cessation. Further experimental research is warranted to test the efficacy of increased FVI as an adjunct to smoking cessation, with a possible mechanism of action being reduced depressive symptoms during quit attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Haibach
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA.,b Health Services Research and Development Service , US Department of Veterans Affairs , Washington , District of Columbia , USA
| | - Gregory G Homish
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- c Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Gary A Giovino
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
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Mak KK, Watanabe H, Nomachi S, Suganuma N. Nutritional Epidemiology of Antenatal Smoking Cessation Among Japanese Women. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:396-403. [PMID: 27028702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1152381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the nutritional status before pregnancy, as well as dietary profiles and biomarkers during first trimester, between never-smokers and antenatal quitters among Japanese women. One hundred fifty pregnant women (79 never-smokers and 71 antenatal quitters) from two obstetrics and gynecology clinics were recruited in Japan. Subjects' prepregnancy nutritional status was indicated by their body mass index (BMI). In the first trimester, their dietary profiles were assessed by the Brief Diet-History Questionnaire (BDHQ) and pregnancy outcomes were screened by biomarker tests. Generalized linear regression was used to examine the differences of energy-adjusted dietary intakes and biomarker results between the two smoking groups, with adjustment of maternal age, BMI, gestation week, and parity. The results showed that antenatal quitters were more likely to have a prepregnancy underweight status than never-smokers. During the first trimester, antenatal quitters had significantly higher intakes of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants (vegetable lipids and isoflavone), and lower intakes of total cholesterol than never-smokers. Moreover, antenatal quitters had a significantly higher level of serum homocysteine (6.36 nmol/mL vs 4.88 nmol/mL) than never-smokers. In conclusion, antenatal quitters are more likely to have a poor nutritional status before pregnancy than never-smokers. Quitting smoking before pregnancy and having a good nutritional profile during the trimester may not sufficiently reverse the adverse effects of former smoking behaviors on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kei Mak
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA
| | - Hiroko Watanabe
- b Department of Children and Women's Health , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Japan
| | - Shinobu Nomachi
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Suganuma
- d Department of Human Health Sciences , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Japan
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Iredale JM, Clare PJ, Courtney RJ, Martire KA, Bonevski B, Borland R, Siahpush M, Mattick RP. Associations between behavioural risk factors and smoking, heavy smoking and future smoking among an Australian population-based sample. Prev Med 2016; 83:70-6. [PMID: 26657795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking co-occurs with behavioural risk factors including diet, alcohol use and obesity. However, the association between behavioural risk factors and heavy smoking (>20cig/day) compared to light-moderate smoking is unknown. The link between behavioural risk factors and future smoking for both ex and current smokers is also unknown. This study sought to examine these relationships. It is hypothesised that behavioural risk factors will be more strongly associated with heavy smoking. METHOD Data from Wave 7 (2007) of the Household and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey was analysed using logistic regression to determine relationships between diet (fruit and vegetable consumption, and unhealthy diet choices), alcohol consumption, obesity and physical activity with light-moderate smoking and heavy smoking. The association between these risk factors and future smoking (2008) was assessed for current and ex-smokers (2007). RESULTS Obese respondents were less likely to be light/moderate smokers (RRR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.66) but not heavy smokers. Those who consume confectionary weekly were less likely to be light/moderate smokers (RRR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.87), but not heavy smokers. Smokers in 2007 were more likely to continue smoking in 2008 if they consumed 1-4 drinks per occasion (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.13, 5.62). Ex-smokers in 2007 were less likely to relapse in 2008 if they consumed recommended levels of both fruit and vegetables (OR: 0.31; CI: 0.10, 0.91). CONCLUSION The relationships between heavy smoking and behavioural risk factors differ from moderate-light smoking. Future primary care interventions would benefit from targeting multiple risk factors, particularly for heavy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimi M Iredale
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Philip J Clare
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ryan J Courtney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Kristy A Martire
- School of Psychology, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ron Borland
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Siahpush
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Richard P Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Haseeb A, Bilal M, Dar MI, Arshad MH, Amir RB, Hussain SMH, Mian SK, Javed M, Sultan A, Arfeen AA. Predictors of Knowledge of Coronary Intervention in a Group of PCI Patients. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:187-95. [PMID: 26755481 PMCID: PMC4954896 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the knowledge of CAD risk factors and post management of coronary intervention among sample of population who were hospitalized for PCI. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted in Cardiology ward of a tertiary care hospital from July 2013 to May 2015 on 600 patients. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the patients. In univariate analysis, t-tests were employed to assess association of knowledge of CAD risk factors with gender, education level and monthly household income. RESULTS The mean score of participants with no education was 4.42 and patients with education of bachelors or higher was 8.59 (p-value: 0.01). Similarly, the mean score for participants with monthly household income less than 5000 was 3.32 and participants with income higher than 50,000 had a score of 8.31 (p-value: 0.01). Furthermore, only 28% (N=168) claimed aerobic exercise as a key part of angioplasty recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the lack of good level of knowledge of risk factors for CAD and post management of coronary intervention among PCI patients of Pakistan. There is urgent need for targeted educational programs on national basis to reduce mortality associated with CAD in Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haseeb
- Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Haibach JP, Homish GG, Collins RL, Ambrosone CB, Giovino GA. An Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cigarette Smoking Among Youth. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:719-26. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Bigiani A. Amiloride-sensitive sodium currents in fungiform taste cells of rats chronically exposed to nicotine. Neuroscience 2014; 284:180-191. [PMID: 25305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to nicotine, one of the main components of tobacco smoke, has profound effects on the functionality of the mammalian taste system. However, the mechanisms underlying nicotine action are poorly understood. In particular no information is available on the chronic effect of nicotine on the functioning of taste cells, the peripheral detectors which transduce food chemicals into electrical signals to the brain. To address this issue, I studied the membrane properties of rat fungiform taste cells and evaluated the effect of long-term exposure to nicotine on the amiloride-sensitive sodium currents (ASSCs). These currents are mediated by the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) thought to be important, at least in part, in the transduction of salty stimuli. Patch-clamp recording data indicated that ASSCs in taste cells from rats chronically treated with nicotine had a reduced amplitude compared to controls. The pharmacological and biophysical analysis of ASSCs revealed that amplitude reduction was not dependent on changes in amiloride sensitivity or channel ionic permeability, but likely derived from a decrease in the activity of ENaCs. Since these channels are considered to be sodium receptors in taste cells, my results suggest that chronic exposure to nicotine hampers the capability of these cells to respond to sodium ions. This might represent a possible cellular mechanism underlying the reduced taste sensitivity to salt typically found in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bigiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Raman J, Smith E, Hay P. The clinical obesity maintenance model: an integration of psychological constructs including mood, emotional regulation, disordered overeating, habitual cluster behaviours, health literacy and cognitive function. J Obes 2013; 2013:240128. [PMID: 23710346 PMCID: PMC3654353 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological distress and deficits in executive functioning are likely to be important barriers to effective weight loss maintenance. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, in the light of recent evidence in the fields of neuropsychology and obesity, particularly on the deficits in the executive function in overweight and obese individuals, a conceptual and theoretical framework of obesity maintenance is introduced by way of a clinical obesity maintenance model (COMM). It is argued that psychological variables, that of habitual cluster Behaviors, emotional dysregulation, mood, and health literacy, interact with executive functioning and impact on the overeating/binge eating behaviors of obese individuals. Second, cognizant of this model, it is argued that the focus of obesity management should be extended to include a broader range of maintaining mechanisms, including but not limited to cognitive deficits. Finally, a discussion on potential future directions in research and practice using the COMM is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Raman
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1747, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Evelyn Smith
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 34 Botany Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1747, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- *Phillipa Hay:
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17
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Association of smoking with other lifestyle factors and mental health status of Japanese factory workers. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 2:11-5. [PMID: 21432444 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1996] [Accepted: 01/06/1997] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among factory workers in Japan. The questionnaire included items concerning eight health practices recommended by Morimoto and the General Health Questionnaire-28. Data from 1598 male workers were analyzed. There were few differences in comprehensive health status due to smoking status, but smokers under the age of 30 years had worse lifestyle habits than nonsmokers with regard to favorable drinking and eating breakfast, and smokers between the ages 30 and 44 years had worse lifestyle habits with regard to favorable drinking and eating breakfast, and better habits regarding sleeping hours and working hours. Smokers under 30 showed worse mental health status than ex-smokers with regard to social dysfunction, though there was little difference between those aged from 30 to 44 and those 45 and older. The results suggested the importance of considering the difference in lifestyle and mental health status due to smoking status when providing advice for improving health habits.
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Cadar D, Pikhart H, Mishra G, Stephen A, Kuh D, Richards M. The role of lifestyle behaviors on 20-year cognitive decline. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:304014. [PMID: 22988508 PMCID: PMC3440944 DOI: 10.1155/2012/304014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between smoking, physical activity and dietary choice at 36 and 43 years, and change in these lifestyle behaviors between these ages, and decline in verbal memory and visual search speed between 43 and 60-64 years in 1018 participants from MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, the British 1946 birth cohort). ANCOVA models were adjusted for sex, social class of origin, childhood cognition, educational attainment, adult social class, and depression; then the lifestyle behaviors were additionally mutually adjusted. Results showed that healthy dietary choice and physical activity were associated, respectively, with slower memory and visual search speed decline over 20 years, with evidence that increasing physical activity was important. Adopting positive health behaviors from early midlife may be beneficial in reducing the rate of cognitive decline and ultimately reducing the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Cadar
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London WC1B 5JU, UK
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - H. Pikhart
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - G. Mishra
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - A. Stephen
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - D. Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - M. Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London WC1B 5JU, UK
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Haibach JP, Homish GG, Giovino GA. A Longitudinal Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cigarette Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:355-63. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Muff C, Dragano N, Jöckel KH, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Erbel R, Mann K, Siegrist J. Is the co-occurrence of smoking and poor consumption of fruits and vegetables confounded by socioeconomic conditions? Int J Public Health 2010; 55:339-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-010-0152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Changes in vitamin biomarkers during a 2-year intervention trial involving increased fruit and vegetable consumption by free-living volunteers. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1477-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trials in free-living populations involving increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are difficult to monitor. We evaluated biomarkers for assessing fruit and vegetable intake and compliance in a 2-year trial. Postmenopausal women were randomised to 300 g additional fruit and vegetables per d (n 66), placebo (n 70) or potassium citrate (n 140). They completed dietary checklists (3-monthly) and food diaries or FFQ (yearly). We measured whole-blood folate, plasma vitamin C and homocysteine (yearly), serum vitamin E and carotenoids (at 12 months) and urinary vitamin K metabolites (yearly). Plasma vitamin C was associated with fruit and vegetable intake at baseline (r +0·31; P < 0·01), remaining significant only for the non-fruit and vegetable group at 12 months (r +0·43; P < 0·01). For the fruit and vegetable group, vitamin C increased by 5·9 μmol/l (P = 0·07) but was not significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake; vitamin E, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were higher compared with the non-fruit and vegetable group (P < 0·05); and whole-blood folate and the urinary 5C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K were associated with vegetable intake. For all participants plasma vitamin C increased with increasing fruit and vegetable intakes, reaching a plateau of 90–95 μmol/l at intakes>500 g/d, whereas whole-blood folate, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin continued to increase. Concentrations of vitamin C, folate and β-cryptoxanthin were lower and the 7C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K higher, in smokers compared with non-smokers. Suitable markers for monitoring fruit and vegetable compliance include β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Plasma vitamin C and whole-blood folate may be suitable for monitoring intakes in populations but for monitoring compliance the former may be restricted to low intakes of fruit and vegetables and the latter to vegetable intake.
