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Hadjittofi C, Seraj SS, Uddin A, Ali ZJ, Antonas PL, Fisher RJ, Parekh KP, Lovett B, Ahmad A. Laparoscopic vs open surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what are the risks? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2021; 103:354-359. [PMID: 33682443 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The initial intercollegiate surgical guidance from the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant changes to practice. Avoidance of laparoscopy was recommended, to reduce aerosol generation and risk of virus transmission. Evidence on the safety profile of laparoscopy during the pandemic is lacking. This study compares patient outcomes and risk to staff from laparoscopic and open gastrointestinal operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Single-centre retrospective study of gastrointestinal operations performed during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographic, comorbidity, perioperative and survival data were collected from electronic medical records and supplemented with patient symptoms reported at telephone follow up. Outcomes assessed were: patient mortality, illness among staff, patient COVID-19 rates, length of hospital stay and postdischarge symptomatology. RESULTS A total of 73 patients with median age of 56 years were included; 55 (75%) and 18 (25%) underwent laparoscopic and open surgery, respectively. All-cause mortality was 5% (4/73), was related to COVID-19 in all cases, with no mortality after laparoscopic surgery. A total of 14 staff members developed COVID-19 symptoms within 2 weeks, with no significant difference between laparoscopic and open surgery (10 vs 4; p=0.331). Median length of stay was shorter in the laparoscopic versus the open group (4.5 vs 9.9 days; p=0.011), and postdischarge symptomatology across 15 symptoms was similar between groups (p=0.135-0.814). CONCLUSIONS With appropriate protective measures, laparoscopic surgery is safe for patients and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. The laparoscopic approach maintains an advantage of shorter length of hospital stay compared with open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hadjittofi
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S S Seraj
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - A Uddin
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Z J Ali
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - P L Antonas
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - R J Fisher
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - K P Parekh
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - B Lovett
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - A Ahmad
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Yang X, Acevedo D, Mohammad A, Pavurala N, Wu H, Brayton AL, Shaw RA, Goldman MJ, He F, Li S, Fisher RJ, O’Connor TF, Cruz CN. Risk Considerations on Developing a Continuous Crystallization System for Carbamazepine. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Yang
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - David Acevedo
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Naresh Pavurala
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Huiquan Wu
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Alex L. Brayton
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shaw
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Mark J. Goldman
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Fan He
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Shuaili Li
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Thomas F. O’Connor
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Celia N. Cruz
- Office of Pharmaceutical
Quality, CDER, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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Chertov O, Simpson JT, Biragyn A, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Fisher RJ. Enrichment of low-molecular-weight proteins from biofluids for biomarker discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:139-45. [PMID: 15966859 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic progress in mass spectrometry-based methods of protein identification has triggered a new quest for disease-associated biomarkers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its variant surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, provide effective means to explore the less studied information slice of the human serum proteome -- low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides. These low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides are promising for the detection of important biomarkers. Due to the significant experimental problems imposed by high-abundance and high-molecular-weight proteins, it is important to effectively remove these species prior to mass spectrometry analysis of the low-molecular-weight serum and plasma proteomes. In this review, the advantages afforded by recently introduced methods for prefractionation of serum, as they pertain to the detection and identification of biomarkers, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Chertov
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick Inc., PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Background: Nutrient deficiencies affect the health and wellness of large populations around the world. For example, the majority suffer from vitamin, essential fatty acid (such as omega-3), dietary fiber, and other important ingredient deficiencies due to their limited supply in the human food chain. Current trends in the nutraceutics industry to place these substances in higher. more-efficiently dispersed quantities in our food have become critically essential to their business plans. Nutrients in the form of small solids or droplets improve bioavailability. However, there remain numerous barriers to successful implementation of cost effective manufacturing processes. These challenges are addressed in the work presented here with particular focus on stability, bioavailability, and consumer acceptance. The goal is to develop large scale manufacturing systems that implement efficient platform technologies, with their respective operational maps, to produce functional food formulations, with particle sizes of these specially formulated nutraceutical ingredients in the micron-and nano- range.Objective: Demonstrating that stable micron- and nano-size emulsions, liposomes, and aqueous suspensions of functional food formulations can be produced using both “top down” and “bottom up” methods is our main objective. Addressing the challenges associated with the incorporation of these ingredients into large scale manufacturing systems, mainly mechanical stability and related shelf-life issues, is also a focus. That is, to develop proper processing protocols providing improved quality foods enriched with ingredients that are in limited supply in our food chain; to enhance human health and wellness world-wide.Methods: The formulations considered here typical of those used for increasing bioavailability of the infused, specially formulated ingredients with anti-cancer, anti-aging, and in-general wellness properties, lowering fat content and enhancing the shelf-life stability. Included are (a) an oil-in-water (fish oil/omega-3) emulsion, (b) liposome chaperones to vitamin C, and (c) aqueous suspensions (curcumin crystals, lutein/carotenoids, and fiber in soy milk). The production techniques include both “top-down” particle size reduction and “bottom-up” formation of crystals/precipitates via solubility adjustments. Both techniques are based on high shear processing of multiple liquid feeds. Using an impinging jet system, micro-mixing scales less than 100 nm were obtained.Results: (a) All nano-emulsion types, single, double and larger, either as oil-in-water and water-in-oil, can effectively be produced from various formulations using “top-down” methods. Illustrated here are single, oil-in-water systems; concentrations of 12-14 wt. % fish oil/omega-3 were mixed with water containing food grade surfactants. The high shear processing produced stable, submicron particles; with median particle sizes of 119-163 nm, no particles larger than 1 micron, and the “fish” odor was suppressed. Pertinent discussions related to the other types are also given as suggested path forward approaches for the development of nutrient enriched functional foods. This includes water-in-oil formulations for reduced fat content and the delivery of multiple species via double and triple emulsions, as compared to liposome configurations. (b) Although liposomes may be used to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, we selected liposomal vitamin C as our initial proof-of-concept system since it is absorbed into the body over four times more easily than its non-encapsulated form. After top down processing, the median size was 200 nm, compared to a median size of about 5 microns obtained by traditional self-assembly protocols. (b) Aqueous suspensions of micron- and nano- size formulations were also accomplished. The top down size reduction technique was used for processing soy bean fibers and lutein and the bottom-up method used for curcumin crystals. The fibers initially had a median size of 150 microns and a bi-modal distribution was obtained after processing; 99% of the particles were smaller than 15 microns with median sizes at 10 microns and the larger peak at about 200 nm. The curcumin submicron particles were formed via anti-solvent crystallization; with stable particles in the range of 300-500 nm. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that stable micron- and nano-size emulsions, liposomes, and aqueous suspensions can be produced using both “top down” and “bottom up” methods. The formulation properties, in terms of particle size and stability, strongly depend on the processing parameters used in terms of energy input and temperature history. The energy requirements of the “bottom up” methods may be substantially lower than those of “top down” methods. Although some of the processes presented here have been scaled up to commercial levels, more work is needed in terms of fully assessing the bioavailability of the produced formulations and optimizing the processes to minimize cost. Key words: nano-emulsion, nano-suspension, high-shear processing, crystallization, curcumin, fish oil, liposomal vitamins: C and E, lutein, nutraceuticals, omega-3, soybean fiber
