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White AG, Elias E, Orozco A, Robinson SA, Manners MT. Chronic Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: Relevance of Rodent Models to Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5085. [PMID: 38791125 PMCID: PMC11121038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is the central organ of adaptation to stress because it perceives and determines threats that induce behavioral, physiological, and molecular responses. In humans, chronic stress manifests as an enduring consistent feeling of pressure and being overwhelmed for an extended duration. This can result in a persistent proinflammatory response in the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS), resulting in cellular, physiological, and behavioral effects. Compounding stressors may increase the risk of chronic-stress-induced inflammation, which can yield serious health consequences, including mental health disorders. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the neuroinflammatory response in rodent models of chronic stress-a relationship that is continually being defined. Many studies investigating the effects of chronic stress on neuroinflammation in rodent models have identified significant changes in inflammatory modulators, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. This suggests that these are key inflammatory factors in the chronic stress response, which may contribute to the establishment of anxiety and depression-like symptoms. The behavioral and neurological effects of modulating inflammatory factors through gene knockdown (KD) and knockout (KO), and conventional and alternative medicine approaches, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G. White
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Elias Elias
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Andrea Orozco
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | | | - Melissa T. Manners
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Crews FT, Macht V, Vetreno RP. Epigenetic regulation of microglia and neurons by proinflammatory signaling following adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure and in human AUD. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2024; 4:12094. [PMID: 38524847 PMCID: PMC10957664 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2024.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol drinking is linked to high rates of adult alcohol problems and alcohol use disorder (AUD). The Neurobiology of Alcohol Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) consortium adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) models adolescent binge drinking, followed by abstinent maturation to adulthood to determine the persistent AIE changes in neurobiology and behavior. AIE increases adult alcohol drinking and preference, increases anxiety and reward seeking, and disrupts sleep and cognition, all risks for AUD. In addition, AIE induces changes in neuroimmune gene expression in neurons and glia that alter neurocircuitry and behavior. HMGB1 is a unique neuroimmune signal released from neurons and glia by ethanol that activates multiple proinflammatory receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that spread proinflammatory gene induction. HMGB1 expression is increased by AIE in rat brain and in post-mortem human AUD brain, where it correlates with lifetime alcohol consumption. HMGB1 activation of TLR increase TLR expression. Human AUD brain and rat brain following AIE show increases in multiple TLRs. Brain regional differences in neurotransmitters and cell types impact ethanol responses and neuroimmune gene induction. Microglia are monocyte-like cells that provide trophic and synaptic functions, that ethanol proinflammatory signals sensitize or "prime" during repeated drinking cycles, impacting neurocircuitry. Neurocircuits are differently impacted dependent upon neuronal-glial signaling. Acetylcholine is an anti-inflammatory neurotransmitter. AIE increases HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in forebrain, reducing cholinergic neurons by silencing multiple cholinergic defining genes through upregulation of RE-1 silencing factor (REST), a transcription inhibitor known to regulate neuronal differentiation. HMGB1 REST induction reduces cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain and cholinergic innervation of hippocampus. Adult brain hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated by a neurogenic niche formed from multiple cells. In vivo AIE and in vitro studies find ethanol increases HMGB1-TLR4 signaling and other proinflammatory signaling as well as reducing trophic factors, NGF, and BDNF, coincident with loss of the cholinergic synapse marker vChAT. These changes in gene expression-transcriptomes result in reduced adult neurogenesis. Excitingly, HMGB1 antagonists, anti-inflammatories, and epigenetic modifiers like histone deacetylase inhibitors restore trophic the neurogenesis. These findings suggest anti-inflammatory and epigenetic drugs should be considered for AUD therapy and may provide long-lasting reversal of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T. Crews
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Interplay of G-proteins and Serotonin in the Neuroimmunoinflammatory Model of Chronic Stress and Depression: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:180-214. [PMID: 38151838 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128285578231218102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This narrative review addresses the clinical challenges in stress-related disorders such as depression, focusing on the interplay between neuron-specific and pro-inflammatory mechanisms at the cellular, cerebral, and systemic levels. OBJECTIVE We aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking chronic psychological stress with low-grade neuroinflammation in key brain regions, particularly focusing on the roles of G proteins and serotonin (5-HT) receptors. METHODS This comprehensive review of the literature employs systematic, narrative, and scoping review methodologies, combined with systemic approaches to general pathology. It synthesizes current research on shared signaling pathways involved in stress responses and neuroinflammation, including calcium-dependent mechanisms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and key transcription factors like NF-κB and p53. The review also focuses on the role of G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors (GPCRs) in immune and pro-inflammatory responses, with a detailed analysis of how 13 of 14 types of human 5-HT receptors contribute to depression and neuroinflammation. RESULTS The review reveals a complex interaction between neurotransmitter signals and immunoinflammatory responses in stress-related pathologies. It highlights the role of GPCRs and canonical inflammatory mediators in influencing both pathological and physiological processes in nervous tissue. CONCLUSION The proposed Neuroimmunoinflammatory Stress Model (NIIS Model) suggests that proinflammatory signaling pathways, mediated by metabotropic and ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, are crucial for maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Chronic mental stress can disrupt this balance, leading to increased pro-inflammatory states in the brain and contributing to neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, including depression. This model integrates traditional theories on depression pathogenesis, offering a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Laboratory of Inflammation Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunopathophysiology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
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Gruol DL, Calderon D, Huitron-Resendiz S, Cates-Gatto C, Roberts AJ. Impact of Elevated Brain IL-6 in Transgenic Mice on the Behavioral and Neurochemical Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Exposure. Cells 2023; 12:2306. [PMID: 37759527 PMCID: PMC10527024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption activates the neuroimmune system of the brain, a system in which brain astrocytes and microglia play dominant roles. These glial cells normally produce low levels of neuroimmune factors, which are important signaling factors and regulators of brain function. Alcohol activation of the neuroimmune system is known to dysregulate the production of neuroimmune factors, such as the cytokine IL-6, thereby changing the neuroimmune status of the brain, which could impact the actions of alcohol. The consequences of neuroimmune-alcohol interactions are not fully known. In the current studies we investigated this issue in transgenic (TG) mice with altered neuroimmune status relative to IL-6. The TG mice express elevated levels of astrocyte-produced IL-6, a condition known to occur with alcohol exposure. Standard behavioral tests of alcohol drinking and negative affect/emotionality were carried out in homozygous and heterozygous TG mice and control mice to assess the impact of neuroimmune status on the actions of chronic intermittent alcohol (ethanol) (CIE) exposure on these behaviors. The expressions of signal transduction and synaptic proteins were also assessed by Western blot to identify the impact of alcohol-neuroimmune interactions on brain neurochemistry. The results from these studies show that neuroimmune status with respect to IL-6 significantly impacts the effects of alcohol on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L. Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Delilah Calderon
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Cates-Gatto
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA (A.J.R.)
