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Aerobic exercise ameliorates survival, clinical score, lung inflammation, DNA and protein damage in septic mice. Cytokine 2021; 140:155401. [PMID: 33508652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sepsis is a potentially deadly organic dysfunction, and one of the main causes of mortality in intensive care units (ICU). Aerobic exercise (AE) is a preventive intervention in the establishment of inflammatory conditions, such as chronic lung diseases, but its effects on sepsis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of AE on health condition, mortality, inflammation, and oxidative damage in an experimental model of pneumosepsis induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.p). METHODS Animals were randomly allocated to Control; Exercise (EXE); Pneumosepsis (PS) or Exercise + Pneumosepsis (EPS) groups. Exercised animals were submitted to treadmill exercise for 2 weeks, 30 min/day, prior to pneumosepsis induced by K.p tracheal instillation. RESULTS PS produced a striking decrease in the health condition leading to massive death (85%). AE protected mice, as evidenced by better clinical scores and increased survival (70%). AE alleviated sickness behavior in EPS mice as evaluated in the open field test, and inflammation (nitrite + nitrate, TNF-α and IL-1β levels) in broncoalveolar fluid. Catalase activity, oxidative damage to proteins and DNA was increased by sepsis and prevented by exercise. CONCLUSION Overall, the beneficial effects of exercise in septic animals encompassed a markedly improved clinical score and decreased mortality, along with lower inflammation markers, less DNA and protein damage, as well as preserved antioxidant enzyme activity. Neural network risk analysis revealed exercise had a considerable effect on the overall health condition of septic mice.
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Chinda D, Shimoyama T, Arai T, Sawada K, Akitaya K, Kudo S, Yasuda K, Miyazawa K, Akimoto N, Sato S, Hayamizu S, Tatsuta T, Kikuchi H, Hiraga H, Sawaya M, Sakuraba H, Mikami T, Nakaji S, Fukuda S. Usefulness of serum opsonic activity measured by chemiluminescence method to assess the invasiveness of colorectal endoscopic mucosal dissection. Free Radic Res 2019; 54:810-817. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1681590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Tetsu Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Akitaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sae Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kohei Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Miyazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Akimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shiro Hayamizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tatsuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidezumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Manabu Sawaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mikami
- Division of Endoscopy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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3
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Arai T, Chinda D, Shimoyama T, Sawada K, Akitaya K, Miyazawa K, Akimoto N, Sato S, Hayamizu S, Tatsuta T, Kikuchi H, Hiraga H, Sawaya M, Sakuraba H, Mikami T, Nakaji S, Fukuda S. Influence of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection on serum opsonic activity measured by chemiluminescence. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 64:180-185. [PMID: 30936632 PMCID: PMC6436044 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether changes in serum opsonic activity measured by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence are useful for estimating physical stress during the perioperative period of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. Serum opsonic activity in the peripheral blood of 87 patients was examined in the morning of the day of endoscopic submucosal dissection, the next day, and at 4 days after endoscopic submucosal dissection. Peak height and area under the curve for lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence were 106.1 ± 22.7% and 102.0 ± 24.7% on the day of endoscopic submucosal dissection, which increased significantly to 113.6 ± 29.4% and 111.0 ± 29.1% on the next day (both p<0.01), and 112.4 ± 27.0% and 110.0 ± 28.1% at 4 days after endoscopic submucosal dissection (both p<0.01), respectively. In contrast, significant changes were not observed in peak height and area under the curve for luminol-dependent chemiluminescence during the perioperative period of endoscopic submucosal dissection. This difference suggests that serum opsonic activity during the perioperative period of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection is associated with the production of substances with lower oxidizing potential. (The study of changes in neutrophil function and physical stress during the perioperative period of endoscopic operation: UMIN000034514)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Department of Community Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.,Aomori General Health Examination Center, 2-19-12 Tsukuda, Aomori, Aomori 030-0962, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuki Akitaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Miyazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoki Akimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shiro Hayamizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tatsuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hidezumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Manabu Sawaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mikami