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Bahta M, Liu F, Kim SE, Stephen AG, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Oxime-based linker libraries as a general approach for the rapid generation and screening of multidentate inhibitors. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:686-702. [PMID: 22422315 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The described oxime-based library protocol provides detailed procedures for the linkage of aminooxy functionality with aldehyde building blocks that result in the generation of libraries of multidentate inhibitors. Synthesis of inhibitors for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and antagonists directed against the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) are shown as examples. Three steps are involved: (i) the design and synthesis of aminooxy platforms; (ii) tethering with aldehydes to form oxime-based linkages with sufficient purity; and (iii) direct in vitro biological evaluation of oxime products without purification. Each coupling reaction is (i) performed in capped microtubes at room temperature (20-23 °C); (ii) diluted for inhibitory evaluation; and (iii) screened with targets in microplates to provide IC(50) or K(d) values. The synthesis of the aminooxy platforms takes 3-5 d; tethering with the aldehydes takes 24 h; and inhibition assay of enzymes and protein-protein interactions takes 30 min and 2 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhanit Bahta
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Fisher RJ, Dubé L. Development and validation of an eating norms inventory. Americans’ lay-beliefs about appropriate eating. Appetite 2011; 57:365-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACTMany manufacturing techniques to produce nano-materials via a “bottom-up” approach are currently being developed and evaluated. The PureNanoTM platform technology developed by Microfluidics International Corporation (MFIC) has proven to be both an effective and energy efficient method to produce nano-scale entities including emulsions in addition to suspensions. This nano-manufacturing platform utilizes crystallization, precipitation and chemical reaction methods that produce nano-particles with specified size distributions and a desired morphology. The solids formed can be either amorphous or crystalline, which may exist in numerous polymorphs. In many cases the ability to obtain a specific composition (single species or mixture) is possible via careful selection and implementation of key processing conditions. The methods are based on controlling the local degree of super-saturation (SS) and/or stoichiometry during their formation and subsequent configuration and growth, when appropriate. To accomplish this, operational strategies and innovative processing techniques are coupled with qualitative insight into the basic mechanisms involved with these processes. Validation of the technology at the bench scale for crystallization, emulsions/cargo loading, and multi-phase reactions (interfacial and homogeneous) provided the justification to develop commercial scale systems. Examples are given here for crystallization of drugs for the pharmaceutical industry, a catalyst formed by deposition of metallic crystals on a carbon substrate, production of fine chemicals via emulsion formation for multi-phase reactions, and a homogeneous substitution reaction forming an insoluble product. Nano-materials with median particle size as low as 50 nm were produced. With respect to the drug particles, they were highly crystalline, of a single polymorph and pure. In all cases, results indicate both process performance enhancement and product quality/functionality improvements compared to materials produced with conventional methods, with at least 1-2 order of magnitude increases in surface/interfacial area and reduced energy needs. Furthermore, the technology is suitable for current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) manufacturing.
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Kim SE, Liu F, Im YJ, Stephen AG, Fivash MJ, Waheed AA, Freed EO, Fisher RJ, Hurley JH, Burke TR. Elucidation of New Binding Interactions with the Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 (Tsg101) Protein Using Modified HIV-1 Gag-p6 Derived Peptide Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:337-341. [PMID: 21643473 DOI: 10.1021/ml1002579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions is gaining greater recognition as an attractive approach to therapeutic development. An example of this may be found with the human cellular protein encoded by the tumor susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101), where interaction with the p6 C-terminal domain of the nascent viral Gag protein is required for HIV-1 particle budding and release. This association of Gag with Tsg101 is highly dependent on a "Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro" ("PTAP") peptide sequence within the p6 protein. Although p6-derived peptides offer potential starting points for developing Tsg101-binding inhibitors, the affinities of canonical peptides are outside the useful range (K(d) values greater than 50 μM). Reported herein are crystal structures of Tsg101 in complex with two structurally-modified PTAP-derived peptides. This data define new regions of ligand interaction not previously identified with canonical peptide sequences. This information could be highly useful in the design of Tsg101-binding antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular, Discovery Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular, Discovery Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Fivash
- Data Management Systems, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Abdul A. Waheed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular, Discovery Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Abstract
Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that is highly expressed on the cell surface of mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and other malignant tumors. The interaction between mesothelin and CA125 (also called MUC16) may facilitate the implantation and metastasis of tumors in the peritoneal cavity. A desirable therapeutic agent involves finding a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to mesothelin or CA125 and inhibits their interaction. Here, we report the identification of a novel human mAb to mesothelin. HN1, a human single-chain Fv specific for mesothelin, was isolated from a naïve human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library. To investigate HN1 as a potential therapeutic, we generated a fully human IgG with the γ 1 heavy chain and the κ light chain and an immuntoxin by fusing the HN1 scFv to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The HN1 IgG kills cancer cells with very strong antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. HN1 binds a conformation-sensitive epitope in human mesothelin with high affinity (K(D) = 3 nM). The HN1 epitope is different from that of SS1, a mouse Fv used to develop therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical trials. HN1 binds to cell surface-associated mesothelin on human mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, HN1 can functionally block the interaction of mesothelin and CA125 on cancer cells. Most importantly, because the HN1 immuntoxin kills mesothelin-expressing cancer cells with high cytotoxic activity, we believe that it has significant potential for mesothelin-expressing cancer treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA.
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Johnson AS, O'Sullivan E, D'Aoust LN, Omer A, Bonner-Weir S, Fisher RJ, Weir GC, Colton CK. Quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans encapsulated in alginate. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:435-49. [PMID: 21067465 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methods have recently been developed for assessing islet viability and quantity in human islet preparations for transplantation, and these measurements have proven useful for predicting transplantation outcome. The objectives of this study were to adapt these methods for use with microencapsulated islets, to verify that they provide meaningful quantitative measurements, and to test them with two model systems: (1) barium alginate and (2) barium alginate containing a 70% (w/v) perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion, which presents challenges to use of these assays and is of interest in its own right as a means for reducing oxygen supply limitations to encapsulated tissue. Mitochondrial function was assessed by oxygen consumption rate measurements, and the analysis of data was modified to account for the increased solubility of oxygen in the PFC-alginate capsules. Capsules were dissolved and tissue recovered for nuclei counting to measure the number of cells. Capsule volume was determined from alginate or PFC content and used to normalize measurements. After low oxygen culture for 2 days, islets in normal alginate lost substantial viable tissue and displayed necrotic cores, whereas most of the original oxygen consumption rate was recovered with PFC alginate, and little necrosis was observed. All nuclei were recovered with normal alginate, but some nuclei from nonrespiring cells were lost with PFC alginate. Biocompatibility tests revealed toxicity at the islet periphery associated with the lipid emulsion used to provide surfactants during the emulsification process. We conclude that these new assay methods can be applied to islets encapsulated in materials as complex as PFC-alginate. Measurements made with these materials revealed that enhancement of oxygen permeability of the encapsulating material with a concentrated PFC emulsion improves survival of encapsulated islets under hypoxic conditions, but reformulation of the PFC emulsion is needed to reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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Kim HK, Reyzer ML, Choi IJ, Kim CG, Kim HS, Oshima A, Chertov O, Colantonio S, Fisher RJ, Allen JL, Caprioli RM, Green JE. Gastric Cancer-Specific Protein Profile Identified Using Endoscopic Biopsy Samples via MALDI Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim HK, Reyzer ML, Choi IJ, Kim