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Kendzor DE, Costello TJ, Li Y, Vidrine JI, Mazas CA, Reitzel LR, Cinciripini PM, Cofta-Woerpel LM, Businelle MS, Wetter DW. Race/ethnicity and multiple cancer risk factors among individuals seeking smoking cessation treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2937-45. [PMID: 18990734 PMCID: PMC5013545 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking in combination with other behavioral risk factors is known to have a negative influence on health, and individuals who smoke typically engage in multiple risk behaviors. However, little is known about the clustering of risk behaviors among smokers of varying race/ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of cancer risk behaviors and to identify predictors of multiple risk behaviors in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of individuals seeking smoking cessation treatment. Overweight/obesity, at-risk alcohol consumption, and insufficient physical activity were measured in 424 smokers (African American, n = 144; Latino, n = 141; and Caucasian, n = 139). Results indicated that 90% of participants reported behavioral cancer risk factors in addition to smoking. Approximately 70% of participants were overweight or obese, 48% engaged in at-risk drinking, and 27% were insufficiently physically active. Univariate analyses indicated that race/ethnicity (P < 0.001), smoking level (P = 0.03), and marital status (P = 0.04) were significant predictors of multiple risk behaviors, although only race/ethnicity remained a significant predictor (P < 0.001), when gender, smoking level, age, education, household income, marital status, and health insurance status were included in a multivariate model. Multivariate analysis indicated that the odds of engaging in multiple risk behaviors were significantly higher among Latinos (odds ratio = 2.85) and African Americans (odds ratio = 1.86) than Caucasians. Our findings highlight the need for research aimed at identifying determinants of racial/ethnic differences in multiple risk behaviors and indicate the importance of developing culturally sensitive interventions that target multiple risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla E. Kendzor
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tracy J. Costello
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Irvin Vidrine
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A. Mazas
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorraine R. Reitzel
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul M. Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ludmila M. Cofta-Woerpel
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael S. Businelle
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David W. Wetter
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Khan MS, Jafary FH, Faruqui AM, Rasool SI, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N, Jafar TH. High prevalence of lack of knowledge of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction in Pakistan and its contribution to delayed presentation to the hospital. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:284. [PMID: 17922923 PMCID: PMC2151942 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted an observational study to determine the delay in presentation to hospital, and its associates among patients experiencing first Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) in Karachi. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The primary outcome was delay in presentation, defined as a time interval of six or more hours from the onset of symptoms to presentation to hospital. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with prehospital delay. Results A total of 720 subjects were interviewed; 22% were females. The mean age (SD) of the subjects was 54 (± 12) years. The mean (SE) and median (IQR) time to presentation was 12.3 (1.7) hours and 3.04 (6.0) hours respectively. About 34% of the subjects presented late. Lack of knowledge of any of the symptoms of heart attack (odds ratio (95% CI)) (1.82 (1.10, 2.99)), and mild chest pain (10.05 (6.50, 15.54)) were independently associated with prehospital delay. Conclusion Over one-third of patients with AMI in Pakistan present late to the hospital. Lack of knowledge of symptoms of heart attack, and low severity of chest pain were the main predictors of prehospital delay. Strategies to reduce delayed presentation in this population must focus on education about symptoms of heart attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Khan
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Padrão P, Lunet N, Santos AC, Barros H. Smoking, alcohol, and dietary choices: evidence from the Portuguese National Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:138. [PMID: 17608935 PMCID: PMC1939992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy lifestyle choices tend to cluster, but controversy remains regarding relationships between smoking and dietary habits. The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake and alcohol consumption, according to smoking status, in the Portuguese population. METHODS The study sample included all participants in the third Portuguese National Health Survey who were older than 19 years (20,302 women and 17,923 men). Participants were selected from households in the five regions of Portugal (NUTS II classification), using a multi-stage random probability design. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews in each household and obtained information on social and demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health, smoking, and intakes of selected food and beverages. Age-adjusted and education-adjusted binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were fitted separately for males and females, to estimate the magnitude of the association between smoking and the consumption of various food and beverage groups. RESULTS When heavy smokers were compared with non-smokers, the odds ratio (OR) favouring soup consumption was 0.60 (95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]: 0.54-0.68) in males and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.33-0.65) in females. Similar ORs were observed for vegetables (males: OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.49-0.64; females: OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.32-0.69) and fruit (males: OR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.31-0.41; females: OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.19-0.44). Overall, these food items were consumed at significantly lower levels as cigarette consumption increased. Heavy male smokers, compared to non-smokers, presented lower odds favouring milk consumption (OR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.67-0.89). When heavy smokers were compared with non-smokers, the ORs favouring wine drinking, among heavy drinkers, were 1.47 (95%CI: 1.27-1.70) in men and 3.97 (95%CI: 2.07-7.61) in women. Similar ORs were observed for beer (males: OR = 3.30; 95%CI: 2.87-3.78; females: OR = 23.1; 95%CI: 12.2-43.6), Port wine (males: OR = 2.21 95%CI: 1.65-2.98; females: OR = 2.85; 95%CI: 0.68-12.1), brandy (males: OR = 3.67 95%CI: 2.98-4.52; females: OR = 13.2; 95%CI: 3.72-46.6) and whisky (males: OR = 3.31; 95%CI: 2.71-4.03; females: OR = 41.4; 95%CI: 18.5-92.5). CONCLUSION This study showed that smokers have a higher intake of alcoholic beverages and a lower consumption of food items rich in fibre, antioxidants, or phytochemicals, which are suspected to have beneficial roles in the prevention of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Padrão