- Division of Endoscopy, Hirosaki University Hospital, 52 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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Perrea A, Vlachos IS, Korou LM, Doulamis IP, Exarhopoulou K, Kypraios G, Kalofoutis A, Perrea DN. Comparison of the short-term oxidative stress response in National League basketball and soccer adolescent athletes. Angiology 2013; 65:624-9. [PMID: 23921505 DOI: 10.1177/0003319713497991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is considered protective against oxidative stress-related disorders. However, there is increasing evidence that strenuous activity may induce increased oxidative stress response. This study investigated the impact of vigorous physical activity on serum oxidative stress markers in 36 soccer and 12 basketball National League adolescent athletes 40 minutes before and 15 minutes after a National League game. Serum total peroxide, fibrinogen, polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase, and myeloperoxidase levels were determined. No significant differences in any of the measured parameters were observed before the match. Soccer players exhibited significantly lower total peroxide (P < .05) and higher PMN elastase concentrations (P < .05) than that of the basketball athletes after the game. A number of important differences between these 2 sports, such as duration or total aerobic and anaerobic demands, may affect oxidative status. These parameters need to be further examined in order to elucidate the different effects of these 2 sports on postexercise oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vlachos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias P Doulamis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Exarhopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kypraios
- Department of Human Motion Science and Quality of Life, University of Peloponnese, Sparti, Greece
| | | | - Despina N Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas," Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Inflammatory response to strenuous muscular exercise in man. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2:335-42. [PMID: 18475542 PMCID: PMC2365428 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935193000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1993] [Accepted: 07/29/1993] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the humoral and cellular changes occurring during strenuous muscular work in humans, the concept of inflammatory response to exercise (IRE) is developed. The main indices of IRE consist of signs of an acute phase response, leucocytosis and leucocyte activation, release of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage and cellular infiltrates, production of free radicals, activation of complement, and coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. Depending on exercise intensity and duration, it seems likely that muscle and/or associated connective tissue damage, contact system activation due to shear stress on endothelium and endotoxaemia could be the triggering mechanisms of IRE. Although this phenomenon can be considered in most cases as a physiological process associated with tissue repair, exaggerated IRE could have physiopathological consequences. On the other hand, the influence of several factors such as age, sex, training, hormonal status, nutrition, anti-inflammatory drugs, and the extent to which IRE could be a potential risk for subjects undergoing intense physical training require further study.
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SERTEYN D, SANDERSEN C, LEJEUNE JP, De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G, CEUSTERS J, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, NIESTEN A, FRAIPONT A, Van ERCK E, GOACHET AG, ROBERT C, LECLERC JL, VOTION DM, FRANCK T. Effect of a 120 km endurance race on plasma and muscular neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase concentrations in horses. Equine Vet J 2010:275-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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LEJEUNE JP, SANDERSEN C, VOTION D, CAUDRON I, VANDER HEYDEN L, FRANCK T, CEUSTERS J, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, NIESTEN A, De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G, SERTEYN D. Effect of intensive exercise on plasmatic neutrophil elastase level in eventing and endurance horses. Equine Vet J 2010:12-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Urushidate S, Matsuzaka M, Okubo N, Iwasaki H, Hasebe T, Tsuya R, Iwane K, Inoue R, Yamai K, Danjo K, Takahashi I, Umeda T, Ando S, Itai K, Nakaji S. Association between concentration of trace elements in serum and bronchial asthma among Japanese general population. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010; 24:236-42. [PMID: 20832272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A number of previous studies had revealed the association between trace elements in serum and bronchial asthma. However, only a few researches had focused on serum concentration of trace elements in a general population. In this study, an association between trace elements in serum and bronchial asthma was investigated in a general population. METHODS Subjects were 1025 volunteers (385 males and 640 females between ages 19 and 82 years old) who had participated in the Iwaki Health Promotion Project 2005. Bronchial asthma was diagnosed based on the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II according to the self-questionnaires on health conditions of subjects. The serum concentrations of certain trace elements (manganese, copper, zinc, selenium and iron) were measured and compared. Also, an association between serum trace elements level and neutrophil-related functions (oxidative burst activity, phagocytic activity, serum opsonic activity) were determined. RESULTS In males, no significant differences were seen in any serum trace elements concentrations. In females, serum zinc level was significantly higher in bronchial asthma group than in control. A positive correlation was seen between serum concentration of zinc and serum opsonic activity in both genders. CONCLUSIONS In female asthmatics, increase of oxidative stress was suggested to be caused by superoxide dismutase pathway (elimination system of reactive oxygen species) rather than serum opsonic activity (production system of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils) pathway, as the zinc concentration in bronchial asthma group was higher than that in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Urushidate