CG, Kim HS, Oshima A, Chertov O, Colantonio S, Fisher RJ, Allen JL, Caprioli RM, Green JE. Gastric cancer-specific protein profile identified using endoscopic biopsy samples via MALDI mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4123-30. [PMID: 20557134 PMCID: PMC3441055 DOI: 10.1021/pr100302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, proteomic analyses on gastrointestinal cancer tissue samples have been performed using surgical specimens only, which are obtained after a diagnosis is made. To determine if a proteomic signature obtained from endoscopic biopsy samples could be found to assist with diagnosis, frozen endoscopic biopsy samples collected from 63 gastric cancer patients and 43 healthy volunteers were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. A statistical classification model was developed to distinguish tumor from normal tissues using half the samples and validated with the other half. A protein profile was discovered consisting of 73 signals that could classify 32 cancer and 22 normal samples in the validation set with high predictive values (positive and negative predictive values for cancer, 96.8% and 91.3%; sensitivity, 93.8%; specificity, 95.5%). Signals overexpressed in tumors were identified as alpha-defensin-1, alpha-defensin-2, calgranulin A, and calgranulin B. A protein profile was also found to distinguish pathologic stage Ia (pT1N0M0) samples (n = 10) from more advanced stage (Ib or higher) tumors (n = 48). Thus, protein profiles obtained from endoscopic biopsy samples may be useful in assisting with the diagnosis of gastric cancer and, possibly, in identifying early stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey E. Green
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Jeffrey E. Green, M.D., Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 4054, 37 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 (Phone 301-435-5193, Fax 301-496-8709, )
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Dexheimer TS, Stephen AG, Fivash MJ, Fisher RJ, Pommier Y. The DNA binding and 3'-end preferential activity of human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2444-52. [PMID: 20097655 PMCID: PMC2853120 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) processes 3′-blocking lesions, predominantly 3′-phosphotyrosyl bonds resulting from the trapping of topoisomerase I (Top1) cleavage complexes. The controversial ability of yeast Tdp1 to hydrolyze 5′-phosphotyrosyl linkage between topoisomerase II (Top2) and DNA raises the question whether human Tdp1 possesses 5′-end processing activity. Here we characterize the end-binding and cleavage preference of human Tdp1 using single-stranded 5′- and 3′-fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides. We establish 3′-fluorescein as an efficient surrogate substrate for human Tdp1, provided it is attached to the DNA by a phosphodiester (but not a phosphorothioate) linkage. We demonstrate that human Tdp1 lacks the ability to hydrolyze a phosphodiester linked 5′-fluorescein. Using both fluorescence anisotropy and time-resolved fluorescence quenching techniques, we also show the preferential binding of human Tdp1 to the 3′-end. However, DNA binding competition experiments indicate that human Tdp1 binding is dependent on DNA length rather than number of DNA ends. Lastly, using surface plasmon resonance, we show that human Tdp1 selectively binds the 3′-end of DNA. Together, our results suggest human Tdp1 may act using a scanning mechanism, in which Tdp1 bind non-specifically upstream of a 3′-blocking lesion and is preferentially stabilized at 3′-DNA ends corresponding to its site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Dexheimer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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Liu F, Stephen AG, Waheed AA, Freed EO, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Application of ring-closing metathesis macrocyclization to the development of Tsg101-binding antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:318-21. [PMID: 19914066 PMCID: PMC2818493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 viral budding involves binding of the viral Gag(p6) protein to the ubiquitin E2 variant domain of the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (Tsg101). Recognition of p6 by Tsg101 is mediated in part by a proline-rich motif that contains the sequence 'Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro' ('PTAP'). Using the p6-derived 9-mer sequence 'PEPTAPPEE', we had previously improved peptide binding affinity by employing N-alkylglycine ('peptoid') residues. The current study applies ring-closing metathesis macrocyclization strategies to Tsg101-binding peptide-peptoid hybrids as an approach to stabilize binding conformations and to observe the effects of such macrocyclization on Tsg101-binding affinity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Abdul A. Waheed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health Frederick, MD 21702
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Dexheimer TS, Gediya LK, Stephen AG, Weidlich I, Antony S, Marchand C, Interthal H, Nicklaus M, Fisher RJ, Njar VC, Pommier Y. 4-Pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione-21-(4-bromobenzenesulfonate) (NSC 88915) and related novel steroid derivatives as tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7122-31. [PMID: 19883083 DOI: 10.1021/jm901061s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds. Such linkages form in vivo when topoisomerase I (Top1) processes DNA. For this reason, Tdp1 has been implicated in the repair of irreversible Top1-DNA covalent complexes. Tdp1 inhibitors have been regarded as potential therapeutics in combination with Top1 inhibitors, such as the camptothecin derivatives, topotecan, and irinotecan, which are used to treat human cancers. Using a novel high-throughput screening assay, we have identified the C21-substituted progesterone derivative, NSC 88915 (1), as a potential Tdp1 inhibitor. Secondary screening and cross-reactivity studies with related DNA processing enzymes confirmed that compound 1 possesses specific Tdp1 inhibitory activity. Deconstruction of compound 1 into discrete functional groups reveals that both components are required for inhibition of Tdp1 activity. Moreover, the synthesis of analogues of compound 1 has provided insight into the structural requirements for the inhibition of Tdp1. Surface plasmon resonance shows that compound 1 binds to Tdp1, whereas an inactive analogue fails to interact with the enzyme. On the basis of molecular docking and mechanistic studies, we propose that these compounds are competitive inhibitors, which mimics the oligonucleotide-peptide Tdp1 substrate. These steroid derivatives represent a novel chemotype and provide a new scaffold for developing small molecule inhibitors of Tdp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Dexheimer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Johnson AS, Fisher RJ, Weir GC, Colton CK. Oxygen consumption and diffusion in assemblages of respiring spheres: Performance enhancement of a bioartificial pancreas. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Fujii K, Munshi UM, Ablan SD, Demirov DG, Soheilian F, Nagashima K, Stephen AG, Fisher RJ, Freed EO. Functional role of Alix in HIV-1 replication. Virology 2009; 391:284-92. [PMID: 19596386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral Gag proteins encode small peptide motifs known as late domains that promote the release of virions from infected cells by interacting directly with host cell factors. Three types of retroviral late domains, with core sequences P(T/S)AP, YPX(n)L, and PPPY, have been identified. HIV-1 encodes a primary P(T/S)AP-type late domain and an apparently secondary late domain sequence of the YPX(n)L type. The P(T/S)AP and YPX(n)L motifs interact with the endosomal sorting factors Tsg101 and Alix, respectively. Although biochemical and structural studies support a direct binding between HIV-1 p6 and Alix, the physiological role of Alix in HIV-1 biology remains undefined. To elucidate the function of the p6-Alix interaction in HIV-1 replication, we introduced a series of mutations in the p6 Alix binding site and evaluated the effects on virus particle production and virus replication in a range of cell types, including physiologically relevant primary T cells and macrophages. We also examined the effects of the Alix binding site mutations on virion morphogenesis and single-cycle virus infectivity. We determined that the p6-Alix interaction plays an important role in HIV-1 replication and observed a particularly severe impact of Alix binding site mutations when they were combined with mutational inactivation of the Tsg101 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujii
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701-1201, USA
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18
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Choi WJ, Kim SE, Stephen AG, Weidlich I, Giubellino A, Liu F, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Fivash MJ, Nicklaus MC, Bottaro DP, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Identification of Shc Src homology 2 domain-binding peptoid-peptide hybrids. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1612-8. [PMID: 19226165 DOI: 10.1021/jm800789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence anisotropy (FA) competition-based Shc Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-binding was established using the high affinity fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) containing peptide, FITC-NH-(CH2)4-CO-pY-Q-G-L-S-amide (8; Kd = 0.35 microM). Examination of a series of open-chain bis-alkenylamide containing peptides, prepared as ring-closing metathesis precursors, showed that the highest affinities were obtained by replacement of the original Gly residue with N alpha-substituted Gly (NSG) "peptoid" residues. This provided peptoid-peptide hybrids of the form "Ac-pY-Q-[NSG]-L-amide." Depending on the NSG substituent, certain of these hybrids exhibited up to 40-fold higher Shc SH2 domain-binding affinity than the parent Gly-containing peptide (IC50 = 248 microM) (for example, for N-homoallyl analogue 50, IC50 = 6 microM). To our knowledge, this work represents the first successful example of the application of peptoid-peptide hybrids in the design of SH2 domain-binding antagonists. These results could provide a foundation for further structural optimization of Shc SH2 domain-binding peptide mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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19