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lunet
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Santos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Tomassini S, Cuoghi V, Catalani E, Casini G, Bigiani A. Long-term effects of nicotine on rat fungiform taste buds. Neuroscience 2007; 147:803-10. [PMID: 17560039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, an alkaloid found in tobacco smoke, has been recognized as capable of inducing changes in taste functionality in conditions of chronic exposure. The mechanisms underlying these sensory alterations, however, are currently unknown. We addressed this issue by studying the long-term effects of nicotine on the anatomical features of taste buds, the peripheral end-organs of taste, in rat fungiform papillae. Nicotine was administered to rats via drinking water over a period of 3 weeks, which represents a standard method to achieve chronic drug exposure in laboratory animals. We found that prolonged administration of nicotine induced a significant reduction in the size of fungiform taste buds, without affecting their total number on the rat tongue. Morphometric measurements as well as evaluations of taste cell membrane capacitance suggested that the reduced size of taste organs was determined by a decrease in the number of cells per taste bud. In addition, chronic treatment with nicotine caused an increase in the relative density of cells expressing gustducin, a specific G protein alpha-subunit found in some taste cells and involved in bitter/sweet transduction. Interestingly, changes in the expression pattern of gustducin turned out to be more pronounced in periadolescent/adolescent than in adult rats. As a whole, our data indicate that long-term nicotine administration induces significant changes in the anatomical properties of taste buds in rat fungiform papillae. These changes could have a profound impact on the sensory information relayed to the brain; therefore, they may be responsible, at least in part, for the alterations in taste functionality observed during chronic nicotine exposure, a condition found in regular smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tomassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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26
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Poortinga W. The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population. Prev Med 2007; 44:124-8. [PMID: 17157369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors (smoking, heavy drinking, lack of fruit and vegetables consumption, and lack of physical activity), and to examine the variation across different socio-demographic groups in the English adult population. METHODS The study population was derived from the 2003 Health Survey for England (n=11,492). Clustering was examined by comparing the observed and expected prevalence of the different possible combinations. A multinomial multilevel regression model was conducted to examine the socio-demographic variation in the clustering of the four risk factors. RESULTS The study found that, when using British health recommendations, a majority of the English population have multiple lifestyle risk factors at the same time. Clustering was found at both ends of the lifestyle spectrum and was more pronounced for women than for men. Overall, multiple risk factors were more prevalent among men, lower social class households, singles, and people who are economically inactive, but less prevalent among home owners and older age groups. CONCLUSIONS The clustering of multiple risk factors provides support for multiple-behavior interventions as opposed to single-behavior interventions.
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Khan MS, Jafary FH, Jafar TH, Faruqui AM, Rasool SI, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N. Knowledge of modifiable risk factors of heart disease among patients with acute myocardial infarction in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2006; 6:18. [PMID: 16643643 PMCID: PMC1464150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge is an important pre-requisite for implementing both primary as well as secondary preventive strategies for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are no estimates of the level of knowledge of risk factor of heart disease in patients with CVD. We estimated the level of knowledge of modifiable risk factors and determined the factors associated with good level of knowledge among patients presenting with their first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, a major tertiary care hospital in Karachi Pakistan. Patients admitted with their first AMI were eligible to participate. Standard questionnaire was used to interview 720 subjects. Knowledge of four modifiable risk factors of heart disease: fatty food consumption, smoking, obesity and exercise were assessed. The participants knowing three out of four risk factors were regarded as having a good level of knowledge. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed to identify the determinants of good level of knowledge. Results The mean age (SD) was 54 (11.66) years. A mere 42% of our study population had a good level of knowledge. In multiple logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of "good" level of knowledge were (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) more than ten years of schooling were 2.5 [1.30, 4.80] (verses no schooling at all) and nuclear family system (verses extended family system) 2.54 [1.65, 3.89]. In addition, Sindhi ethnicity OR [3.03], higher level of exercise OR [2.76] and non user of tobacco OR [2.53] were also predictors of good level of knowledge. Conclusion Our findings highlight the lack of good level of knowledge of modifiable risk factors for heart disease among subjects admitted with AMI in Pakistan. There is urgent need for aggressive and targeted educational strategies in the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Khan
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fahim H Jafary
- Section of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tazeen H Jafar
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azhar M Faruqui
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed I Rasool
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juanita Hatcher