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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9
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Matsuzaka M, Fukuda S, Yamai K, Tsuya R, Fukuoka Y, Takahashi I, Yaegaki M, Shimoyama T, Sakamoto J, Umeda T, Nakaji S. Are individuals with lower neutrophil oxidative burst activity more prone toHelicobacter pyloriinfection? LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Sureda A, Ferrer MD, Tauler P, Maestre I, Aguiló A, Córdova A, Tur JA, Roche E, Pons A. Intense physical activity enhances neutrophil antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Immunocytochemistry evidence for catalase secretion. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:874-83. [PMID: 17654044 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701416459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of intense exercise on the neutrophil antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression. Blood samples were taken from seven cyclists in basal conditions and 3 h after two competition stages of 165 km. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma carbonyl derivatives and uric acid levels increased after exercise. The cycling stage induced neutrophilia and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) decreased after exercise, although gene expression increased. Immunocytochemistry showed catalase (CAT) enzyme equally distributed between the cytoplasm and organelles before exercise, and after exercise the cytoplasmic CAT levels were reduced and were absent in the compartments. After in vitro stimulation with opsonized zymosan (OZ) the extracellular CAT levels increased. This suggests a CAT secretion in order to avoid neutrophil-induced oxidative damage at a local level or to regulate the function of ROS as extracellular signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Sureda
- Laboratori de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balears, Spain
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11
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Espersen GT, Toft E, Ernst E, Kaalund S, Grunnet N. Changes of polymorphonuclear granulocyte migration and lymphocyte proliferative responses in elite runners undergoing intense exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Morozov VI, Tsyplenkov PV, Golberg ND, Kalinski MI. The effects of high-intensity exercise on skeletal muscle neutrophil myeloperoxidase in untrained and trained rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97:716-22. [PMID: 16791601 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity acute exercise on neutrophil infiltration in different muscle fiber types of untrained rats and to compare postexercise neutrophil accumulation in muscles of untrained and trained animals. The effect of high-intensity acute exercise on blood neutrophil degranulation reaction in trained animals was also elucidated. Neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) was determined as a measure of neutrophil migration into muscles and blood neutrophil degranulation. Male albino rats were subjected to acute exercise and 5 weeks of training. The used model of intensive acute exercise consisted of 5, 15, and 25 intermittent swimming bouts with the addition of weight (8% of total body mass) for 1-min each, followed by 1.5-min rest intervals. MPO was analyzed in quadriceps muscle (white and red portion) and in soleus muscle 24 h after acute exercise. MPO content in resting blood plasma and neutrophils was determined 48-h following the completion of a training process. In addition, MPO content in the trained rats was measured immediately (in blood plasma and neutrophils) after and 24 h (in muscles) following a single-bout of exercise to exhaustion. The remaining two-third of the trained animals were exposed to a single-bout of nonstop swimming with the addition of 6% body mass until exhaustion. These animals were sacrificed immediately and 24 h after loaded swimming to analyze leukocyte count, MPO content in blood plasma and neutrophils and in muscles, respectively. About 24 h after exercise MPO concentrations in the red portion of quadriceps muscle and in soleus muscle were 4-7-fold higher as compared to the white portion of m. quadriceps. There was an association between the quantity of repetitive bouts of swimming and MPO content in the muscles. The duration of swimming to exhaustion of trained rats was 3.8-fold longer than untrained sedentary control. At rest, plasma MPO concentration was found to be 40% higher in trained rats compared to untrained controls (P < 0.05). Postexercise plasma MPO concentrations were significantly higher both in untrained (+137%; P < 0.05) and trained (+81%; P < 0.05) rats compared to resting values. At rest neutrophil MPO concentration was found to be 33% lower in trained rats compared to untrained controls (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle MPO concentrations between untrained and trained rats at rest. A single-bout of exercise to exhaustion produced a greater increase in MPO content in untrained compared to trained rats. The data suggest that postexercise neutrophil infiltration is more intensive in red fibers types compared to white fiber types. A smaller neutrophil infiltration in muscles of trained animals after exhaustive exercise suggests a protective effect of previous training to muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Morozov
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of Physical Culture, Dynamo Ave. 2, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia.