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Giubellino A, Shi ZD, Jenkins LMM, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Athauda G, Peruzzi B, Fisher RJ, Appella E, Burke TR, Bottaro DP. Selectivity and mechanism of action of a growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 SRC homology 2 domain binding antagonist. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7459-68. [PMID: 18989951 DOI: 10.1021/jm800523u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a potent synthetic antagonist of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding (1) blocks growth factor stimulated motility, invasion, and angiogenesis in cultured cell models, as well as tumor metastasis in animals. To characterize the selectivity of 1 for the SH2 domain of Grb2 over other proteins containing similar structural binding motifs, we synthesized a biotinylated derivative (3) that retained high affinity Grb2 SH2 domain binding and potent biological activity. To investigate the selectivity of 1 and 3 for Grb2, the biotinylated antagonist 3 was used to immobilize target proteins from cell extracts for subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. Non-specific binding was identified in parallel using a biotinylated analogue that lacked a single critical binding determinant. The mechanism of action of the antagonist was further characterized by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and light microscopy. This approach to defining protein binding antagonist selectivity and molecular basis of action should be widely applicable in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giubellino
- Urologic Oncology Branch and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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20
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Jiang S, Liao C, Bindu L, Yin B, Worthy KW, Fisher RJ, Burke TR, Nicklaus MC, Roller PP. Discovery of thioether-bridged cyclic pentapeptides binding to Grb2-SH2 domain with high affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2693-8. [PMID: 19362470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the interaction between phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-containing activated receptors and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb 2) is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy to develop new anti-proliferate agents due to its potential to shut down the Ras activation pathway. In this study, a series of phosphotyrosine containing cyclic pentapeptides were designed and synthesized based upon the phage library derived cyclopeptide, G1TE. A comprehensive SAR study was also carried out to develop potent Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists based upon this novel template. With both the peptidomimetic optimization of the amino acid side-chains and the constraint of the backbone conformation guided by molecular modeling, we developed several potent antagonists with low micromolar range binding affinity, such as cyclic peptide 15 with an K(d)=0.359microM, which is providing a novel template for the development of Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists as potential therapeutics for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.
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21
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Stephen AG, Dexheimer TS, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Fisher RJ. Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase Binds Nucleic Acids Preferentially At The 3′ End. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Panagiotou T, Mesite SV, Fisher RJ. Production of Norfloxacin Nanosuspensions Using Microfluidics Reaction Technology through Solvent/Antisolvent Crystallization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800955t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomai Panagiotou
- Microfluidics International, 30 Ossipee Road, Newton, Massachusetts 02464, and Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Steven V. Mesite
- Microfluidics International, 30 Ossipee Road, Newton, Massachusetts 02464, and Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Microfluidics International, 30 Ossipee Road, Newton, Massachusetts 02464, and Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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23
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Abstract
HIV-1 Nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a small basic protein that contains two retroviral zinc fingers. It is a highly effective nucleic acid chaperone that plays a critical role in viral replication acting as a cofactor in reverse transcription as well as other aspects of the viral lifecycle. We have used a variety of biophysical techniques to characterize the high affinity binding of NC to a short deoxyoligonucleotide (d(TG)(4)). Here we outline in detail the use of fluorescence anisotropy and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to study the binding of NC to d(TG)(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Stephen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Research Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick MD, USA
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24
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Peattie RA, Pike DB, Yu B, Cai S, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD, Firpo MA, Fisher RJ. Effect of gelatin on heparin regulation of cytokine release from hyaluronan-based hydrogels. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:389-97. [PMID: 18686083 DOI: 10.1080/10717540802035442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that incorporation of small amounts (0.3% w/w) of modified heparin in thiol-modified hyaluronan or HA and gelatin hydrogels would regulate release of cytokine growth factors (GFs) from those gels has been investigated in vitro. In addition, the physiologic response to gel implantation has been evaluated in vivo. Tests were performed with 6 GFs: basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), keratinocyte growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta 1. Release profiles for all 6 over several weeks were well fit by first order exponential kinetics (R(2) > 0.9 for all cases). The most remarkable result of the experiment was a dramatic variation in the total mass ultimately released, which varied from as much as 90.2% of the initial load for bFGF to as little as 1.8% for PDGF, a 45-fold difference. Furthermore, gels containing either VEGF of Ang-1 produced twice the vascularization response in vivo as gels not containing a growth factor. Thus, those GFs maintained strong physiologic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Peattie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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25
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Liu F, Stephen AG, Waheed AA, Aman MJ, Freed EO, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. SAR by oxime-containing peptide libraries: application to Tsg101 ligand optimization. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2000-4. [PMID: 18655064 PMCID: PMC2581409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 viral assembly requires a direct interaction between a Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro ("PTAP") motif in the viral protein Gag-p6 and the cellular endosomal sorting factor Tsg101. In an effort to develop competitive inhibitors of this interaction, an SAR study was conducted based on the application of post solid-phase oxime formation involving the sequential insertion of aminooxy-containing residues within a nonamer parent peptide followed by reaction with libraries of aldehydes. Approximately 15-20-fold enhancement in binding affinity was achieved by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Dr. F. Liu, Dr. T. R. Burke, Jr., Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Building 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- Dr. A. G. Stephen, Dr. R. J. Fisher, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Abdul A. Waheed
- Dr. A. A. Waheed, Dr. E. O. Freed, HIV Drug Resistance Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Dr. M. J. Aman, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Dr. A. A. Waheed, Dr. E. O. Freed, HIV Drug Resistance Program, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Dr. A. G. Stephen, Dr. R. J. Fisher, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Dr. F. Liu, Dr. T. R. Burke, Jr., Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI-Frederick, Building 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702 (USA)
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26
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Liu F, Stephen AG, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Protected aminooxyprolines for expedited library synthesis: application to Tsg101-directed proline-oxime containing peptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:1096-101. [PMID: 18083557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of aminooxy-containing proline analogues bearing Fmoc/Boc or Fmoc/Mtt protection that renders them suitable for incorporation into peptides using Fmoc protocols is reported. Acid-catalyzed unmasking at the completion of peptide synthesis yields free aminooxy-functionalities for oxime formation through reaction with libraries of aldehydes. This allows post solid-phase diversification strategies that may facilitate structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Building 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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27