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA (A.J.R.)
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Boahen A, Hu D, Adams MJ, Nicholls PK, Greene WK, Ma B. Bidirectional crosstalk between the peripheral nervous system and lymphoid tissues/organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254054. [PMID: 37767094 PMCID: PMC10520967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune system generally by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), whereas the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates specifically with the immune system according to local interactions/connections. An imbalance between the components of the PNS might contribute to pathogenesis and the further development of certain diseases. In this review, we have explored the "thread" (hardwiring) of the connections between the immune system (e.g., primary/secondary/tertiary lymphoid tissues/organs) and PNS (e.g., sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS)) in health and disease in vitro and in vivo. Neuroimmune cell units provide an anatomical and physiological basis for bidirectional crosstalk between the PNS and the immune system in peripheral tissues, including lymphoid tissues and organs. These neuroimmune interactions/modulation studies might greatly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the PNS possibly affects cellular and humoral-mediated immune responses or vice versa in health and diseases. Physical, chemical, pharmacological, and other manipulations of these neuroimmune interactions should bring about the development of practical therapeutic applications for certain neurological, neuroimmunological, infectious, inflammatory, and immunological disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Boahen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri-Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dailun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Murray J. Adams
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Philip K. Nicholls
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne K. Greene
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Cruz B, Borgonetti V, Bajo M, Roberto M. Sex-dependent factors of alcohol and neuroimmune mechanisms. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100562. [PMID: 37601537 PMCID: PMC10432974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use disrupts neuroimmune signaling across various cell types, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. The present review focuses on recent, albeit limited, evidence of sex differences in biological factors that mediate neuroimmune responses to alcohol and underlying neuroimmune systems that may influence alcohol drinking behaviors. Females are more vulnerable than males to the neurotoxic and negative consequences of chronic alcohol drinking, reflected by elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Differences in cytokine, microglial, astrocytic, genomic, and transcriptomic evidence suggest females are more reactive than males to neuroinflammatory changes after chronic alcohol exposure. The growing body of evidence supports that innate immune factors modulate synaptic transmission, providing a mechanistic framework to examine sex differences across neurocircuitry. Targeting neuroimmune signaling may be a viable strategy for treating AUD, but more research is needed to understand sex-specific differences in alcohol drinking and neuroimmune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
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Nonoguchi HA, Jin M, Narreddy R, Kouo TWS, Nayak M, Trenet W, Mandyam CD. Progenitor Cells Play a Role in Reinstatement of Ethanol Seeking in Adult Male and Female Ethanol Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12233. [PMID: 37569609 PMCID: PMC10419311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Female and male glial fibrillary acidic protein-thymidine kinase (GFAP-TK) transgenic rats were made ethanol dependent via a six-week chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE) and ethanol drinking (ED) procedure. During the last week of CIE, a subset of male and female TK rats was fed valcyte to ablate dividing progenitor cells and continued the diet until the end of this study. Following week six, all CIE rats experienced two weeks of forced abstinence from CIE-ED, after which they experienced relapse to drinking, extinction, and reinstatement of ethanol seeking sessions. CIE increased ED in female and male rats, with females having higher ethanol consumption during CIE and relapse sessions compared with males. In both sexes, valcyte reduced the levels of Ki-67-labeled progenitor cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and did not alter the levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Valcyte increased ED during relapse, increased lever responses during extinction and, interestingly, enhanced latency to extinguish ethanol-seeking behaviors in males. Valcyte reduced the reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behaviors triggered by ethanol cues in females and males. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with the normalization of cytokines and chemokines in plasma isolated from trunk blood, indicating a role for progenitor cells in peripheral inflammatory responses. Reduced seeking by valcyte was associated with increases in tight junction protein claudin-5 and oligodendrogenesis in the dentate gyrus and reduction in microglial activity in the dentate gyrus and mPFC in females and males, demonstrating a role for progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus in dependence-induced endothelial and microglial dysfunction. These data suggest that progenitor cells born during withdrawal and abstinence from CIE in the dentate gyrus are aberrant and could play a role in strengthening ethanol memories triggered by ethanol cues via central and peripheral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Jin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wulfran Trenet
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Varodayan FP, Pahng AR, Davis TD, Gandhi P, Bajo M, Steinman MQ, Kiosses WB, Blednov YA, Burkart MD, Edwards S, Roberts AJ, Roberto M. Chronic ethanol induces a pro-inflammatory switch in interleukin-1β regulation of GABAergic signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex of male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:125-139. [PMID: 36863493 PMCID: PMC10106421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune pathways regulate brain function to influence complex behavior and play a role in several neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). In particular, the interleukin-1 (IL-1) system has emerged as a key regulator of the brain's response to ethanol (alcohol). Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced neuroadaptation of IL-1β signaling at GABAergic synapses in the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an area responsible for integrating contextual information to mediate conflicting motivational drives. We exposed C57BL/6J male mice to the chronic intermittent ethanol vapor-2 bottle choice paradigm (CIE-2BC) to induce ethanol dependence, and conducted ex vivo electrophysiology and molecular analyses. We found that the IL-1 system regulates basal mPFC function through its actions at inhibitory synapses on prelimbic layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. IL-1β can selectively recruit either neuroprotective (PI3K/Akt) or pro-inflammatory (MyD88/p38 MAPK) mechanisms to produce opposing synaptic effects. In ethanol naïve conditions, there was a strong PI3K/Akt bias leading to a disinhibition of pyramidal neurons. Ethanol dependence produced opposite IL-1 effects - enhanced local inhibition via a switch in IL-1β signaling to the canonical pro-inflammatory MyD88 pathway. Ethanol dependence also increased cellular IL-1β in the mPFC, while decreasing expression of downstream effectors (Akt, p38 MAPK). Thus, IL-1β may represent a key neural substrate in ethanol-induced cortical dysfunction. As the IL-1 receptor antagonist (kineret) is already FDA-approved for other diseases, this work underscores the high therapeutic potential of IL-1 signaling/neuroimmune-based treatments for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Varodayan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - A R Pahng