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13
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Takahashi I, Umeda T, Oyama T, Shimaya S, Yaegaki M, Matsuzaka M, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara K, Suzuki K, Kumae T, Fukuda S. EFFECTS OF LOW INCIDENT LEVELS OF LASER IRRADIATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FROM HUMAN NEUTROPHILS. Laser Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.5978/islsm.14.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Biondi R, Tassi C, Rossi R, Benedetti C, Ferranti C, Paolocci N, Parisse I, De Bellis F, Capodicasa E. Changes in plasma level of human leukocyte elastase during leukocytosis from physical effort. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2003; 25:385-96. [PMID: 19180801 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120024506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to induce immunological changes, mainly leukocytosis and neutrophil activation. However, it is not known to what extent the leukocytosis, observed after exertion, is associated with an increase in plasma neutrophil elastase, an early marker of inflammatory response and neutrophil degranulation. In the present study changes in circulating leukocyte and neutrophil counts and human neutrophil elastase plasma levels were evaluated in volley-ball players before and after 2 h and 12 h prolonged training, during a competition season. For comparison, the same parameters were evaluated in untrained subjects before and after a jogging session. Basal white blood cell WBC, polymorpho nuclear PMN, and human polymorpho nuclear-elastase PMN-ELA values were within the normal healthy reference range and no significant differences were found between the two groups studied. Venous blood samples of nine volley-ball players showed a statistically significant increase in blood WBCs after 2 h exercise. This effect was paralleled by a statistically significant increase in PMN-ELA concentration compared to the values observed in the same individuals at rest. The exercise did not significantly change the basal correlation parameters between PMN level and PMN-ELA concentration. More pronounced WBC, PMN, and PMN-ELA increases were observed in the seven inactive subjects after 2 h jogging. There was no linear correlation between increased PMN counts and increased PMN-ELA concentrations in untrained subjects after exercise. The results show that not only the leukocyte count but also PMN-ELA plasma levels can be higher after physical effort. This has a practical significance as regards differential diagnosis demonstrating that determination of these two laboratory parameters can give abnormally high values even in the absence of an existing inflammatory process. Besides, lack of correlation between PMN count and PMN-ELA plasma levels in the untrained group suggest a state in which activation of the neutrophils is not connected with their number in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Biondi
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Chinda D, Nakaji S, Umeda T, Shimoyama T, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Kumae T, Sugawara K. A competitive marathon race decreases neutrophil functions in athletes. LUMINESCENCE 2003; 18:324-9. [PMID: 14694421 DOI: 10.1002/bio.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A full marathon is the longest running race in official track events and is a form of acute exercise. However, no studies have examined the acute neutrophil function response to a competitive marathon race. Thirty-six male athletes who had just completed the 42.195 km course of the 50th Beppu-Oita Mainichi Marathon were enrolled in this study. Neutrophil oxidative burst activity, phagocytic activity and expression of CD11b and CD16 per cell were measured by flow cytometry immediately before and after the marathon. Total leukocyte/neutrophil counts increased significantly (p < 0.001), whereas total oxidative burst activity per neutrophil cell decreased significantly after the race (p < 0.001). Furthermore, total phagocytic activity per neutrophil cell also decreased after the race, although it was not significant (p = 0.08). Although CD11b expression per cell did not change, the expression of CD16 per cell significantly decreased (p < 0.001) after the race. In conclusion, a competitive marathon race decreased neutrophil functions (oxidative burst activity and phagocytic activity), which may be partly due to a decrease in CD16 expression. The increase in total neutrophil counts might reflect a compensatory response to counteract the decrease in neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 0368562, Japan