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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Koh WP, Yuan JM, Sun CL, Lee HP, Yu MC. Middle-aged and older Chinese men and women in Singapore who smoke have less healthy diets and lifestyles than nonsmokers. J Nutr 2005; 135:2473-7. [PMID: 16177215 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.10.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies in Western populations have shown that smokers have decreased dietary intakes of antioxidants and other health-related nutrients, this has not been established in oriental populations. This study aimed to identify differences in dietary and lifestyle characteristics between current, former, and never-smokers among middle-aged and older Chinese in Singapore. The subjects, 45-74 y old, were participants in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort that enrolled 63,257 (27,959 men and 35,298 women) Chinese in Singapore between 1993 and 1998. Data on current dietary habits (using a validated, semiquantitative FFQ) and other lifestyle factors were collected through face-to-face interviews. Mean daily intakes of various nutrients were estimated using a food composition table that was specifically developed for this population. The current smoking rates were 36% in men and 6% in women; an additional 22% of men and 3% of women were former smokers. In both sexes, current smokers were less educated, had lower BMI, led a more sedentary lifestyle, and drank more alcohol and coffee than those who never smoked. Current smokers had dose-dependent decreases in the intakes of a wide range of antioxidants, vitamins, fiber, and calcium, but increases in the intakes of cholesterol and nitrosamines compared with people who never smoked. Former smokers had dietary intakes that either were similar to never-smokers or intermediate between current and never-smokers. Our results are consistent with findings among Western populations, and suggest that the unhealthy diet and lifestyle in smokers occur across diverse cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Puay Koh
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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van Oort FVA, van Lenthe FJ, Mackenbach JP. Cooccurrence of lifestyle risk factors and the explanation of education inequalities in mortality: results from the GLOBE study. Prev Med 2004; 39:1126-34. [PMID: 15539046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether the cooccurrence of two lifestyle risk factors (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity in leisure time) has an additional contribution to the explanation of education inequalities in mortality, over and above the contribution of single risk factors. METHODS Prospective cohort study, 1991-1998, in the South East of the Netherlands. Participants were 16,980 men and women aged 15-74 years at baseline. RESULTS Education differences in the cooccurrence of risk factors were of a similar magnitude as education inequalities seen for single risk factors. A significant (P = 0.04) interaction effect on mortality was found between smoking and physical inactivity. Adjustment for both smoking and inactivity reduced the mortality hazard ratio of the lowest level of education by 30% (from 1.66 to 1.46). Further adjustment for the interaction between the two risk factors did not change the hazard ratio significantly. CONCLUSION The cooccurrence of lifestyle risk factors did not provide any additional contribution to the explanation of education inequalities in mortality, over and above that of single risk factors. However, because risk factors tend to cooccur and have a higher prevalence among lower-educated people, it is still useful to focus interventions on more than one risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V A van Oort
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dyer AR, Elliott P, Stamler J, Chan Q, Ueshima H, Zhou BF. Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: the INTERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 17:641-54. [PMID: 13679954 PMCID: PMC6561117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report examines dietary intakes in smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers in INTERMAP. The 4680 participants aged 40-59 years-from 17 population samples in four countries (China, Japan, UK, USA)-provided four 24-h recalls to assess nutrient intakes and two 24-h urine collections to assess excretion of urea, sodium (Na), potassium (K), etc. Compared to never smokers, current smokers generally consumed more energy from alcohol and saturated fats (SFA), less energy from vegetable protein and carbohydrates, less dietary fibre, vitamin E, beta carotene, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium (Mg), and K per 1000 kcal, excreted less K and urea (marker of dietary protein), had a lower ratio of polyunsaturated fat (PFA) to SFA intake, higher Keys dietary lipid score, and higher dietary and urinary Na/K. There were few differences between smokers and never smokers for total energy intake, energy from total and animal protein, monounsaturated fats, PFA, omega 3 and omega 6 PFA, dietary cholesterol, total vitamin A, retinol, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and urinary and dietary Na. Compared to ex-smokers, smokers generally consumed less energy from vegetable protein, omega 3 PFA, carbohydrates, less dietary fibre, beta carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B6, iron, phosphorus, Mg, had lower PFA/SFA, and excreted less urea and K. In conclusion, INTERMAP results are consistent with other reports indicating that smokers have less healthful diets than nonsmokers. Public health interventions in smokers should focus not only on helping them to quit smoking but also on improving their diets to further reduce cancer and cardiovascular disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dyer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-4402, USA.
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31
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Richards M, Jarvis MJ, Thompson N, Wadsworth MEJ. Cigarette smoking and cognitive decline in midlife: evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. Am J Public Health 2003; 93:994-8. [PMID: 12773367 PMCID: PMC1447882 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.93.6.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors investigated the effects of cigarette smoking on midlife cognitive performance. METHODS Multiple regression was used to test the association between cigarette smoking and changes in cognitive test scores among male and female members of the British 1946 birth cohort aged between 43 and 53 years. RESULTS Smoking was associated with faster declines in verbal memory and with slower visual search speeds. These effects were largely accounted for by individuals who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day and were independent of sex, socioeconomic status, previous (adolescent) cognitive ability, and a range of health indicators. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that heavy smoking is associated with cognitive impairment and decline in midlife. Smokers who survive into later life may be at risk of clinically significant cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Richards
- Medical Research Council, National Survey of Health and Development, University College London, London, England.