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Liu F, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Structural examination of ring-closing metathesis-derived 15-member macrocycles as Grb2 SH2 domain-binding tetrapeptide mimetics. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9635-42. [PMID: 17990895 DOI: 10.1021/jo701831q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was employed to join carboxy-terminal alkenyl glycine side chains together with vinyl- and allyl-functionality appended to the beta-methylene of amino-terminal phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) mimetics. This required the synthesis of a variety of new pTyr mimetics, including a novel aza-containing analogue. Many of the resulting 15-member macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetics exhibited low nanomolar Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinities in spite of the fact that differing ring junction stereochemistries and geometries of the RCM-derived double bond were employed. The finding that significant latitude exists in the structural requirements for ring closure may facilitate the development of therapeutically relevant macrocyle-based Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists. The synthetic approaches used in this study may also find application to peptide mimetics directed at other biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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28
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Stephen AG, Datta SAK, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Fivash MJ, Turner KB, Fabris D, Rein A, Fisher RJ. Measuring the binding stoichiometry of HIV-1 Gag to very-low-density oligonucleotide surfaces using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. J Biomol Tech 2007; 18:259-266. [PMID: 17916799 PMCID: PMC2062552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the HIV Gag polyprotein with nucleic acid is a critical step in the assembly of viral particles. The Gag polyprotein is composed of the matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC) domains. The NC domain is required for nucleic acid interactions, and the CA domain is required for Gag-Gag interactions. Previously, we have investigated the binding of the NC protein to d(TG)(n) oligonucleotides using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. We found a single NC protein is able to bind to more than one immobilized oligonucleotide, provided that the oligonucleotides are close enough together. As NC is believed to be the nucleic acid binding domain of Gag, we might expect Gag to show the same complex behavior. We wished to analyze the stoichiometry of Gag binding to oligonucleotides without this complication due to tertiary complex formation. We have therefore analyzed Gag binding to extremely low oligonucleotide density on SPR chips. Such low densities of oligonucleotides are difficult to accurately quantitate. We have determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron (FTICR) mass spectrometry that four molecules of NC bind to d(TG)(10) (a 20-base oligonucleotide). We developed a method of calibrating low-density surfaces using NC calibration injections. Knowing the maximal response and the stoichiometry of binding, we can precisely determine the amount of oligonucleotide immobilized at these very-low-density surfaces (<1 Response Unit). Using this approach, we have measured the binding of Gag to d(TG)(10). Gag binds to a 20-mer with a stoichiometry of greater than 4. This suggests that once Gag is bound to the immobilized oligonucleotide, additional Gag molecules can bind to this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Stephen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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29
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Liu F, Stephen AG, Adamson C, Gousset K, Aman MJ, Freed EO, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Hydrazone- and hydrazide-containing N-substituted glycines as peptoid surrogates for expedited library synthesis: application to the preparation of Tsg101-directed HIV-1 budding antagonists. Org Lett 2007; 8:5165-8. [PMID: 17048869 PMCID: PMC2547129 DOI: 10.1021/ol0622211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the Pro6 in the p6(Gag)-derived 9-mer "P-E-P-T-A-P-P-E-E" with N-substituted glycine (NSG) residues is problematic. However, incorporation of hydrazone amides ("peptoid hydrazones") can be readily achieved in library fashion. Furthermore, reduction of these hydrazones to N-substituted "peptoid hydrazides" affords a facile route to library diversification. This approach is demonstrated by application to Tsg101-binding compounds designed as potential HIV budding antagonists. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Bldg. 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | | | | | - M. Javad Aman
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Terrence R. Burke
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Bldg. 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD 21702
- e-mail:
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30
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Shultzaberger RK, Roberts LR, Lyakhov IG, Sidorov IA, Stephen AG, Fisher RJ, Schneider TD. Correlation between binding rate constants and individual information of E. coli Fis binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:5275-83. [PMID: 17617646 PMCID: PMC2018646 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual protein binding sites on DNA can be measured in bits of information. This information is related to the free energy of binding by the second law of thermodynamics, but binding kinetics appear to be inaccessible from sequence information since the relative contributions of the on- and off-rates to the binding constant, and hence the free energy, are unknown. However, the on-rate could be independent of the sequence since a protein is likely to bind once it is near a site. To test this, we used surface plasmon resonance and electromobility shift assays to determine the kinetics for binding of the Fis protein to a range of naturally occurring binding sites. We observed that the logarithm of the off-rate is indeed proportional to the individual information of the binding sites, as predicted. However, the on-rate is also related to the information, but to a lesser degree. We suggest that the on-rate is mostly determined by DNA bending, which in turn is determined by the sequence information. Finally, we observed a break in the binding curve around zero bits of information. The break is expected from information theory because it represents the coding demarcation between specific and nonspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Shultzaberger
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Roberts
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ilya G. Lyakhov
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Igor A. Sidorov
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas D. Schneider
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, The Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC - Frederick, NCI - Frederick Bldg. 469, Rm 237 Frederick, MD 21782 and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +1 301 846 5581 (-5532 for messages)+1 301 846 5598
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31
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Antony S, Marchand C, Stephen AG, Thibaut L, Agama KK, Fisher RJ, Pommier Y. Novel high-throughput electrochemiluminescent assay for identification of human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) inhibitors and characterization of furamidine (NSC 305831) as an inhibitor of Tdp1. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4474-84. [PMID: 17576665 PMCID: PMC1935015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By enzymatically hydrolyzing the terminal phosphodiester bond at the 3'-ends of DNA breaks, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1) repairs topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes and processes the DNA ends for DNA repair. To identify novel Tdp1 inhibitors, we developed a high-throughput assay that uses electrochemiluminescent (ECL) substrates. Subsequent to screening of 1981 compounds from the 'diversity set' of the NCI-Developmental Therapeutics Program, here we report that furamidine inhibits Tdp1 at low micromolar concentrations. Inhibition of Tdp1 by furamidine is effective both with single- and double-stranded substrates but is slightly stronger with the duplex DNA. Surface plasmon resonance studies show that furamidine binds both single- and double-stranded DNA, though more weakly with the single-stranded substrate DNA. Thus, the inhibition of Tdp1 activity could in part be due to the binding of furamidine to DNA. However, the inhibition of Tdp1 by furamidine is independent of the substrate DNA sequence. The kinetics of Tdp1 inhibition by furamidine was influenced by the drug to enzyme ratio and duration of the reaction. Comparison with related dications shows that furamidine inhibits Tdp1 more effectively than berenil, while pentamidine was inactive. Thus, furamidine represents the most potent Tdp1 inhibitor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Antony
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Kang SU, Choi WJ, Oishi S, Lee K, Karki RG, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Nicklaus MC, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Examination of Acylated 4-Aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic Acid Residues in the Phosphotyrosyl+1 Position of Grb2 SH2 Domain-Binding Tripeptides. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1978-82. [PMID: 17371004 DOI: 10.1021/jm0614073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid residue was placed in the pTyr+1 position of a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide to form a general platform, which was then acylated with a variety of groups to yield a library of compounds designed to explore potential binding interactions, with protein features lying below the betaD strand. The highest affinities were obtained using phenylethyl carbamate and phenylbutyrylamide functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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Fisher RJ, Peattie RA. Controlling tissue microenvironments: biomimetics, transport phenomena, and reacting systems. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2007; 103:1-73. [PMID: 17195461 DOI: 10.1007/10_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of tissues ex vivo and production of cells capable of maintaining a stable performance for extended time periods in sufficient quantity for synthetic or therapeutic purposes are primary objectives of tissue engineering. The ability to characterize and manipulate the cellular microenvironment is critical for successful implementation of such cell-based bioengineered systems. As a result, knowledge of fundamental biomimetics, transport phenomena, and reaction engineering concepts is essential to system design and development. Once the requirements of a specific tissue microenvironment are understood, the biomimetic system specifications can be identified and a design implemented. Utilization of novel membrane systems that are engineered to possess unique transport and reactive features is one successful approach presented here. The limited availability of tissue or cells for these systems dictates the need for microscale reactors. A capstone illustration based on cellular therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus via encapsulation techniques is presented as a representative example of this approach, to stress the importance of integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Building 66, Room 446, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