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16
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Aessopos A, Tsironi M, Vassiliadis I, Farmakis D, Fountos A, Voskaridou E, Perakis A, Defteraios S, Loutradi A, Loukopoulos D. Exercise-induced myocardial perfusion abnormalities in sickle beta-thalassemia: Tc-99m tetrofosmin gated SPECT imaging study. Am J Med 2001; 111:355-60. [PMID: 11583637 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanism of myocardial ischemia in patients with sickle beta-thalassemia, we performed a scintigraphic evaluation of myocardial perfusion during exercise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 30 patients with sickle beta-thalassemia, (mean [+/-SD] age, 37 +/- 10 years) who had no electrocardiographic (ECG), radiographic, or echo-Doppler signs of pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, or impaired contractility. All patients had a hemoglobin level greater than 7 g/dL. Treadmill exercise test was performed according to the Bruce protocol. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography, using Tetrofosmin Tc-99 m Myoview as radiotracer, at peak exercise and again 4 hours later. RESULTS Eight patients (27%) developed stress-induced scintigraphic perfusion abnormalities that were reversible in all but 1 patient. Subsequent coronary angiograms were normal in all 8 patients. ST segment depression was seen during exercise in 5 of the 7 patients who had reversible perfusion defects. Except for a significantly greater white blood cell count, these 5 patients did not differ from the rest of patients by sex, age, hemoglobin level, percentage hemoglobin F, beta-thalassemia genotype, or risk factors for coronary artery disease. Three of the 5 patients with perfusion and ECG abnormalities (and another with only perfusion defects) developed a stress-induced sickling crisis. CONCLUSION Physical stress may induce myocardial ischemia in sickle beta-thalassemia patients with normal coronary arteries and elicit painful crises. The sickling process, activated by exercise, could be the common underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aessopos
- First Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
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17
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Blank SE, Tiidus PM, Hoffman-Goetz L. Neutrophil response to prolonged exercise in immune-competent and RAG2/γc null mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y01-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The two aims of this study were (i) to compare the effects of prolonged exercise on circulating neutrophil number and muscle myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity between RAG2/γc null and immune-competent mice, and (ii) to evaluate the general suitability of the lymphocyte-deficient RAG2/γc null strain for use in exercise models of immune regulation. RAG2/γc null (male and female) and C57BL/6 (congenic immune-competent, male) mice were assigned to either control (C) or treadmill exercise (EX, 22 m/min, 90 min, 6% grade) groups. EX mice were killed immediately (EX0) or 24 h (EX24) after exercise. RAG2/γc null males had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer circulating CD45+ cells and higher %CD45+ neutrophils than did C57BL/6 males, independent of exercise. A significant interaction was observed for the effects of exercise and gender on %CD45+ neutrophils in the blood. At EX24, gastrocnemius (Gastroc) MPO significantly increased in EX mice. Gastroc MPO activity was 44% and 35% higher in RAG2/γc null vs. C57BL/6 males, and in female vs. male RAG2/γc null mice, respectively. Heart MPO activity did not differ between strains or among treatments. We concluded that the Rag2/γc null strain is a suitable model for future investigations on immune regulation following acute exercise stress.Key words: treadmill exercise, neutrophils, immune-deficient, RAG2/γc null mice.