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T D Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - P Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Q Steinman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W B Kiosses
- Microscopy Core Imaging Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - M D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Li Z, Vidjro OE, Guo G, Du Y, Zhou Y, Xie Q, Li J, Gao K, Zhou L, Ma T. NLRP3 deficiency decreases alcohol intake controlling anxiety-like behavior via modification of glutamatergic transmission in corticostriatal circuits. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:308. [PMID: 36539796 PMCID: PMC9764485 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders result from repeated binge and chronic alcohol consumption followed by negative effects, such as anxiety, upon cessation. This process is associated with the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated responses. However, whether and how inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome alters alcohol intake and anxiety behavior remains unclear. METHODS A combination of drinking-in-the-dark and gavage was established in NLRP3-knockout and control mice. Behavior was assessed by open-field and elevated plus maze tests. Binge alcohol drinking was measured at 2 h and 4 h. A 2 h/4 h/24 h voluntary drinking was determined by a two-bottle choice paradigm. Western blotting and ELISA were applied to examine the levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome and- inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and TNF-α. Nissl staining was used to measure neuronal injury. The electrophysiological method was used to determine glutamatergic transmission in corticostriatal circuits. In vivo optogenetic LTP and LTD were applied to control the function of corticostriatal circuits on the behavior of mice. MCC950 was used to antagonize the NLRP3 inflammasome. RESULTS The binge alcohol intake was decreased in NLRP3 KO mice compared to the control mice. During alcohol withdrawal, NLRP3 deficiency attenuated anxiety-like behavior and neuronal injury in the mPFC and striatum. Moreover, we discovered that glutamatergic transmission to striatal neurons was reduced in NLRP3 KO mice. Importantly, in vivo optogenetic induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of corticostriatal circuits reversed the effects of NLRP3 deficiency on glutamatergic transmission and anxiety behavior. We also demonstrated that optogenetic induction of LTD decreased anxiety-like behavior and caused a reduction in glutamatergic transmission. Interestingly, NLRP3 deficiency or inhibition (MCC950 injection) attenuated the anxiety-like behavior, but it did not prevent DID + gavage paradigm-induced a persistent enhancement of drinking in a two-bottle choice at 2 and 4 days into withdrawal. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that NLRP3 deficiency decreases binge alcohol intake and anxiety-like behavior through downregulation of glutamatergic transmission in corticostriatal circuits, which may provide an anti-inflammatory target for treating alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Olivia Ewi Vidjro
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Gengni Guo
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Grade 2020 in Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Yanfeng Du
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Yao Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Qian Xie
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Keqiang Gao
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Li Zhou
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Anesthesiology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Lane, Mochou Road, Nanjing, 210004 Jiangsu China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
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10
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Vetlugina TP, Prokopieva VD, Epimakhova EV, Boiko AS, Nikitina VB, Bokhan NA. Cytokine Production in Whole Blood Cells Culture of Patients with Alcohol Dependence and Autologous Plasma Oxidative Stress Markers. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:151-154. [PMID: 35618970 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied spontaneous production of a spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines by cultured whole blood cells from men with alcohol dependence at the stage of withdrawal syndrome and oxidative stress markers (carbonylated proteins and TBA-reactive substances) in the plasma of these blood samples. Enhanced production of cytokines by blood cells and increased concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the autologous plasma were revealed in comparison with the corresponding parameters in the control (blood from healthy men). Direct correlations were found between the levels of spontaneous cytokine production by blood cells from subjects with alcohol dependence and the concentration of oxidized proteins and lipids in autologous plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Vetlugina
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - V D Prokopieva
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Epimakhova
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A S Boiko
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V B Nikitina
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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11
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Blecharz-Klin K, Świerczyńska M, Piechal A, Wawer A, Joniec-Maciejak I, Pyrzanowska J, Wojnar E, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Sulima-Celińska A, Młocicki D, Mirowska-Guzel D. Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010330. [PMID: 35286352 PMCID: PMC8947016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites may significantly affect the functioning of the host organism including immune response and gut-brain-axis ultimately leading to alteration of the host behavior. The impact of intestinal worms on the host central nervous system (CNS) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on behavior and functions of the CNS in rats. The 3 months old animals were infected, and the effects on anxiety, exploration, sensorimotor skills and learning processes were assessed at 18 months in Open Field (OF), Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and the Water Maze (WM) tests. After completing the behavioral studies, both infected and non-infected rats were sacrificed, and the collected tissues were subjected to biochemical analysis. The levels of neurotransmitters, their metabolites and amino acids in selected structures of the CNS were determined by HPLC. In addition, the gene expression profile of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) was evaluated by Real-Time PCR to determine the immune response within the CNS to the tapeworm infection. The parasites caused significant changes in exploratory behavior, most notably, a reduction of velocity and total distance moved in the OF test; the infected rats exhibited decreased frequency in the central zone, which may indicate a higher level of anxiety. Additionally, parasite infestation improved spatial memory, assessed in the WM test, and recognition of new objects. These changes are related to the identified reduction in noradrenaline level in the CNS structures and less pronounced changes in striatal serotonergic neurotransmission. H. diminuta infestation was also found to cause a significant reduction of hippocampal expression of IL-6. Our results provide new data for further research on brain function during parasitic infections especially in relation to helminths and diseases in which noradrenergic system may play an important role. Recent advances in the research on parasitic manipulation and/or control of the nervous system of their host resulted in the development of neuro-parasitology, a new and emerging branch of