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Tröbs M, Renner T, Scherer G, Heller WD, Geiss HC, Wolfram G, Haas GM, Schwandt P. Nutrition, antioxidants, and risk factor profile of nonsmokers, passive smokers and smokers of the Prevention Education Program (PEP) in Nuremberg, Germany. Prev Med 2002; 34:600-7. [PMID: 12052020 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2002.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated risk for coronary artery disease and lung cancer was reported for smokers and nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Particularly in nonsmokers, in addition to the adverse effects of tobacco smoke, other factors which are associated with the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may contribute to the health risks. We investigated both by questionnaires and biochemical analyses whether smokers influence the dietary habits of nonsmokers living in the same household. METHODS The study population was a subgroup of the Prevention Education Program in Nuremberg: 817 adults aged 27-66 years were allocated to one of the four groups: Nonsmokers living with a nonsmoker (Group 1), nonsmokers living with a smoker (Group 2), smokers living with a nonsmoker (Group 3), and smokers living with a smoker (Group 4). RESULTS The four groups did not differ in the body mass index, the concentration of lycopene, all-trans-retinol, and selenium in plasma. Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, cobalamin, folate, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol showed a gradient to unfavorable levels from Group 1 to Group 4. This trend was also reflected in the reported dietary intake of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, fiber, and linoleic acid. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that nonsmokers living with smokers indulge in less healthy dietary habits than nonsmokers living with nonsmokers. This has to be considered when evaluating the health risks of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieluise Tröbs
- Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor, Goethestrasse 20, Munich, 80336, Germany
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Ma J, Hampl JS, Betts NM. Antioxidant intakes and smoking status: data from the continuing survey of food intakes by individuals 1994-1996. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:774-80. [PMID: 10702172 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several chronic oxidative diseases that can be ameliorated by antioxidants. OBJECTIVES This study identified the typical dietary intakes and the major food group contributors of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E by smoking status. DESIGN The 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the current sample (n = 6749), who were categorized as non- (n = 3231), former (n = 1684), and current (n = 1834) smokers. In the CSFII, individuals' food intakes were estimated with two 24-h dietary recalls. Data were analyzed by using a chi-square test with a simultaneous Fisher's z test, analysis of variance with Scheffe's test, multivariate analysis of covariance, and analysis of covariance with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The sample consisted of 3707 men and 3042 women. Current smokers tended to be younger with less education and lower incomes than nonsmokers and former smokers. The average body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of current smokers was 25.8, the lowest of the 3 groups. Current smokers had the lowest dietary antioxidant intake. Fatty foods such as luncheon meats, condiments and salad dressings, and ground beef contributed more to the antioxidant intakes of current smokers than to those of the other 2 groups, whereas fruit and vegetables contributed less. Current smokers consumed the fewest numbers of servings of all nutrient-bearing groups in the food guide pyramid, except the meat group. CONCLUSION Future interventions should target the clustering of cigarette smoking and other unhealthy lifestyle habits, eg, an imprudent diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the Department of Nutrition, Arizona State University, Tempe
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Mathews F, Yudkin P, Smith RF, Neil A. Nutrient intakes during pregnancy: the influence of smoking status and age. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54:17-23. [PMID: 10692957 PMCID: PMC1731547 DOI: 10.1136/jech.54.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To examine the relation of antioxidant and other nutrient intakes in pregnancy to smoking and sociodemographic variables. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING St Mary's Maternity Hospital, Portsmouth. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant nulliparous women, with no existing complications of pregnancy, were recruited from antenatal booking clinics. A total of 774 women completed seven day food diaries, and supplied detailed data on their use of nutrient supplements. MAIN RESULTS Smokers had lower intakes of most micronutrients. After adjustment for the confounding effects of maternal age, height, and education, only vitamin C and carotenoid intakes remained significantly depressed. Age was strongly and significantly associated with the intake of most nutrients, including antioxidants, and this association was independent of other maternal factors. Antioxidant intake was therefore lowest in young women who smoked: for example smokers under 24 years had a mean vitamin C intake of 57 mg (SD 35) compared with 106 mg (SD 52) for non-smokers aged 28 and over (difference 49 mg, 95% CI 39, 59). The corresponding intakes of carotenoid equivalents were 1335 micrograms (SD 982) and 2093 micrograms (SD 1283) (difference 758 micrograms, 95% CI 496, 1020). CONCLUSIONS The study has identified, for the first time, young pregnant women as a group at particular risk of low micronutrient intake. The health implications of poor nutrition now need to be evaluated, particularly for those women who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mathews
- Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Oxford
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McGuire MT, Wing RR, Klem ML, Hill JO. The behavioral characteristics of individuals who lose weight unintentionally. OBESITY RESEARCH 1999; 7:485-90. [PMID: 10509606 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether individuals who unintentionally lost weight differ from individuals who intentionally lost weight in behavioral characteristics related to chronic disease risk factors. DESIGN A random-digit dial telephone survey was conducted among a representative sample of American adults (n = 500). SUBJECTS Of the 500 individuals sampled, 139 were currently > or = 10% below their lifetime maximum weight. These individuals were asked whether their weight loss was unintentional or intentional. Unintentional (n =49) and intentional (n = 89) weight losers were compared on measures of dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and self-reported health status. RESULTS Unintentional weight losers had higher levels of smoking and drinking, were less physically active, and were less concerned about their diet and fat intake. Unintentional weight losers did not report having higher levels of disease such as high blood pressure or diabetes. However, unintentional weight losers who reported having such diseases were more likely to report that their weight loss had no effect or had worsened their disorder. DISCUSSION Compared to intentional weight losers, those who lost their weight unintentionally reported engaging in more negative health behaviors that are related to disease morbidity and mortality. These data suggest that unintentional weight loss may be part of a cluster of behaviors that have a negative health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T McGuire