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18
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Pyne DB, Smith JA, Baker MS, Telford RD, Weidemann MJ. Neutrophil oxidative activity is differentially affected by exercise intensity and type. J Sci Med Sport 2000; 3:44-54. [PMID: 10839228 DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The differential effects of exercise intensity and type on neutrophil activation were assessed in eight well-trained male runners. Each subject undertook, on different days, three separate 40 min interval (8 x 5 min) treadmill bouts: an intense uphill run (90% VO2 max), a moderate-intensity near-level run and an eccentrically-biased downhill run (both at 52% VO2 max). Blood granulocyte count increased (p< 0.05) after all three treadmill bouts (range 25-108%). Chemiluminescence activity of isolated neutrophils decreased (p< 0.05) immediately after (-58%) and 1-h after (-72%) uphill running, but became significantly elevated (p< 0.05) at 6-h after the near-level (+71%) and downhill (+84%) runs. The ability of neutrophils to release the superoxide anion radical was reduced (p< 0.05) immediately after near-level (-29%) and uphill (-21%) running in cells stimulated with opsonized zymosan. Epinephrine concentration increased by 430% (p=0.01) after uphill but not with near-level or downhill running. The plasma concentration of elastase increased (p< 0.05) immediately after uphill and near-level running, and one hour after uphill running. These results suggest that a population of neutrophils mobilised into the circulation became directly activated in response to exercise, and that neutrophil oxidative activity is affected differentially by both the intensity and type of exercise undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Pyne
- Department of Physiology and Applied Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra
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19
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Niess AM, Sommer M, Schneider M, Angres C, Tschositsch K, Golly IC, Battenfeld N, Northoff H, Biesalski HK, Dickhuth HH, Fehrenbach E. Physical exercise-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in human leukocytes: effects of RRR-alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2000; 2:113-26. [PMID: 11232592 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2000.2.1-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (500 IU/day, 8 days) on in vivo cytokine response and cytoplasmic expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the antioxidant stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human leukocytes after exhaustive exercise. Thirteen men were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with a wash-out period of 28 days. The exercise procedure consisted of an incremental treadmill test followed by a continuous run until exhaustion at 110% of the individual anaerobic threshold (total duration 28.5 +/- 0.8 min). HO-1 and iNOS protein were assessed in mono- (M), lympho-, and granulocytes (G) using flow cytometry. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 were measured by ELISA. IL-6 rose significantly whereas IL-8 did not exhibit significant changes after exercise. Changes of IL-6 were not affected by RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Exercise induced an increase of iNOS protein primarily in M and G. A small, but significant, increase of HO-1 protein was measured in M and G. RRR-alpha-Tocopherol did not show any significant effects on cytoplasmic expression of iNOS and HO-1 at rest and after exercise. In conclusion, exhaustive exercise induces expression of iNOS and HO-1 in human leukocytes by a mechanism that is not sensitive to RRR-alpha-tocopherol supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Niess
- Medical Clinic & Polyclinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of exercise on the capacity of neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), eight male cross-country skiers underwent maximal exercise. Peripheral blood samples were taken pre-exercise, 0 h, 1 h, and 2 h after finishing maximal exercise. Leukocyte counts significantly increased (p < 0. 05), particularly lymphocytes (p < 0.05), just after the exercise period (0 h) and significantly increased again (p < 0.05), particularly neutrophils (p < 0.05), 2 h after the exercise compared with pre-exercise values. The capacity of isolated neutrophils to produce ROS was assessed by lucigenin (Lg)-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) and luminol (Lm)-dependent CL on stimulation with opsonized zymosan (OZ) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Just after exercise, the LgCL response was not affected, while the response of LmCL mixed with sodium azide, which inhibits catalase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). In addition, just after exercise, the level of serum growth hormone increased significantly (p < 0.05). The serum cortisol level also increased significantly just after and 1 h after exercise (p < 0.05). These data indicated that maximal exercise not only mobilized neutrophils from marginated pools into the circulation, but also caused increased ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between the intensity of exercise and infectious and neoplastic disease. One likely way by which exercise exerts its effect on cancer and infection is by altering the function of the immune system. Cells of the innate immune system (i.e., macrophage [Mphi], natural killer [NK] cell, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMN]) are first-line defenders against cancer and infectious disease by nature of their phagocytic, cytolytic, and antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this review is to define the role of cells of the innate immune system (i.e., Mphi, PMN, and NK cells) in infection and cancer, present current information regarding the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the quantification and functional activities of these cells, and briefly to discuss potential mechanisms as to how exercise affects these cells and describe how these changes may potentially affect susceptibility to infection and cancer. The effects of exercise on the number, functions, and characteristics of cells of the innate immune system are complex and are dependent several factors, including 1) the cell function or characteristic being analyzed; 2) the intensity, duration and chronicity of exercise; 3) the timing of measurement in relation to the exercise bout; 4) the dose and type of immunomodulator used to stimulate the cell in vitro or in vivo; and 5) the site of cellular origin. Further studies are needed to determine whether the exercise-induced changes in immune function alter incidence or progression of disease. Likewise, the mechanisms as to how exercise alters innate immune function are as yet unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA.