Biological processes within living systems are significantly influenced by the motion of the liquids and gases to which those tissues are exposed. Accordingly, tissue engineers must not only understand hydrodynamic phenomena, but also appreciate the vital role of those phenomena in cellular and physiologic processes both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, understanding the fundamental principles of fluid flow underlying perfusion effects in the organ-level internal environment and their relation to the cellular microenvironment is essential to successfully mimicking tissue behavior. In this work, the major principles of hemodynamic flow and transport are summarized, to provide readers with a physical understanding of these important issues. In particular, since quantifying hemodynamic events through experiments can require expensive and invasive techniques, the benefits that can be derived from the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) packages and neural networking (NN) models are stressed. A capstone illustration based on analysis of the hemodynamics of aortic aneurysms is presented as a representative example of this approach, to stress the importance of tissue responses to flow-induced events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Peattie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 102 Gleeson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Liu F, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Giubellino A, Bottaro DP, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Utilization of achiral alkenyl amines for the preparation of high affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding macrocycles by ring-closing metathesis. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:367-72. [PMID: 17205182 DOI: 10.1039/b611887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of previously reported ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-derived macrocycles that exhibit potent Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity is characterized by stereoselectively-introduced upper ring junctions that bear bicyclic aryl substituents. However, the synthetic complexity of these macrocycles presents a potential limit to their therapeutic application. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to simplify these macrocycles through the use of achiral 4-pentenylamides as ring-forming components. A series of macrocycles (5a-f) was prepared bearing both open and cyclic constructs at the upper ring junction. The Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinities of these macrocycles varied, with higher affinities being obtained with cyclo-substituents. The most potent analogue (5d) contained a cyclohexyl group and exhibited Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity (K(D) = 1.3 nM) that was nearly equal to the parent macrocycle (2), which bore a stereoselectively-introduced naphthylmethyl substituent at the upper ring junction (K(D) = 0.9 nM). The results of this study advance design considerations that should facilitate the development of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Bldg. 376 Boyles St., Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Onda M, Nagata S, FitzGerald DJ, Beers R, Fisher RJ, Vincent JJ, Lee B, Nakamura M, Hwang J, Kreitman RJ, Hassan R, Pastan I. Characterization of the B cell epitopes associated with a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) used to make immunotoxins for the treatment of cancer patients. J Immunol 2006; 177:8822-34. [PMID: 17142785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins composed of an Ab Fv fragment joined to a truncated portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (termed PE38) have been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of various human cancers. Immunotoxin therapy is very effective in hairy cell leukemia and also has activity in other hemological malignancies; however, a neutralizing Ab response to PE38 in patients with solid tumors prevents repeated treatments to maximize the benefit. In this study, we analyze the murine Ab response as a model to study the B cell epitopes associated with PE38. Sixty distinct mAbs to PE38 were characterized. Mutual competitive binding of the mAbs indicated the presence of 7 major epitope groups and 13 subgroups. The competition pattern indicated that the epitopes are discrete and could not be reproduced using a computer simulation program that created epitopes out of random surface residues on PE38. Using sera from immunotoxin-treated patients, the formation of human Abs to each of the topographical epitopes was demonstrated. One epitope subgroup, E1a, was identified as the principal neutralizing epitope. The location of each epitope on PE38 was determined by preparing 41 mutants of PE38 in which bulky surface residues were mutated to either alanine or glycine. All 7 major epitope groups and 9 of 13 epitope subgroups were identified by 14 different mutants and these retained high cytotoxic activity. Our results indicate that a relatively small number of discrete immunogenic sites are associated with PE38, most of which can be eliminated by point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Cruceanu M, Stephen AG, Beuning PJ, Gorelick RJ, Fisher RJ, Williams MC. Single DNA molecule stretching measures the activity of chemicals that target the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein. Anal Biochem 2006; 358:159-70. [PMID: 17034752 PMCID: PMC1661600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We develop a biophysical method for investigating chemical compounds that target the nucleic acid chaperone activity of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7). We used an optical tweezers instrument to stretch single lambda-DNA molecules through the helix-coil transition in the presence of NCp7 and various chemical compounds. The change in the helix-coil transition width induced by wild-type NCp7 and its zinc finger variants correlates with in vitro nucleic acid chaperone activity measurements and in vivo assays. The compound-NC interaction measured here reduces NCp7's capability to alter the transition width. Purified compounds from the NCI Diversity set, 119889, 119911, and 119913 reduce the chaperone activity of 5 nM NC in aqueous solution at 10, 25, and 100 nM concentrations respectively. Similarly, gallein reduced the activity of 4 nM NC at 100 nM concentration. Further analysis allows us to dissect the impact of each compound on both sequence-specific and non-sequence-specific DNA binding of NC, two of the main components of NC's nucleic acid chaperone activity. These results suggest that DNA stretching experiments can be used to screen chemical compounds targeting NC proteins and to further explore the mechanisms by which these compounds interact with NC and alter its nucleic acid chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 2170, USA
| | - Penny J. Beuning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 2170, USA
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics and
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University, 111 Dana Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Chertova E, Chertov O, Coren LV, Roser JD, Trubey CM, Bess JW, Sowder RC, Barsov E, Hood BL, Fisher RJ, Nagashima K, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Lifson JD, Ott DE. Proteomic and biochemical analysis of purified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produced from infected monocyte-derived macrophages. J Virol 2006; 80:9039-52. [PMID: 16940516 PMCID: PMC1563931 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01013-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects CD4(+) T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, incorporating host proteins in the process of assembly and budding. Analysis of the host cell proteins incorporated into virions can provide insights into viral biology. We characterized proteins in highly purified HIV-1 virions produced from human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), within which virus buds predominantly into intracytoplasmic vesicles, in contrast to the plasmalemmal budding of HIV-1 typically seen with infected T cells. Liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry of highly purified virions identified many cellular proteins, including 33 previously described proteins in HIV-1 preparations from other cell types. Proteins involved in many different cellular structures and functions were present, including those from the cytoskeleton, adhesion, signaling, intracellular trafficking, chaperone, metabolic, ubiquitin/proteasomal, and immune response systems. We also identified annexins, annexin-binding proteins, Rab proteins, and other proteins involved in membrane organization, vesicular trafficking, and late endosomal function, as well as apolipoprotein E, which participates in cholesterol transport, immunoregulation, and modulation of cell growth and differentiation. Several tetraspanins, markers of the late endosomal compartment, were also identified. MDM-derived HIV contained 26 of 37 proteins previously found in exosomes, consistent with the idea that HIV uses the late endosome/multivesicular body pathway during virion budding from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chertova
- AIDS Vaccine Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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39