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its association with other risk factors for chronic diseases among active workers of communication and data processing centers of a Bank. METHODS Cross-sectional study in a simple random sample of 647 active workers of the bank. The data were collected in the work environment, through self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 29.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 27.5%-31.5%), 31.1% (95% CI: 26.2%-35.8%) among men and 27.8% (95% CI: 22.6%-32.9%) among women. On average, males started smoking at the age of 17.6 years and women at the age of 19.4. High prevalence of heavy smokers was observed among men and women (53% and 42%, respectively, smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day). Smokers were older, more likely to be divorced, separated and widowed, to have high blood pressure, to drink alcoholic beverages more often, and to exercise less often than to non-smokers. Those who gave up smoking were older, drank more alcoholic beverages, and were more often overweight. CONCLUSION The considerable frequency of smoking and other risk factors for chronic diseases among those workers may be an indication of the need for new strategies for health interventions. Opportunities for preventive actions, which are more effective and less costly, may have been lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Griep
- Departamento de Enfermagem em Saúde Pública, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Macario E. Social support and readiness to make dietary changes. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 1998; 25:586-98. [PMID: 9768379 DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between reported social support and readiness to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, based on the Transtheoretical Stage of Change Model. Data were collected as part of the baseline assessments for a work site intervention study promoting increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Among workers who did not live alone, household support was significantly higher for those of Hispanic and African American heritage than other groups, and was also higher among men, nonsmokers, and those living with adults compared to those living only with children. In multivariate analyses, coworker support was significantly associated with being in preparation compared to precontemplation/contemplation. Household support was not significantly related to readiness to change in multivariate analyses. The effectiveness of work site nutrition education interventions is likely to be enhanced by teaching participants to provide social support to coworkers and family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sorensen
- Harvard School of Public Health, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
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Dallongeville J, Marécaux N, Fruchart JC, Amouyel P. Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta-analysis. J Nutr 1998; 128:1450-7. [PMID: 9732304 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.9.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between smoking status and nutrient intakes using a meta-analysis. Publications in English were sought through a Medline search using the following key words: food habits, eating, feeding behavior, diet, food, nutrition, nutritional status or assessment, tobacco use disorder, tobacco, nicotine and smoking. Scanning relevant reference lists of articles and hand searching completed the data collection. No attempt was made to search for unpublished results. Paper selection was based on nutritional surveys including comparisons of smokers with nonsmokers. Fifty-one published nutritional surveys from 15 different countries with 47,250 nonsmokers and 35,870 smokers were used in the analysis. The estimates of size effects were calculated with the mean and variance values of each nutrient intake and the size of the sample. Smokers declared significantly (all P < 10(-5)) higher intakes of energy (+4.9%), total fat (+3.5%), saturated fat (+8.9%), cholesterol (+10.8%) and alcohol (+77.5%) and lower intakes of polyunsaturated fat (-6.5%), fiber (-12.4%), vitamin C (-16.5%), vitamin E (-10.8%) and beta-carotene (-11.8%) than nonsmokers. Protein and carbohydrate intakes did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among studies. In conclusion, the nutrient intakes of smokers differ substantially from those of nonsmokers. Some of these differences may exacerbate the deleterious effects of smoke components on cancer and coronary heart disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dallongeville
- Département d'athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille cedex, France
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Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Prättälä R. Smoking status and relative weight by educational level in Finland, 1978-1995. Prev Med 1998; 27:431-7. [PMID: 9612833 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to examine the association between smoking status and relative body weight at different educational levels in Finland during 1978-1995. METHODS The data for the study were derived from separate cross-sectional health behavior surveys conducted annually by the National Public Health Institute (n = 3,418-5,037, response rate 68-84%). Relative weight was compared among current smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers. Mean body mass index (BMI) was used as the measure of relative weight. Educational level was measured by the number of school years. RESULTS During 1978-1995, relative weight increased in all smoking categories. Among men, ex-smokers weighed most, irrespective of study year or educational level, whereas among women ex-smokers showed a mean BMI comparable with that of never smokers. Among current and never smokers, both men and women, the association between smoking status and mean BMI varied according to educational level: current smokers weighed less than never smokers at the lowest educational level, whereas at the highest educational level they weighed more than never smokers. CONCLUSIONS The association between smoking status and relative weight varied according to educational level. The finding suggests that the association between smoking status and relative weight is modified by social and behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laaksonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Milligan RA, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Richards J, Dunbar D, Spencer M, Balde E, Gracey MP. Health-related behaviours and psycho-social characteristics of 18 year-old Australians. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45:1549-62. [PMID: 9351145 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial variables associated with health-related behaviours for diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking were examined in 18 year-old Australian men (n = 301) and women (n = 282). These psychosocial variables included Type A behaviour and depression, perceived self-efficacy for engaging in healthy behaviours and perceived barriers to performing these behaviours. Self-efficacy for following a healthy diet and moderating alcohol intake was greater in females but males had higher self-efficacy for physical activity. Self-efficacy for smoking did not differ according to gender. Lack of willpower was perceived as a barrier to desirable dietary, smoking and physical activity behaviours. Other perceived diet-related barriers included buying suitable foods when eating out, ignorance about appropriate foods and, in young women, perceived expense. Barriers for desirable levels of physical activity included planning time, tiredness, limiting social life and lack of social support. Social occasions were the main perceived barriers preventing both alcohol moderation and quitting smoking. Lack of family support, stress and concerns about weight gain, particularly in women, were perceived barriers to smoking cessation. Type A behaviour was associated with smoking and "unsafe" drinking in both men and women, generally unhealthy dietary choices in young women but with greater physical activity in young men. Depressive affect was significantly higher in female smokers and "unsafe" drinkers and tended to have an inverse relationship with physical activity in men and women. Depressive affect was inversely related to self-efficacy in both men and women for each of the health behaviours examined. Health promotion in young adults should therefore attempt to increase self-efficacy and address perceived barriers to change, taking into account gender-related differences in attitudes and the influence of depression and Type A characteristics on health-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Milligan
