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Fontana R, Ranieri M, La Mantia G, Vivo M. Dual Role of the Alternative Reading Frame ARF Protein in Cancer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E87. [PMID: 30836703 PMCID: PMC6468759 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDKN2a/ARF locus expresses two partially overlapping transcripts that encode two distinct proteins, namely p14ARF (p19Arf in mouse) and p16INK4a, which present no sequence identity. Initial data obtained in mice showed that both proteins are potent tumor suppressors. In line with a tumor-suppressive role, ARF-deficient mice develop lymphomas, sarcomas, and adenocarcinomas, with a median survival rate of one year of age. In humans, the importance of ARF inactivation in cancer is less clear whereas a more obvious role has been documented for p16INK4a. Indeed, many alterations in human tumors result in the elimination of the entire locus, while the majority of point mutations affect p16INK4a. Nevertheless, specific mutations of p14ARF have been described in different types of human cancers such as colorectal and gastric carcinomas, melanoma and glioblastoma. The activity of the tumor suppressor ARF has been shown to rely on both p53-dependent and independent functions. However, novel data collected in the last years has challenged the traditional and established role of this protein as a tumor suppressor. In particular, tumors retaining ARF expression evolve to metastatic and invasive phenotypes and in humans are associated with a poor prognosis. In this review, the recent evidence and the molecular mechanisms of a novel role played by ARF will be presented and discussed, both in pathological and physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Girolama La Mantia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Vivo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Xia N, Cai J, Wang F, Dong B, Liu S, Chen F, Cheng J, Zuo Y. SENP1 Is a Crucial Regulator for Cell Senescence through DeSUMOylation of Bmi1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34099. [PMID: 27659494 PMCID: PMC5034316 DOI: 10.1038/srep34099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell senescence can limit proliferative potential and prevent tumorigenesis. Bmi1 is a key regulator in cell senescence by suppressing the Ink4a/Arf locus. However, how to regulate Bmi1 activity in cell senescence is largely unknown. Here, we show that SENP1 plays an important role in cell senescence by regulating Bmi1 SUMOylation. Senp1−/− primary MEF cells show resistance to cell senescence induced by passaging or other senescence inducing signals. SENP1 deficiency also reduces oncogene H-RasV12-induced senescence, and enhances H-RasV12-induced cell transformation. We further show that in Senp1−/− MEFs the expression of p19Arf, an important regulator in p53/p21-mediated cell senescence, is markedly reduced. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that SENP1 can specifically de-SUMOylate Bmi1 and thereby decreases the occupancy of Bmi1 on p19Arf promoter leading to decrease of H2AK119 mono-ubiquitination and up-expression of p19Arf. These data reveal a crucial role of SENP1 in regulation of cell senescence as well as cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansong Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengling Chen
- Shanghai Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Maggi LB, Winkeler CL, Miceli AP, Apicelli AJ, Brady SN, Kuchenreuther MJ, Weber JD. ARF tumor suppression in the nucleolus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:831-9. [PMID: 24525025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery close to twenty years ago, the ARF tumor suppressor has played a pivotal role in the field of cancer biology. Elucidating ARF's basal physiological function in the cell has been the focal interest of numerous laboratories throughout the world for many years. Our current understanding of ARF is constantly evolving to include novel frameworks for conceptualizing the regulation of this critical tumor suppressor. As a result of this complexity, there is great need to broaden our understanding of the intricacies governing the biology of the ARF tumor suppressor. The ARF tumor suppressor is a key sensor of signals that instruct a cell to grow and proliferate and is appropriately localized in nucleoli to limit these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard B Maggi
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Crystal L Winkeler
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander P Miceli
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony J Apicelli
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne N Brady
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Kuchenreuther
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason D Weber
- BRIGHT Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Tumor suppressors are so named because cancers occur in their absence, but these genes also have important functions in development, metabolism and tissue homeostasis. Here, we discuss known and potential functions of tumor suppressor genes during tissue regeneration, focusing on the evolutionarily conserved tumor suppressors pRb1, p53, Pten and Hippo. We propose that their activity is essential for tissue regeneration. This is in contrast to suggestions that tumor suppression is a trade-off for regenerative capacity. We also hypothesize that certain aspects of tumor suppressor pathways inhibit regenerative processes in mammals, and that transient targeted modification of these pathways could be fruitfully exploited to enhance processes that are important to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Pomerantz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr, CCSR 4215, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA.
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Wolstein JM, Lee DH, Michaud J, Buot V, Stefanchik B, Plotkin MD. INK4a knockout mice exhibit increased fibrosis under normal conditions and in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1486-95. [PMID: 20861074 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The INK4a proteins p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF) regulate cell cycle arrest and senescence. However, the role of these proteins in controlling these processes in the normal kidney and following injury is unknown. We performed unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to induce fibrosis in 2- to 3-mo-old wild-type (WT) C57/B6 and INK4a knockout mice. By quantitative RT-PCR, p16(INK4a) levels were increased sixfold in WT mice 7 days after UUO and p19(ARF) remained undetectable. Kidney sections were examined to determine levels and localization of p16(INK4a), apoptosis, fibrosis, and senescent cells. INK4a knockout mice displayed mesangial cell proliferation, increased matrix deposition, and myofibroblast differentiation under normal conditions. Following UUO, INK4a knockout mice displayed 10-fold increased tubular and interstitial cell proliferation, 75% decreased collecting duct apoptosis, 2-fold greater collagen and fibronectin deposition, and no cell senescence by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining compared with WT mice. Both INK4a knockout mesangial cells and kidney lysates from knockout mice following injury showed elevated levels of IL-6 by ELISA compared with WT samples. INK4a knockout epithelial cell cultures displayed increased mesenchymal cell markers when exposed to transforming growth factor-β. These results confirm that p16(INK4a) controls cell proliferation and matrix production and mitigates fibrosis following injury and suggest that the mechanism involves a role in limiting inflammation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Wolstein
- Renal Research Division, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Quesenberry PJ, Dooner GJ, Tatto MD, Colvin GA, Johnson K, Dooner MS. Expression of cell cycle-related genes with cytokine-induced cell cycle progression of primitive hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:453-60. [PMID: 19788373 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive marrow lineage-negative rhodamine low and Hoechst low (LRH) stem cells isolated on the basis of quiescence respond to the cytokines thrombopoietin, FLT3L, and steel factor by synchronously progressing through cell cycle. We have now profiled the mRNA expression, as determined by real-time RT-PCR, of 47 hematopoietic or cell cycle-related genes, focusing on the variations in the cell cycle regulators with cycle transit. LRH stem cells, at isolation, showed expression of all interrogated genes, but at relatively low levels. In our studies, there was a good deal of consistency with regard to cell cycle regulatory genes involved in the G1/S progression point of LRH murine stem cells. The observed pattern of expression of cyclin A2 is consistent with actions at these phases of cell cycle. Minimal elevations were seen at 16 h with higher elevations at 24, 32, 40, and 48 h times encompassing S, G2, and M phases. CDK2 expression pattern was also consistent with a role in G1/S transition with a modest elevation at 24 h and more substantial elevation at 32 h. The observed pattern of expression of cyclin F mRNA with marked elevations at 16-40 h was also consistent with actions in S and G2 phases. Cyclin D1 expression pattern was less consistent with its known role in G1 progression. The alterations in multiple other cell cycle regulators were consistent with previous information obtained in other cell systems. The cycle regulatory mechanics appears to be preserved across broad ranges of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Quesenberry
- Rhode Island Hospital and the Brown Medical School, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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