science. There have been advances in this area in relation to parasite-insect interactions or parasites directly invading central nervous system (CNS). However, the neuro-parasitology of parasitic infections in vertebrate hosts remains unexplored. In our study the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm on the behavior, neurotransmission and functions of the CNS in rats was evaluated. This infection positively influenced spatial memory and new object recognition. At the same time, the infected animals developed a greater level of anxiety and move more slowly. Behavioral changes were related to the reduction in noradrenaline level in the CNS structures, and less pronounced changes in striatal serotonergic neurotransmission. The results provide important data for the further progress in neuro-parasitology and our understanding of parasite-host interactions. In our opinion in the near future may turn out that the role of the intestinal host macrobiome in the CNS functioning may be just as significant as that of the microbiome. Presented neuro-immunological data provide a new perspectives for further studies on the CNS under intestinal parasite infection. The data of behavioral changes induced by active parasitic infection may be valid for explanations of the host-parasite relationship at the evolutionary level and their molecular adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Blecharz-Klin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Świerczyńska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Pyrzanowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wojnar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Sulima-Celińska
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (DM); (DM-G)
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (DM); (DM-G)
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12
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Synaptic effects of IL-1β and CRF in the central amygdala after protracted alcohol abstinence in male rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:847-856. [PMID: 34837077 PMCID: PMC8882167 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier to remission from an alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the continued risk of relapse during abstinence. Assessing the neuroadaptations after chronic alcohol and repeated abstinence is important to identify mechanisms that may contribute to relapse. In this study, we used a rhesus macaque model of long-term alcohol use and repeated abstinence, providing a platform to extend mechanistic findings from rodents to primates. The central amygdala (CeA) displays elevated GABA release following chronic alcohol in rodents and in abstinent male macaques, highlighting this neuroadaptation as a conserved mechanism that may underlie excessive alcohol consumption. Here, we determined circulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, CeA transcriptomic changes, and the effects of IL-1β and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling on CeA GABA transmission in male controls and abstinent drinkers. While no significant differences in peripheral IL-1β or the CeA transcriptome were observed, pathway analysis identified several canonical immune-related pathways. We addressed this potential dysregulation of CeA immune signaling in abstient drinkers with an electrophysiological approach. We found that IL-1β decreased CeA GABA release in controls while abstinent drinkers were less sensitive to IL-1β's effects, suggesting adaptations in the neuromodulatory role of IL-1β. In contrast, CRF enhanced CeA GABA release similarly in controls and abstinent drinkers, consistent with rodent studies. Notably, CeA CRF expression was inversely correlated with intoxication, suggesting that CRF levels during abstinence may predict future intoxication. Together, our findings highlight conserved and divergent actions of chronic alcohol on neuroimmune and stress signaling on CeA GABA transmission across rodents and macaques.
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Amirshahrokhi K, Niapour A. Methylsulfonylmethane protects against ethanol-induced brain injury in mice through the inhibition of oxidative stress, proinflammatory mediators and apoptotic cell death. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108638. [PMID: 35203043 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive ethanol consumption causes brain injury through oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a natural compound that has therapeutic effects on oxidative and inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of MSM on ethanol-induced brain injury in an experimental model. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to binge ethanol (5 g/kg/day, orally) and treated with MSM (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) concomitantly for 12 days. At the end of the experiment brain tissues were removed for histological and biochemical analysis. The results showed that MSM reduced ethanol-mediated oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl protein. The Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the levels of cytoprotective antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione (GSH) were increased by MSM in the brain tissue. MSM treatment reduced the ethanol-induced inflammatory factors including myeloperoxidase (MPO), iNOS/NO, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1. MSM also decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and TUNEL positive cells while increased the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 in the brain tissue. Our findings demonstrated that MSM protects against ethanol-induced brain injury by improving anti-oxidant defense mechanism and reducing ethanol-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, MSM may be a potential protective approach for brain damage caused by high levels of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Amirshahrokhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Ali Niapour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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14
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Aljumaiah MM, Alonazi MA, Al-Dbass AM, Almnaizel AT, Alahmed M, Soliman DA, El-Ansary A. Association of Maternal Diabetes and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: a Study in a Rodent Model of Autism. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:349-358. [PMID: 34562183 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated that maternal type 1 diabetes may contribute to autism pathogenesis in offspring, and that insulin therapy during pregnancy may prevent the onset of autism. As evidenced, selected brain biomarkers representing the accepted etiological mechanism of autism in newborn rats from diabetic mothers and diabetic mothers receiving insulin therapy compared to the propionic acid (PPA) rodent model of autism were screened. Female Wistar rats with a controlled fertility cycle were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a group treated with a single dose of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D), and a group treated with a single dose of STZ to induce T1D along with insulin therapy. Neonatal rats from these groups were divided into four experimental groups of six animals each: the control group, oral buffered PPA-treated group administered a neurotoxic dose of 250 mg/kg PPA for 3 days to induce autism, neonatal rats from mothers with T1D, and neonatal rats from mothers with T1D receiving insulin therapy. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamate excitotoxicity were examined in brain homogenates from all neonatal rats. The development of pathogenic bacteria was monitored in stool samples from all rat groups. Descriptive analyses of changes in fecal microbiota and overgrowth of Clostridium species were performed in diabetic mothers, diabetic mothers treated with insulin therapy, and their offspring. Clostridium species may induce autism-relevant behaviors in offspring from mothers with T1D. Maternal T1D without insulin therapy increased lipid peroxidation levels, reduced GST activity, and lower offspring' vitamin C and GSH levels. Increased IL-6 levels and reduced GABA levels were detected in brain homogenates from neonatal rats whose mothers had T1D. Interestingly, insulin therapy reduced MDA and IL-6 levels and increased GST, GSH, and vitamin C levels in brain homogenates of neonatal rats from mothers with T1D receiving insulin therapy compared to the PPA-treated group. Based on our results, the PPA-treated group and neonatal rats from mothers with T1D exhibited similar results. These findings suggest that neonatal rats from mothers with T1D may develop autism-relevant biochemical autistic features and that insulin therapy may ameliorate oxidative stress, poor detoxification, inflammation, and excitotoxicity as ascertained mechanisms involved in the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak M Aljumaiah
