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Tiemann M, Rademann J. Identification and Optimization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors Via Fragment Ligation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2743:239-270. [PMID: 38147220 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3569-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine biomimetics are starting points for potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and, thus, crucial for drug development. Their identification, however, has been heavily driven by rational design, limiting the discovery of diverse, novel, and improved mimetics. In this chapter, we describe two screening approaches utilizing fragment ligation methods: one to identify new mimetics and the other to optimize existing mimetics into more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tiemann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Breast cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancer types in women worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related disease in the USA. SH2 domains recruit signaling proteins to phosphotyrosine residues on aberrantly activated growth factor and cytokine receptors and contribute to cancer cell cycling, metastasis, angiogenesis and so on. Herein we review phosphopeptide mimetic and small-molecule approaches targeting the SH2 domains of Grb2, Grb7 and STAT3 that inhibit their targets and reduce proliferation in in vitro breast cancer models. Only STAT3 inhibitors have been evaluated in in vivo models and have led to tumor reduction. Taken together, these studies suggest that targeting SH2 domains is an important approach to the treatment of breast cancer.
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3
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Tiwari RK, Oh D, Banerjee A, Yadav A, Parang K. Efficient delivery of cell impermeable phosphopeptides by a cyclic peptide amphiphile containing tryptophan and arginine. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2008-20. [PMID: 23537165 DOI: 10.1021/mp400046u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are valuable reagent probes for studying protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. The cellular delivery of phosphopeptides is challenging because of the presence of the negatively charged phosphate group. The cellular uptake of a number of fluorescent-labeled phosphopeptides, including F'-GpYLPQTV, F'-NEpYTARQ, F'-AEEEIYGEFEAKKKK, F'-PEpYLGLD, F'-pYVNVQN-NH2, and F'-GpYEEI (F' = fluorescein), was evaluated in the presence or absence of a [WR]4, a cyclic peptide containing alternative arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) residues, in human leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) after 2 h incubation using flow cytometry. [WR]4 improved significantly the cellular uptake of all phosphopeptides. PEpYLGLD is a sequence that mimics the pTyr1246 of ErbB2 that is responsible for binding to the Chk SH2 domain. The cellular uptake of F'-PEpYLGLD was enhanced dramatically by 27-fold in the presence of [WR]4 and was found to be time-dependent. Confocal microscopy of a mixture of F'-PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 in live cells exhibited intracellular localization and significantly higher cellular uptake compared to that of F'-PEpYLGLD alone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and isothermal calorimetry (ITC) were used to study the interaction of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4. TEM results showed that the mixture of PEpYLGLD and [WR]4 formed noncircular nanosized structures with width and height of 125 and 60 nm, respectively. ITC binding studies confirmed the interaction between [WR]4 and PEpYLGLD. The binding isotherm curves, derived from sequential binding models, showed an exothermic interaction driven by entropy. These studies suggest that amphiphilic peptide [WR]4 can be used as a cellular delivery tool of cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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4
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Drewry JA, Fletcher S, Yue P, Marushchak D, Zhao W, Sharmeen S, Zhang X, Schimmer AD, Gradinaru C, Turkson J, Gunning PT. Coordination complex SH2 domain proteomimetics: an alternative approach to disrupting oncogenic protein-protein interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:892-4. [PMID: 20107641 PMCID: PMC2910512 DOI: 10.1039/b919608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first application of coordination complexes as functional proteomimetics of the Src homology 2 (SH2) phosphopeptide-binding domain. As a proof-of-concept, functionalized bis-dipicolylamine (BDPA) copper(ii) complexes are shown to disrupt oncogenic Stat3-Stat3 protein complexes and elicit promising anti-tumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Drewry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, Canada. Fax: +1 905-569-4929; Tel: +1 905-569-4588
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, Canada. Fax: +1 905-569-4929; Tel: +1 905-569-4588
| | - Peibin Yue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Denys Marushchak
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, Canada. Fax: +1 905-569-4929; Tel: +1 905-569-4588