- West Australian Heart Research Institute, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia
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Milligan RA, Burke V, Dunbar DL, Spencer M, Balde E, Beilin LJ, Gracey MP. Associations between lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-old Australians. J Adolesc Health 1997; 21:186-95. [PMID: 9283941 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-139x(97)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine associations between cardiovascular risk factors and variables reflecting health-related behaviors in 18-year-old Australians. METHODS Anthropometry, blood pressure, nonfasting serum cholesterol, and physical fitness were measured in 301 male and 286 female Australian 18-year-olds. Usual physical activity, smoking, and drinking habits were assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS Systolic (SBP), with mean SBP higher by 14 mm Hg in males, related positively to weight for height for age and "unsafe" drinking (exceeding Australian national guidelines) and negatively to fitness and birth weight. Total cholesterol, which was positively associated with waist-hip ratio and negatively with fitness, was higher in females [mean 4.4 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3, 4.5] than in males (mean 4.1 mmol/L, 95% CI 4.0, 4.2). In 24% of males and 48% of females, usual levels of physical activity were low, consistent with lower scores on fitness tests in females. Thirty percent of males and 24% of females regularly drank at "unsafe," levels while 26% of males and 29% of females smoked. Smoking was associated with "unsafe" drinking. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-olds are related to smoking, "unsafe" drinking, and physical inactivity, particularly in females. These behaviors should be targeted in designing multimodal health promotion programs appropriate for these young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Milligan
- University Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia
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Burke V, Milligan RA, Beilin LJ, Dunbar D, Spencer M, Balde E, Gracey MP. Clustering of health-related behaviors among 18-year-old Australians. Prev Med 1997; 26:724-33. [PMID: 9327483 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1997.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies among young adults have examined clustering of health behaviors affecting risk for lifestyle diseases. METHODS Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet were examined among Australian 18-year-olds (301 males, 282 females) initially recruited at the age of 9 years from 26 schools. Association analysis was used to recognize behavior clustering. RESULTS Fat intake was greater among male smokers than nonsmokers (36% energy vs 34% energy). Women smokers ate less fiber (14.1 g/day) than did nonsmokers (17.8 g/day). Smoking was significantly related, among males, to unsafe drinking (odds ratio 2.38) and higher fat intake (odds ratio 1.06) and, among females, to unsafe drinking (odds ratio 1.59), lower dietary fiber (odds ratio 0.93), and less physical activity (odds ratio 0.36). Cluster analysis defined separate behavior clusters for men and women with smoking status identifying further subgroups. Smoking, drinking alcohol to excess, and adverse dietary choices clustered among men and women, with physical inactivity also clustering among women. CONCLUSION Smoking among adolescents is an important indicator of behaviors influencing risk for later cardiovascular disease and other medical disorders. Multimodal approaches allowing for gender differences in health-related behaviors are likely to be more successful than targeting a single behavior in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burke
- University Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
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Lukkarinen H, Hentinen M. Self-care agency and factors related to this agency among patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Nurs Stud 1997; 34:295-304. [PMID: 9306164 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7489(97)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the self-care agency and factors related to this agency among patients with coronary heart disease (N = 250) measured with a self-care inventory (Self-as-Carer Inventory, SCI). A secondary aim was to analyze the ability of the SCI inventory based on Orem's self-care deficit theory to measure the self-care agency of patients with coronary heart disease. Factor analysis yielded four factors which represent the key aspects of self-care, such as evaluation, implementation, decision-making, significance of knowledge, attitudes, motivation and physical prerequisites of self-care. The most important precondition for self-care in our study was 'appreciation and motivation to self-care'. This factor had numerous correlations with the background factors. Age, sex, socioeconomic status, employment status, health behavior, such as alcohol use and smoking, other diseases, such as diabetes, and satisfaction with sex life were related to the patients' self-care agency. It can be concluded that the self-care agency of our patients was moderate and many background factors were related to it. The SCI inventory seems to cover the self-care requirements of these patients, but the clinical use of SCI is precarious. The items are still too abstract and the questionnaire is therefore too difficult to fill in for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lukkarinen
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
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Abbey M, Noakes M, Nestel PJ. Dietary supplementation with orange and carrot juice in cigarette smokers lowers oxidation products in copper-oxidized low-density lipoproteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1995; 95:671-5. [PMID: 7759743 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effect of daily supplementation with foods high in vitamin C and beta carotene on plasma vitamin levels and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in cigarette smokers. SUBJECTS Fifteen normolipidemic male cigarette smokers who did not usually take vitamin supplements were recruited into the study. INTERVENTIONS Throughout the study, subjects consumed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which provided 36% of energy as fat: 18% from meat, dairy products, vegetable oils, and fat spreads and 18% from walnuts (68 g/day). Subjects consumed a vitamin-free drink daily for 3 weeks; then for 3 weeks they consumed daily supplements of orange juice (145 mg vitamin C) and carrot juice (16 mg beta carotene). RESULTS Vitamin-rich food supplements raised plasma levels of ascorbic acid (1.6-fold; P < .01) and beta carotene (2.6-fold; P < .01). Malondialdehyde, one end product of oxidation, was lower in copper-oxidized LDL after vitamin supplementation (mean +/- standard error = 65.7 +/- 2.0 and 57.5 +/- 2.9 mumol/g LDL protein before and after supplementation, respectively; P < .01). Rate of LDL oxidation and lag time before the onset of LDL oxidation were not affected by antioxidant supplementation. CONCLUSIONS In habitual cigarette smokers, antioxidant vitamins, which can be feasibly provided from food, partly protected LDL from oxidation despite a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbey
- Division of Human Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
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