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Al-Dbass
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad T Almnaizel
- Prince Naif for Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alahmed
- Prince Naif for Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina A Soliman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Finelli R, Mottola F, Agarwal A. Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Male Fertility Potential: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010328. [PMID: 35010587 PMCID: PMC8751073 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse disorder is a serious condition, implicating more than 15 million people aged 12 years and older in 2019 in the United States. Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) is mainly oxidized in the liver, resulting in the synthesis of acetaldehyde and acetate, which are toxic and carcinogenic metabolites, as well as in the generation of a reductive cellular environment. Moreover, ethanol can interact with lipids, generating fatty acid ethyl esters and phosphatidylethanol, which interfere with physiological cellular pathways. This narrative review summarizes the impact of excessive alcohol consumption on male fertility by describing its metabolism and how ethanol consumption may induce cellular damage. Furthermore, the impact of alcohol consumption on hormonal regulation, semen quality, and genetic and epigenetic regulations is discussed based on evidence from animal and human studies, focusing on the consequences on the offspring. Finally, the limitations of the current evidence are discussed. Our review highlights the association between chronic alcohol consumption and poor semen quality, mainly due to the development of oxidative stress, as well as its genotoxic impact on hormonal regulation and DNA integrity, affecting the offspring’s health. New landscapes of investigation are proposed for the identification of molecular markers for alcohol-associated infertility, with a focus on advanced OMICS-based approaches applied to the analysis of semen samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(214)-444-9485
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Kisby BR, Farris SP, McManus MM, Varodayan FP, Roberto M, Harris RA, Ponomarev I. Alcohol Dependence in Rats Is Associated with Global Changes in Gene Expression in the Central Amygdala. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091149. [PMID: 34573170 PMCID: PMC8468792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is associated with adverse consequences of alcohol (ethanol) use and is evident in most severe cases of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) plays a critical role in the development of alcohol dependence and escalation of alcohol consumption in dependent subjects. Molecular mechanisms underlying the CeA-driven behavioral changes are not well understood. Here, we examined the effects of alcohol on global gene expression in the CeA using a chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor model in rats and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The CIE procedure resulted in robust changes in CeA gene expression during intoxication, as the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was significantly greater than those expected by chance. Over-representation analysis of cell types, functional groups and molecular pathways revealed biological categories potentially important for the development of alcohol dependence in our model. Genes specific for astrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells were over-represented in the DEG category, suggesting that these cell types were particularly affected by the CIE procedure. The majority of the over-represented functional groups and molecular pathways were directly related to the functions of glial and endothelial cells, including extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, myelination, and the regulation of innate immune response. A coordinated regulation of several ECM metalloproteinases (e.g., Mmp2; Mmp14), their substrates (e.g., multiple collagen genes and myelin basic protein; Mbp), and a metalloproteinase inhibitor, Reck, suggests a specific mechanism for ECM re-organization in response to chronic alcohol, which may modulate neuronal activity and result in behavioral changes, such as an escalation of alcohol drinking. Our results highlight the importance of glial and endothelial cells in the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on the CeA, and demonstrate further insight into the molecular mechanisms of alcohol dependence in rats. These molecular targets may be used in future studies to develop therapeutics to treat AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R. Kisby
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (B.R.K.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sean P. Farris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78715, USA; (S.P.F.); (R.A.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Michelle M. McManus
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (B.R.K.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Florence P. Varodayan
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78715, USA; (S.P.F.); (R.A.H.)
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78741, USA
| | - Igor Ponomarev
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (B.R.K.); (M.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Hamada K, Ferguson LB, Mayfield RD, Krishnan HR, Maienschein-Cline M, Lasek AW. Binge-like ethanol drinking activates anaplastic lymphoma kinase signaling and increases the expression of STAT3 target genes in the mouse hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12729. [PMID: 33641239 PMCID: PMC8944393 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a complex pathogenesis, making it a difficult disorder to treat. Identifying relevant signaling pathways in the brain may be useful for finding new pharmacological targets to treat AUD. The receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activates the transcription factor STAT3 in response to ethanol in cell lines. Here, we show ALK activation and upregulation of known STAT3 target genes (Socs3, Gfap and Tnfrsf1a) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventral hippocampus (HPC) of mice after 4 days of binge-like ethanol drinking. Mice treated with the STAT3 inhibitor stattic drank less ethanol than vehicle-treated mice, demonstrating the behavioral importance of STAT3. To identify novel ethanol-induced target genes downstream of the ALK and STAT3 pathway, we analyzed the NIH LINCS L1000 database for gene signature overlap between ALK inhibitor (alectinib and NVP-TAE684) and STAT3 inhibitor (niclosamide) treatments on cell lines. These genes were then compared with differentially expressed genes in the PFC of mice after binge-like drinking. We found 95 unique gene candidates, out of which 57 had STAT3 binding motifs in their promoters. We further showed by qPCR that expression of the putative STAT3 genes Nr1h2, Smarcc1, Smarca4 and Gpnmb were increased in either the PFC or HPC after binge-like drinking. Together, these results indicate activation of the ALK-STAT3 signaling pathway in the brain after binge-like ethanol consumption, identify putative novel ethanol-responsive STAT3 target genes, and suggest that STAT3 inhibition may be a potential method to reduce binge drinking in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Hamada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Laura B. Ferguson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol Addiction Research and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol Addiction Research and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Harish R. Krishnan