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Sumaiya Sharmeen
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada ON M5G 2M9
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada ON M5G 2M9
| | - Claudiu Gradinaru
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, Canada. Fax: +1 905-569-4929; Tel: +1 905-569-4588
| | - James Turkson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N., Mississauga, Canada. Fax: +1 905-569-4929; Tel: +1 905-569-4588
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5
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Mandal PK, Ren Z, Chen X, Xiong C, McMurray JS. Structure-affinity relationships of glutamine mimics incorporated into phosphopeptides targeted to the SH2 domain of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6126-41. [PMID: 19728728 DOI: 10.1021/jm901105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In cancer cells, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) participates in aberrant growth, survival, angiogenesis, and invasion signals and is a validated target for anticancer drug design. We are targeting its SH2 domain to prevent docking to cytokine and growth factor receptors and subsequent signaling. One of the important elements of the recognition sequence, pTyr-Xxx-Xxx-Gln, is glutamine. We incorporated novel Gln mimics into a lead peptide, pCinn-Leu-Pro-Gln-NHBn, and found that a linear, unconstrained side chain and carboxamide are necessary for high affinity, and the benzamide can be eliminated. Replacement of Gln-NHBn with (R)-4-aminopentanamide or 2-aminoethylurea produced inhibitors with equal or greater potency than that of the lead, as judged by fluorescence polarization (IC(50) values were 110 and 130 nM, respectively). When Pro was replaced with cis-3,4-methanoproline, the glutamine mimic, (4R,5S)-4-amino-5-benzyloxyhexanamide resulted in an IC(50) of 69 nM, the highest affinity Stat3 inhibitor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijus K Mandal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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6
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Mandal PK, Limbrick D, Coleman DR, Dyer GA, Ren Z, Birtwistle JS, Xiong C, Chen X, Briggs JM, McMurray JS. Conformationally constrained peptidomimetic inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription. 3: Evaluation and molecular modeling. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2429-42. [PMID: 19334714 DOI: 10.1021/jm801491w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is involved in aberrant growth and survival signals in malignant tumor cells and is a validated target for anticancer drug design. We are targeting its SH2 domain to prevent docking to cytokine and growth factor receptors and subsequent signaling. The amino acids of our lead phosphopeptide, Ac-pTyr-Leu-Pro-Gln-Thr-Val-NH(2), were replaced with conformationally constrained mimics. Structure-affinity studies led to the peptidomimetic, pCinn-Haic-Gln-NHBn (21), which had an IC(50) of 162 nM (fluorescence polarization), compared to 290 nM for the lead phosphopeptide (pCinn = 4-phosphoryloxycinnamate, Haic = (2S,5S)-5-amino-1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-4-oxo-azepino[3,2,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid). pCinn-Haic-Gln-OH was docked to the SH2 domain (AUTODOCK), and the two highest populated clusters were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. Both converged to a common peptide conformation. The complex exhibits unique hydrogen bonding between Haic and Gln and Stat3 as well as hydrophobic interactions between the protein and pCinn and Haic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijus K Mandal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Jiang S, Liao C, Bindu L, Yin B, Worthy KW, Fisher RJ, Burke TR, Nicklaus MC, Roller PP. Discovery of thioether-bridged cyclic pentapeptides binding to Grb2-SH2 domain with high affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2693-8. [PMID: 19362470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the interaction between phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-containing activated receptors and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb 2) is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy to develop new anti-proliferate agents due to its potential to shut down the Ras activation pathway. In this study, a series of phosphotyrosine containing cyclic pentapeptides were designed and synthesized based upon the phage library derived cyclopeptide, G1TE. A comprehensive SAR study was also carried out to develop potent Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists based upon this novel template. With both the peptidomimetic optimization of the amino acid side-chains and the constraint of the backbone conformation guided by molecular modeling, we developed several potent antagonists with low micromolar range binding affinity, such as cyclic peptide 15 with an K(d)=0.359microM, which is providing a novel template for the development of Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists as potential therapeutics for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.