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Choi WJ, Shi ZD, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Karki RG, Nicklaus MC, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Application of azide-alkyne cycloaddition 'click chemistry' for the synthesis of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding macrocycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5265-9. [PMID: 16908148 PMCID: PMC1624856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper (I) promoted [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition of azides with terminal alkynes was used to prepare triazole-containing macrocycles based on the Grb2 SH2 domain-binding motif, 'Pmp-Ac(6)c-Asn', where Pmp and Ac(6)c stand for 4-phosphonomethylphenylalanine and 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, respectively. When cycloaddition reactions were conducted at 1mM substrate concentrations, cyclization of monomeric units occurred. At 2mM substrate concentrations the predominant products were macrocyclic dimers. In Grb2 SH2 domain-binding assays the monomeric (S)-Pmp-containing macrocycle exhibited a K(d) value of 0.23microM, while the corresponding dimeric macrocycle was found to have greater than 50-fold higher affinity. The open-chain dimer was also found to have affinity equal to the dimeric macrocycle. This work represents the first application of 'click chemistry' to the synthesis of SH2 domain-binding inhibitors and indicates its potential utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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40
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Jiang S, Li P, Peach ML, Bindu L, Worthy KW, Fisher RJ, Burke TR, Nicklaus M, Roller PP. Structure-based design of potent Grb2–SH2 domain antagonists not relying on phosphotyrosine mimics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:497-503. [PMID: 16945340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Development of Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists is considered to be an effective and non-cytotoxic strategy to develop new antiproliferative agents because of their potential to shut down the Ras signaling pathway. We developed a concise route for the efficient synthesis of G1TE analogs on solid phase. Using this route, a series of cyclic peptides that do not rely on phosphotyrosine or its mimics were designed and synthesized based upon the phage library-derived cyclopeptide, G1TE. Considering that Gly7 plays prominent roles for G1TE binding to the Grb2-SH2 domain, we introduced different amino acids in the 7th position. The D-Ala7-containing peptide 3 demonstrates improved binding affinity by adopting favorable conformation for protein binding. This can be rationalized by molecular modeling. The optimization at the Leu2 position was also studied, and the resulting cyclopeptides exhibited remarkably improved binding affinity. Based upon these global modifications, a highly potent peptide ligand 9 was discovered with a Kd = 17 nM, evaluated by Biacore binding assay. This new analog is one of the most potent non-phosphorus-containing Grb2-SH2 antagonists reported to date. This potent peptidomimetic provides a new template for the development of non-pTyr containing Grb2-SH2 domain antagonists and acts as a chemotherapeutic lead for the treatment of erbB2-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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41
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Cruceanu M, Urbaneja MA, Hixson CV, Johnson DG, Datta SA, Fivash MJ, Stephen AG, Fisher RJ, Gorelick RJ, Casas-Finet JR, Rein A, Rouzina I, Williams MC. Nucleic acid binding and chaperone properties of HIV-1 Gag and nucleocapsid proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:593-605. [PMID: 16449201 PMCID: PMC1356529 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gag polyprotein of HIV-1 is essential for retroviral replication and packaging. The nucleocapsid (NC) protein is the primary region for the interaction of Gag with nucleic acids. In this study, we examine the interactions of Gag and its NC cleavage products (NCp15, NCp9 and NCp7) with nucleic acids using solution and single molecule experiments. The NC cleavage products bound DNA with comparable affinity and strongly destabilized the DNA duplex. In contrast, the binding constant of Gag to DNA was found to be approximately 10-fold higher than that of the NC proteins, and its destabilizing effect on dsDNA was negligible. These findings are consistent with the primary function of Gag as a nucleic acid binding and packaging protein and the primary function of the NC proteins as nucleic acid chaperones. Also, our results suggest that NCp7's capability for fast sequence-nonspecific nucleic acid duplex destabilization, as well as its ability to facilitate nucleic acid strand annealing by inducing electrostatic attraction between strands, likely optimize the fully processed NC protein to facilitate complex nucleic acid secondary structure rearrangements. In contrast, Gag's stronger DNA binding and aggregation capabilities likely make it an effective chaperone for processes that do not require significant duplex destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Cruceanu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University111 Dana Research Center, 110 Forsyth Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria A. Urbaneja
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Catherine V. Hixson
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald G. Johnson
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Matthew J. Fivash
- Data Management Services, Inc.NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Andrew G. Stephen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Robert J. Fisher
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc.NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Alan Rein
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, NCI-FrederickFrederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University111 Dana Research Center, 110 Forsyth Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University111 Dana Research Center, 110 Forsyth Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 1 617 373 7323; Fax: 1 617 373 2943;
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Fisher RJ, Fivash MJ, Stephen AG, Hagan NA, Shenoy SR, Medaglia MV, Smith LR, Worthy KM, Simpson JT, Shoemaker R, McNitt KL, Johnson DG, Hixson CV, Gorelick RJ, Fabris D, Henderson LE, Rein A. Complex interactions of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein with oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:472-84. [PMID: 16434700 PMCID: PMC1351370 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein is a small, basic protein containing two retroviral zinc fingers. It is a highly active nucleic acid chaperone; because of this activity, it plays a crucial role in virus replication as a cofactor during reverse transcription, and is probably important in other steps of the replication cycle as well. We previously reported that NC binds with high-affinity to the repeating sequence d(TG)n. We have now analyzed the interaction between NC and d(TG)4 in considerable detail, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), tryptophan fluorescence quenching (TFQ), fluorescence anisotropy (FA), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI-FTMS). Our results show that the interactions between these two molecules are surprisngly complex: while the Kd for binding of a single d(TG)4 molecule to NC is only ∼5 nM in 150 mM NaCl, a single NC molecule is capable of interacting with more than one d(TG)4 molecule, and conversely, more than one NC molecule can bind to a single d(TG)4 molecule. The strengths of these additional binding reactions are quantitated. The implications of this multivalency for the functions of NC in virus replication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fisher
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Kong D, Park EJ, Stephen AG, Calvani M, Cardellina JH, Monks A, Fisher RJ, Shoemaker RH, Melillo G. Echinomycin, a small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 DNA-binding activity. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9047-55. [PMID: 16204079 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification of small molecules that inhibit the sequence-specific binding of transcription factors to DNA is an attractive approach for regulation of gene expression. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that controls genes involved in glycolysis, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion, all of which are important for tumor progression and metastasis. To identify inhibitors of HIF-1 DNA-binding activity, we expressed truncated HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta proteins containing the basic-helix-loop-helix and PAS domains. Expressed recombinant HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta proteins induced a specific DNA-binding activity to a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a canonical hypoxia-responsive element (HRE). One hundred twenty-eight compounds previously identified in a HIF-1-targeted cell-based high-throughput screen of the National Cancer Institute 140,000 small-molecule library were tested in a 96-well plate ELISA for inhibition of HIF-1 DNA-binding activity. One of the most potent compounds identified, echinomycin (NSC-13502), a small-molecule known to bind DNA in a sequence-specific fashion, was further investigated. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that NSC-13502 inhibited binding of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta proteins to a HRE sequence but not binding of the corresponding proteins to activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) consensus sequences. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that NSC-13502 specifically inhibited binding of HIF-1 to the HRE sequence contained in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter but not binding of AP-1 or NF-kappaB to promoter regions of corresponding target genes. Accordingly, NSC-13502 inhibited hypoxic induction of luciferase in U251-HRE cells and VEGF mRNA expression in U251 cells. Our results indicate that it is possible to identify small molecules that inhibit HIF-1 DNA binding to endogenous promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehe Kong
- Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Peattie RA, Rieke ER, Hewett EM, Fisher RJ, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD. Dual growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vivo using hyaluronan hydrogel implants. Biomaterials 2005; 27:1868-75. [PMID: 16246413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinked hyaluronan (HA) hydrogels preloaded with two cytokine growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), were employed to elicit new microvessel growth in vivo. As a major glycosaminoglycan (GAG) component of extracellular matrix (ECM), HA is an excellent biopolymeric building block for new biomimetic, biocompatible therapeutic materials. HA hydrogel film samples were surgically implanted in the ear pinnae of mice, and the ears were harvested at 7 or 14 days post-implantation. Histologic analysis showed that each of the groups receiving an implant demonstrated significantly more microvessel density than control ears undergoing surgery but receiving no implant (p<0.001). Treatment groups receiving either co-delivery of both KGF and VEGF, an HA hydrogel lacking a growth factor or HA hydrogels containing a single cytokine were statistically unchanged with time, whereas treatment with KGF alone produced continuing increases in vascularization from day 7 to day 14. Strikingly, presentation of both VEGF and KGF in crosslinked HA generated intact microvessel beds with well-defined borders. In addition, an additive response to co-delivery of both cytokines in the HA hydrogel was observed. The HA hydrogels containing KGF+VEGF produced the greatest angiogenic response of any treatment group tested (NI=5.4 at day 14, where NI is a neovascularization index). This was 33% greater vessel density than in the next largest treatment group, that received HA+KGF (NI=4.0, p<0.002). New therapeutic approaches for numerous pathologies could be notably enhanced by the localized, sustained angiogenic response produced by release of both VEGF and KGF from crosslinked HA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Peattie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University, 103 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Shi ZD, Liu H, Zhang M, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Yang D, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Synthesis of a C-terminally biotinylated macrocyclic peptide mimetic exhibiting high Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4200-8. [PMID: 15893931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable effort has been devoted to developing Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists, important questions related to ligand specificity, and identification of intracellular targets remain unanswered. In order to begin addressing these issues, the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel biotinylated macrocycle are reported that bears biotin functionality at a C-terminal rather than the traditional N-terminal position. With a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding K(eq) value of 3.4 nM, the title macrocycle (5) is among the most potent biotinylated SH2 domain-binding ligands yet disclosed. This should be a useful tool for elucidating physiological targets of certain Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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47
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Oishi S, Karki RG, Shi ZD, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Chertov O, Esposito D, Frank P, Gillette WK, Maderia M, Hartley J, Nicklaus MC, Barchi JJ, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Evaluation of macrocyclic Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide mimetics prepared by ring-closing metathesis of C-terminal allylglycines with an N-terminal beta-vinyl-substituted phosphotyrosyl mimetic. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2431-8. [PMID: 15755645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preferential binding of ligands to Grb2 SH2 domains in beta-bend conformations has made peptide cyclization a logical means of effecting affinity enhancement. This is based on the concept that constraint of open-chain sequences to bend geometries may reduce entropy penalties of binding. The current study extends this approach by undertaking ring-closing metathesis (RCM) macrocyclization between i and i+3 residues through a process involving allylglycines and beta-vinyl-functionalized residues. Ring closure in this fashion results in minimal macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetics. The predominant effects of such macrocyclization on Grb2 SH2 domain binding affinity were increases in rates of association (from 7- to 16-fold) relative to an open-chain congener, while decreases in dissociation rates were less pronounced (approximately 2-fold). The significant increases in association rates were consistent with pre-ordering of solution conformations to near those required for binding. Data from NMR experiments and molecular modeling simulations were used to interpret the binding results. An understanding of the conformational consequences of such i to i+3 ring closure may facilitate its application to other systems where bend geometries are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Oishi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, PO Box B, Bldg. 376 Boyles St. Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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48
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Kang SU, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Zhang M, Yang D, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Design and Synthesis of 4-(α-Hydroxymalonyl)phenylalanine as a New Phosphotyrosyl Mimetic and Its Use in Growth Factor Receptor Bound 2 Src-Homology 2 (Grb2 SH2) Domain-Binding Peptides. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5369-72. [PMID: 16078854 DOI: 10.1021/jm050154v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new phosphotyrosyl mimetic 4-(alpha-hydroxymalonyl)phenylalanine and its incorporation into a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding tripeptide are presented. In whole-cell studies using malonyl ethyl ester prodrug derivatives, it was observed that the 4-(alpha-hydroxymalonyl)phenylalanyl-containing peptide exhibited greater efficacy than the nonhydroxylated 4-(malonyl)phenylalanyl-containing congener in blocking the association of Grb2 with activated erbB-2 tyrosine kinase. These results are consistent with de-esterification and at least partial intracellular decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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49
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Shi ZD, Karki RG, Oishi S, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Dharmawardana PG, Nicklaus MC, Bottaro DP, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Utilization of a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore in the design of a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide mimetic. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1385-8. [PMID: 15713392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling has become a general technique for studying the intracellular accumulation and localization of exogenously administered materials. Reported herein is a low nanomolar affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonist that utilizes the environmentally-sensitive nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore as a naphthyl replacement. This novel agent should serve as a useful tool to visualize the actions of this class of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists in whole cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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50
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Yang QE, Stephen AG, Adelsberger JW, Roberts PE, Zhu W, Currens MJ, Feng Y, Crise BJ, Gorelick RJ, Rein AR, Fisher RJ, Shoemaker RH, Sei S. Discovery of small-molecule human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry inhibitors that target the gp120-binding domain of CD4. J Virol 2005; 79:6122-33. [PMID: 15857997 PMCID: PMC1091715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6122-6133.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 and the CD4 receptor is highly specific and involves relatively small contact surfaces on both proteins according to crystal structure analysis. This molecularly conserved interaction presents an excellent opportunity for antiviral targeting. Here we report a group of pentavalent antimony-containing small molecule compounds, NSC 13778 (molecular weight, 319) and its analogs, which exert a potent anti-HIV activity. These compounds block the entry of X4-, R5-, and X4/R5-tropic HIV-1 strains into CD4(+) cells but show little or no activity in CD4-negative cells or against vesicular stomatitis virus-G pseudotyped virions. The compounds compete with gp120 for binding to CD4: either immobilized on a solid phase (soluble CD4) or on the T-cell surface (native CD4 receptor) as determined by a competitive gp120 capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or flow cytometry. NSC 13778 binds to an N-terminal two-domain CD4 protein, D1/D2 CD4, immobilized on a surface plasmon resonance sensor chip, and dose dependently reduces the emission intensity of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of D1/D2 CD4, which contains two of the three tryptophan residues in the gp120-binding domain. Furthermore, T cells incubated with the compounds alone show decreased reactivity to anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies known to recognize the gp120-binding site. In contrast to gp120-binders that inhibit gp120-CD4 interaction by binding to gp120, these compounds appear to disrupt gp120-CD4 contact by targeting the specific gp120-binding domain of CD4. NSC 13778 may represent a prototype of a new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors that can break into the gp120-CD4 interface and mask the gp120-binding site on the CD4 molecules, effectively repelling incoming virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-En Yang
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Bldg. 439, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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