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Amy W. Lasek
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Hauser SR, Waeiss RA, Molosh AI, Deehan GA, Bell RL, McBride WJ, Rodd ZA. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): A novel mechanism for reducing ethanol consumption and seeking behaviors in female alcohol preferring (P) rats. Peptides 2020; 134:170403. [PMID: 32882352 PMCID: PMC7725921 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atrial Naturietic Peptide (ANP) is a neuropeptide that regulates function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, immune and neuroimmune system, and epigenetic factors. Research has indicated that ANP may mediate alcohol intake, withdrawal, and craving like behaviors. ANP receptors are present in the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) reward pathway of the brain, which includes the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of ANP microinjected into Acb subregions (Shell (Sh), Core (Co), ventral to AcbSh) on operant ethanol (EtOH) self-administration and into posterior VTA (pVTA) on EtOH-seeking behavior of female alcohol-preferring (P) rats. In the first experiment, ANP (0, 10 μg, or 100 μg) was microinjected into subregions of the Acb to determine its effects on EtOH self-administration. In the second experiment, ANP was microinjected into pVTA to determine its effects on Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery (PSR) of responding, a measure of context-induced EtOH-seeking behavior. Administration of ANP directly into the AcbSh significantly reduced EtOH self-administration compared to vehicle, whereas ANP into the AcbCo or areas directly ventral to the AcbSh did not alter responding for EtOH. Microinjection of ANP into the pVTA significantly reduced responding on the EtOH-associated lever during the PSR test. The data indicate that activation of ANP systems in the (a) AcbSh can inhibit EtOH intake, and (b) in the pVTA can inhibit EtOH-seeking behavior. The results suggest that manipulations of the ANP system could be a potential target for pharmacotherapeutic intervention to treat alcohol use disorder. Supported in part by AA07462, AA07611, AA10717, AA10721, AA013522, AA019366, AA020908, AA022287, and AA024612.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Robert A Waeiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William J McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zachary A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Collier AD, Khalizova N, Chang GQ, Min S, Campbell S, Gulati G, Leibowitz SF. Involvement of Cxcl12a/Cxcr4b Chemokine System in Mediating the Stimulatory Effect of Embryonic Ethanol Exposure on Neuronal Density in Zebrafish Hypothalamus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2519-2535. [PMID: 33067812 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic exposure to ethanol (EtOH) produces marked disturbances in neuronal development and alcohol-related behaviors, with low-moderate EtOH doses stimulating neurogenesis without producing apoptosis and high doses having major cytotoxic effects while causing gross morphological abnormalities. With the pro-inflammatory chemokine system, Cxcl12, and its main receptor Cxcr4, known to promote processes of neurogenesis, we examined here this neuroimmune system in the embryonic hypothalamus to test directly if it mediates the stimulatory effects low-moderate EtOH doses have on neuronal development. METHODS We used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, which develops externally and allows one to investigate the developing brain in vivo with precise control of dose and timing of EtOH delivery in the absence of maternal influence. Zebrafish were exposed to low-moderate EtOH doses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5% v/v), specifically during a period of peak hypothalamic development from 22 to 24 hours postfertilization, and in some tests were pretreated from 2 to 22 hpf with the Cxcr4 receptor antagonist, AMD3100. Measurements in the hypothalamus at 26 hpf were taken of cxcl12a and cxcr4b transcription, signaling, and neuronal density using qRT-PCR, RNAscope, and live imaging of transgenic zebrafish. RESULTS Embryonic EtOH exposure, particularly at the 0.5% dose, significantly increased levels of cxcl12a and cxcr4b mRNA in whole embryos, number of cxcl12a and cxcr4b transcripts in developing hypothalamus, and internalization of Cxcr4b receptors in hypothalamic cells. Embryonic EtOH also caused an increase in the number of hypothalamic neurons and coexpression of cxcl12a and cxcr4b transcripts within these neurons. Each of these stimulatory effects of EtOH in the embryo was blocked by pretreatment with the Cxcr4 antagonist AMD3100. CONCLUSIONS These results provide clear evidence that EtOH's stimulatory effects at low-moderate doses on the number of hypothalamic neurons early in development are mediated, in part, by increased transcription and intracellular activation of this chemokine system, likely due to autocrine signaling of Cxcl12a at its Cxcr4b receptor within the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Collier
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Nailya Khalizova
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Guo-Qing Chang
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Soe Min
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Campbell
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Gazal Gulati
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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20
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IL-10 normalizes aberrant amygdala GABA transmission and reverses anxiety-like behavior and dependence-induced escalation of alcohol intake. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101952. [PMID: 33197496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol elicits a neuroimmune response in the brain contributing to the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). While pro-inflammatory mediators initiate and drive the neuroimmune response, anti-inflammatory mediators provide an important homeostatic mechanism to limit inflammation and prevent pathological damage. However, our understanding of the role of anti-inflammatory signaling on neuronal physiology in critical addiction-related brain regions and pathological alcohol-dependence induced behaviors is limited, precluding our ability to identify promising therapeutic targets. Here, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol exposure compromises anti-inflammatory signaling in the central amygdala, a brain region implicated in anxiety and addiction, consequently perpetuating a pro-inflammatory state driving aberrant neuronal activity underlying pathological behaviors. We found that alcohol dependence alters the global brain immune landscape increasing IL-10 producing microglia and T-regulatory cells but decreasing local amygdala IL-10 levels. Amygdala IL-10 overexpression decreases anxiety-like behaviors, suggesting its local role in regulating amygdala-mediated behaviors. Mechanistically, amygdala IL-10 signaling through PI3K and p38 MAPK modulates GABA transmission directly at presynaptic terminals and indirectly through alterations in spontaneous firing. Alcohol dependence-induces neuroadaptations in IL-10 signaling leading to an overall IL-10-induced decrease in GABA transmission, which normalizes dependence-induced elevated amygdala GABA transmission. Notably, amygdala IL-10 overexpression abolishes escalation of alcohol intake, a diagnostic criterion of AUD, in dependent mice. This highlights the importance of amygdala IL-10 signaling in modulating neuronal activity and underlying anxiety-like behavior and aberrant alcohol intake, providing a new framework for therapeutic intervention.