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8
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McMurray JS. Structural basis for the binding of high affinity phosphopeptides to Stat3. Biopolymers 2008; 90:69-79. [PMID: 18058821 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is constitutively active in a number of cancers where it participates in aberrant transcription of prosurvival, cell cycling, and angiogenesis genes. Since Stat3 initiates its signaling activity through binding of its SH2 domain to phosphotyrosine residues on cell surface receptors, inhibitors targeting this region of the protein are potential chemotherapeutic agents. To date, no NMR or X-ray crystallographic structures of high-affinity phosphopeptides complexed with the Stat3 SH2 domain are available to aid in the development of peptidomimetic antagonists. Examination of the crystal structures of several STAT proteins and the complex of Stat1 with Ac-pTyr-Asp-Lys-Pro-His-NH(2) led to a hypothesis that the specificity determinant for Stat3, glutamine at position pY+3 in pTyr-Xxx-Xxx-Gln sequences, resides in a unique pocket on the protein surface at the juncture of the third strand of the central beta-sheet and a unique, STAT specific alpha-helix. Docking of Ac-pTyr-Leu-Pro-Gln-NHBn to the SH2 domain of Stat3 using molecular modeling showed that the Gln binds tightly in this pocket and participates in a network of hydrogen bonds. Novel interactions between the peptide main chain and the protein were also discovered. Phosphopeptide structure-affinity studies using unnatural amino acids and glutamine derivatives provide evidence for the peptide-protein interactions revealed by the model and lend support to the binding hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McMurray
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a major role in cell signaling and human disease, so understanding the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on protein structure and function is an area of intense investigation. A new technique allows site-specific incorporation of a non-hydrolyzable phosphotyrosine analogue into recombinant proteins, providing a new strategy for research in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Muratore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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10
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Jiang S, Li P, Peach ML, Bindu L, Worthy KW, Fisher RJ, Burke TR, Nicklaus M, Roller PP. Structure-based design of potent Grb2–SH2 domain antagonists not relying on phosphotyrosine mimics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:497-503. [PMID: 16945340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Development of Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy to develop new antiproliferative agents because of their potential to shut down the Ras signaling pathway. We developed a concise route for the efficient synthesis of G1TE analogs on solid phase. Using this route, a series of cyclic peptides that do not rely on phosphotyrosine or its mimics were designed and synthesized based upon the phage library-derived cyclopeptide, G1TE. Considering that Gly7 plays prominent roles for G1TE binding to the Grb2-SH2 domain, we introduced different amino acids in the 7th position. The D-Ala7-containing peptide 3 demonstrates improved binding affinity by adopting favorable conformation for protein binding. This can be rationalized by molecular modeling. The optimization at the Leu2 position was also studied, and the resulting cyclopeptides exhibited remarkably improved binding affinity. Based upon these global modifications, a highly potent peptide ligand 9 was discovered with a Kd = 17 nM, evaluated by Biacore binding assay. This new analog is one of the most potent non-phosphorus-containing Grb2-SH2 antagonists reported to date. This potent peptidomimetic provides a new template for the development of non-pTyr containing Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists and acts as a chemotherapeutic lead for the treatment of erbB2-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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11
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12
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Nam NH, Lee S, Ye G, Sun G, Parang K. ATP-phosphopeptide conjugates as inhibitors of Src tyrosine kinases. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5753-66. [PMID: 15498652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of Src SH2 domain inhibitors enhance the kinase catalytic activity by switching the closed inactive to the open active conformation. ATP-phosphopeptide conjugates were designed and synthesized as Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on a tetrapeptide sequence pTyr-Glu-Glu-Ile (pYEEI) and ATP to block the SH2 domain signaling and substrate phosphorylation by ATP, respectively. In general, ATP-phosphopeptide conjugates with optimal linkers such as compounds 5 and 7 (K(i) = 1.7-2.6 microM) showed higher binding affinities to the ATP-binding site relative to the other ATP-phosphopeptide conjugates having short or long linkers, 1-4 and 6, (K(i) = 10.1-16.1 microM) and ATP (K(m) = 74 microM). These ATP-phosphopeptide conjugates may serve as novel templates for designing protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors to block SH2 mediated protein-protein interactions and to counter the activation of enzyme that resulted from the SH2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hai Nam
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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13
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14