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21
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Alcohol-Induced Neuropathy in Chronic Alcoholism: Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
Alcohol abuse causes a wide range of disorders that affect the nervous system. These include confusion, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy. It is worth noting that peripheral neuropathy has no reliable treatment due to the poor understanding of its pathology.
Recent Findings
Coasting is a major feature of alcoholic neuropathy, largely due to chronic alcohol abuse. Its major features are hyperalgesia, allodynia, and burning pain. Even though much research was done in this area, still we do not have a full understanding of the mechanism of alcoholic neuropathy. However, some theories have been proposed. These include direct or indirect effects of alcohol metabolites, impaired axonal transport, suppressed excitatory nerve pathway activity, or imbalance in neurotransmitters. Activation of spinal cord microglia, mGlu5 spinal cord receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also seem to be implicated in the pathophysiology of this alcoholic neuropathy. The goal of treatment is to impede further damage to the peripheral nerves while also restoring their normal physiology. Alcohol abstinence, intake of balanced diets, and treatment with medications are suggested including benfotiamine, alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, vitamin E, methylcobalamin, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, capsaicin, tricyclic antidepressants, or antiepileptic drugs.
Summary
This review focuses on the many pathways that play a role in the onset and development of alcohol-induced neuropathy, as well as present the possible treatment strategies of this disorder, providing insights into a further search of new treatment modalities.
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22
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Pascual M, Ureña-Peralta JR, Guerri C. The Regulatory Role of miRNAs in Ethanol-induced TLR4 Activation and Neuroinflammation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Hu P, Wang D, Zhang Y, Cai Z, Ye T, Tong L, Xu X, Lu J, Liu F, Lu X, Huang C. Apoptosis-triggered decline in hippocampal microglia mediates adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108054. [PMID: 32217088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression-alcohol addiction comorbidity is a common clinical phenomenon. Alcohol exposure in adolescence has been shown to induce depression-like behaviors in rodents. However, the mechanism of action for this type of depression remains unclear. Previous studies have reported that several different types of stress, such as chronic unpredictable stress and early social isolation, trigger depression-like symptoms in mice by inducing hippocampal microglial decline, which is mediated by the initial activation of the microglial cells. Since alcohol also activates microglia, we evaluated the dynamic changes in hippocampal microglia in mice receiving adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure (AIE). Our results showed that 14 days of AIE, followed by 21 days period of no treatment, induced behavioral abnormalities as well as a significant loss and dystrophy of hippocampal microglia in mice. We found that this AIE-induced decline in hippocampal microglia was mediated by both microglial activation and apoptosis, as (i) 1 day of alcohol exposure induced a distinct activation of hippocampal microglia followed by their apoptosis, and (ii) blocking the initial activation of hippocampal microglia by pretreatment with minocycline suppressed the AIE-induced apoptosis and loss of hippocampal microglia as well as the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical activator of microglia, ameliorated the AIE-induced depression-like symptoms by reversing the decline in the hippocampal microglia. These results reveal a possible mechanism for AIE-induced depression and demonstrate that the restoration of hippocampal microglial homeostasis may be a therapeutic strategy for depression induced by alcohol intake and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #210 Yingchun Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Fengguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Danyang People's Hospital, #2 Xinmin Western Road, Danyang, 212300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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24
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Boorgu DSSK, Leibowitz SF. CCL2/CCR2 Chemokine System in Embryonic Hypothalamus: Involvement in Sexually Dimorphic Stimulatory Effects of Prenatal Ethanol Exposure on Peptide-Expressing Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 424:155-171. [PMID: 31705896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy is known to increase the offspring's risk for developing alcohol use disorders and associated behavioral disturbances. Studies in adolescent and adult animals suggest the involvement of neuroimmune and neurochemical systems in the brain that control these behaviors. To understand the origin of these effects during early developmental stages, we examined in the embryo and neonate the effects of maternal intraoral administration of ethanol (2 g/kg/day) from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E15 on the inflammatory chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 in a specific, dense population of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), where they are closely related to an orexigenic neuropeptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), known to promote ethanol consumption and related behaviors. We found that prenatal ethanol exposure increases the expression and density of CCL2 and CCR2 cells along with MCH neurons in the LH and the colocalization of CCL2 with MCH. We also discovered that these effects are sexually dimorphic, consistently stronger in female embryos, and are blocked by maternal administration of a CCL2 antibody (1 and 5 µg/day, i.p., E10-E15) that neutralizes endogenous CCL2 and of a CCR2 antagonist INCB3344 (1 mg/day, i.p., E10-E15) that blocks CCL2's main receptor. These results, which in the embryo anatomically and functionally link the CCL2/CCR2 system to MCH neurons in the LH, suggest an important role for this neuroimmune system in mediating ethanol's sexually dimorphic, stimulatory effect on MCH neurons that may promote higher level of alcohol consumption described in females.
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25
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Melbourne JK, Thompson KR, Peng H, Nixon K. Its complicated: The relationship between alcohol and microglia in the search for novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for alcohol use disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 167:179-221. [PMID: 31601404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder with wide-ranging health consequences. Alcohol targets the central nervous system producing neurodegeneration and subsequent cognitive and behavioral deficits, but the mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. Recently, evidence has been mounting for the role of neuroimmune activation in the pathogenesis of AUDs, but our nascent state of knowledge about the interaction of alcohol with the neuroimmune system supports that the relationship is complicated. As the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, microglia are a central focus. Human and animal research on the interplay between microglia and alcohol in AUDs has proven to be complex, and though early research focused on a pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, the anti-inflammatory and homeostatic roles of microglia must be considered. How these new roles for microglia should be incorporated into our thinking about the neuroimmune system in AUDs is discussed in the context of developing novel pharmacotherapies for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Melbourne
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K Ryan Thompson
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hui Peng
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States.
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26
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Stärkel P, Schnabl B, Leclercq S, Komuta M, Bataller R, Argemi J, Palma E, Chokshi S, Hellerbrand C, Maccioni L, Lanthier N, Leclercq I. Deficient IL-6/Stat3 Signaling, High TLR7, and Type I Interferons in Early Human Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Triad for Liver Damage and Fibrosis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:867-882. [PMID: 31334440 PMCID: PMC6601428 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury and its progression still remain incompletely understood. Animal models can only address some aspects of the pathophysiology that requires studies directly in humans, which are scarce. We assessed liver inflammatory and immune responses at early stages of alcoholic liver disease in a unique cohort of alcohol-dependent patients undergoing a highly standardized alcohol withdrawal program. In active drinkers, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed alcohol-induced activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and nuclear factor kappa B in liver tissue already at early disease stages. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that this proinflammatory response was restricted to activated, CD68-positive macrophages. In parallel, down-regulation of IL-6, inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) pathway, as well as blunted cyclin D expression in hepatocytes, reduced proliferation and favored hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of liver tissue showed that alcohol also activated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7-interferon (IFN) axis in hepatocytes, which was confirmed in alcohol-stimulated primary human hepatocytes and precision-cut liver slices in vitro. Activation of the TLR7-IFN axis strongly correlated with liver fibrosis markers and disease progression. Two weeks of abstinence attenuated the inflammatory response but did not allow recovery of the defective Stat3 pathway or effect on fibrosis-associated factors. Conclusion: In humans, inflammation, activation of the TLR7-IFN axis, and inhibition of Stat3-dependent repair mechanisms in early alcoholic liver disease pave the way for fibrosis development and ultimately disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Institute of Neuroscience Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Mina Komuta
- Department of Pathology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center Pittsburgh PA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center Pittsburgh PA
| | - Elena Palma
- Institute of Hepatology Foundation for Liver Research London United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology Foundation for Liver Research London United Kingdom.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels Belgium.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
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27
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Patel RR, Khom S, Steinman MQ, Varodayan FP, Kiosses WB, Hedges DM, Vlkolinsky R, Nadav T, Polis I, Bajo M, Roberts AJ, Roberto M. IL-1β expression is increased and regulates GABA transmission following chronic ethanol in mouse central amygdala. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:208-219. [PMID: 30791967 PMCID: PMC6383367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 system (IL-1) is a prominent pro-inflammatory pathway responsible for the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Human genetic and preclinical studies suggest a critical role for IL-1β signaling in ethanol drinking and dependence, but little is known about the effects of chronic ethanol on the IL-1 system in addiction-related brain regions such as the central amygdala (CeA). In this study, we generated naïve, non-dependent (Non-Dep) and dependent (Dep) male mice using a paradigm of chronic-intermittent ethanol vapor exposure interspersed with two-bottle choice to examine 1) the expression of IL-1β, 2) the role of the IL-1 system on GABAergic transmission, and 3) the potential interaction with the acute effects of ethanol in the CeA. Immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy was used to assess expression of IL-1β in microglia and neurons in the CeA, and whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from CeA neurons to measure the effects of IL-1β (50 ng/ml) or the endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra; 100 ng/ml) on action potential-dependent spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Overall, we found that IL-1β expression is significantly increased in microglia and neurons of Dep compared to Non-Dep and naïve mice, IL-1β and IL-1ra bi-directionally modulate GABA transmission through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in all three groups, and IL-1β and IL-1ra do not alter the facilitation of GABA release induced by acute ethanol. These data suggest that while ethanol dependence induces a neuroimmune response in the CeA, as indicated by increased IL-1β expression, this does not significantly alter the neuromodulatory role of IL-1β on synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reesha R Patel
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sophia Khom
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Q Steinman
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florence P Varodayan
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David M Hedges
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tali Nadav
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ilham Polis
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michal Bajo
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Morel C, Montgomery S, Han MH. Nicotine and alcohol: the role of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in drug reinforcement. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2180-2200. [PMID: 30251377 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol addiction are leading causes of preventable death worldwide and continue to constitute a huge socio-economic burden. Both nicotine and alcohol perturb the brain's mesocorticolimbic system. Dopamine (DA) neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to multiple downstream structures, including the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, are highly involved in the maintenance of healthy brain function. VTA DA neurons play a crucial role in associative learning and reinforcement. Nicotine and alcohol usurp these functions, promoting reinforcement of drug taking behaviors. In this review, we will first describe how nicotine and alcohol individually affect VTA DA neurons by examining how drug exposure alters the heterogeneous VTA microcircuit and network-wide projections. We will also examine how coadministration or previous exposure to nicotine or alcohol may augment the reinforcing effects of the other. Additionally, this review briefly summarizes the role of VTA DA neurons in nicotine, alcohol, and their synergistic effects in reinforcement and also addresses the remaining questions related to the circuit-function specificity of the dopaminergic system in mediating nicotine/alcohol reinforcement and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Morel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Abstract
Animal models provide rapid, inexpensive assessments of an investigational drug's therapeutic potential. Ideally, they support the plausibility of therapeutic efficacy and provide a rationale for further investigation. Here, I discuss how the absence of clear effective-ineffective categories for alcohol use disorder (AUD) medications and biases in the clinical and preclinical literature affect the development of predictive preclinical alcohol dependence (AD) models. Invoking the analogical argument concept from the philosophy of science field, I discuss how models of excessive alcohol drinking support the plausibility of clinical pharmacotherapy effects. Even though these models are not likely be completely discriminative, they are sensitive to clinically effective medications and have revealed dozens of novel medication targets. In that context, I discuss recent preclinical work on GLP-1 receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, nociception agonists and antagonists, and CRF1 antagonists. Clinically approved medications are available for each of these drug classes. I conclude by advocating a translational approach in which drugs are evaluated highly congruent preclinical models and human laboratory studies. Once translation is established, I suggest the burden is to develop hypothesis-based therapeutic interventions maximizing the impact of the confirmed pharmacotherapeutic effects in the context of additional variables falling outside the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Egli
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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