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Song YL, Roller PP, Long YQ. Development of l-3-aminotyrosine suitably protected for the synthesis of a novel nonphosphorylated hexapeptide with low-nanomolar Grb2-SH2 domain-binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3205-8. [PMID: 15149676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of orthogonally protected (2S)-2-amino-3-(3-amino-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid (10) suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis and its first use for the preparation of nonphosphorylated Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists (4a-c) are reported. The 3-aminotyrosine containing sulfoxide-cyclized hexapeptide (4b) exhibited potent Grb2-SH2 domain binding affinity with IC50 = 50 nM, which represents the highest affinity yet reported for a peptide inhibitor against Grb2-SH2 domain with only 6 residues free of phosphotyrosine or phosphotyrosine mimics. This potent small peptidomimetic 4b may be representative of a new class of therapeutically relevant Grb2-SH2 domain-directed agents, and acts as a chemotherapeutic lead for the treatment of erbB2-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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15
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Shi ZD, Lee K, Liu H, Zhang M, Roberts LR, Worthy KM, Fivash MJ, Fisher RJ, Yang D, Burke TR. A novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic that exhibits low-picomolar Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:378-83. [PMID: 14521921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an SH2 domain-containing docking module that participates in the signaling of numerous oncogenic growth factor receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Presented herein is a 5-methylindolyl-containing macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic (5) that binds to Grb2 SH2 domain protein with K(d)=75 pM. This represents the highest affinity yet reported for a synthetic inhibitor against any SH2 domain. In whole cell assays this novel analogue is able to effectively block the association of Grb2 to cognate cytoplasmic erbB-2 at IC(50)<10nM without prodrug derivatization or the addition of carrier peptide motifs. Anti-mitogenic effects against erbB-2-dependent breast cancers are achieved at non-cytotoxic concentrations (IC(50)=0.6 microM). Macrocycle 5 may be representative of a new class of therapeutically relevant Grb2 SH2 domain-directed agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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16
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Synthesis of N -Fmoc 3-(4-(di-( tert -butyl)phosphonomethyl)phenyl)pipecolic acid as a conformationally constrained phosphotyrosyl mimetic suitably protected for peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wei CQ, Li B, Guo R, Yang D, Burke TR. Development of a phosphatase-stable phosphotyrosyl mimetic suitably protected for the synthesis of high-affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2781-4. [PMID: 12217375 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of (2R)-2-carboxymethyl-3-(4-(phosphonomethyl)phenyl) proprionic acid (5) in tert-butyl-protected form (6) and its use for the preparation of a Grb2 SH2 domain-directed tripeptide (8a) is reported. In extracellular ELISA-based assays, 8a exhibits potent Grb2 SH2 domain binding affinity (IC(50)=8 nM). Against cultures of MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells, which over-express erbB-2 tyrosine kinase, 8a is also antimitogenic at concentrations equivalent to those required to inhibit intracellular association of Grb2 protein with phosphorylated p185(erbB-2) protein (IC(50)=8 microM). Analogue 6 may be useful for the preparation of a variety of phosphatase-stable SH2 domain-directed ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Wei
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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18
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Abstract
The past two years have witnessed a number of significant advances in the design of SH2 inhibitors of both Src and Grb2. For Src, several non-peptide templates have been developed with high affinity, and one case, in the context of bone-binding phosphotyrosine bioisostere, has yielded an in vivo active antiresorptive agent. Similarly, high-affinity Grb2 SH2 inhibitors with novel phosphotyrosine replacements have now been reported that demonstrate, for the first time, cellular activities consistent with an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Shakespeare
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, 02139-4234, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Sawyer T, Boyce B, Dalgarno D, Iuliucci J. Src inhibitors: genomics to therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1327-44. [PMID: 11772255 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.7.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Following the milestone discoveries that identified Src as the first known protein tyrosine kinase and as a prototype oncogene, as well as Src transgenic studies to validate it as a promising therapeutic target for osteoporosis, intense efforts are being made to create Src inhibitor drugs. Drug discovery strategies focused on both the non-catalytic and catalytic domains of Src have successfully resulted in promising Src inhibitor lead compounds with potential therapeutic applications for osteoporosis, cancer, and other diseases. Some noteworthy examples of Src inhibitors are described, and their chemical diversity, structure-based design, and biological activities in vitro and in vivo are illustrated. The potency, selectivity, and in vivo efficacy of key Src inhibitors are being investigated in molecular, cellular and animal models. Consequently, Src inhibitor drug development is imminent, and current studies are well-poised to achieve the ultimate milestone of a Src inhibitor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sawyer
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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