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22
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Kyriakidis M, Trikas A, Grivas D, Georgiou E, Bosinakou I, Gialafos J. Coronary artery disease: changes of blood lymphocyte subsets induced by physical exercise. Int J Cardiol 1998; 63:211-6. [PMID: 9578346 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine the changes in the absolute numbers of blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied 26 patients with documented coronary artery disease (group I) and 15 other subjects (group II) with atypical complaints and negative exercise test who served as controls. Blood lymphocyte subsets were determined at rest, immediately and 24 h after a bicycle exercise test. In both groups the absolute number of leukocytes/mm3 and lymphocytes/mm3 was significantly greater immediately after exercise than at rest and returned to baseline values by 24 h post-exercise. The absolute number of B-lymphocytes and CD8+ T-lymphocytes did not change significantly in both groups, while CD3+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes as well as CD25+ activated T-lymphocytes declined insignificantly immediately after exercise but increased significantly 24 h after exercise in both groups, with a higher increase (P<0.01) in all three variables under study (CD3+, CD4+ and CD25+ T-lymphocytes) in group I in comparison to group II (P<0.05). Our findings showed that changes in lymphocyte subsets induced by physical exercise differ between patients with and without documented coronary artery disease, suggesting that an alteration in immune function may account for these differences.
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23
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Pyne DB, Baker MS, Smith JA, Telford RD, Weidemann MJ. Exercise and the neutrophil oxidative burst: biological and experimental variability. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 74:564-71. [PMID: 8971500 DOI: 10.1007/bf02376774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acute bouts of moderate-intensity running and cycling on the neutrophil oxidative burst was examined. Eight well-trained male runners in group 1 each undertook, on different days, either two 40-min bouts of running (run 1 and run 2) separated by a 1-h recovery period, or 40 min of moderate cycling. Blood leucocyte (+49%) and granulocyte (+57%) counts increased (P < 0.05) with moderate running, but only the leucocyte count (+27%) was elevated significantly during moderate cycling. Chemiluminescence activity and superoxide anion release decreased after run 1 (-61%, P < 0.05) and after 30 min of cycling (-53%, P < 0.05), with no significant changes in the intracellular release of hydrogen peroxide. The same measures were also assessed at rest in a group of eight male volunteers (group 2) with no significant difference in neutrophil activity for samples treated in parallel or 1 h apart. These data suggest that while neutrophils are mobilised into the circulation in the first few hours following moderate exercise, their oxidative burst is temporarily inhibited. These effects were due to exercise per se and not to temporal variability or intra-assay variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Pyne
- Department of Physiology and Applied Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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24
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Wiik P, Opstad PK, Bøyum A. Granulocyte chemiluminescence response to serum opsonized zymosan particles ex vivo during long-term strenuous exercise, energy and sleep deprivation in humans. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 73:251-8. [PMID: 8781854 DOI: 10.1007/bf02425484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemiluminescence response of granulocytes to serum opsonized zymosan particles (SOZ) ex vivo was investigated during two ranger training courses lasting 7 days with continuous moderate physical activities corresponding to about 32% of maximal oxygen uptake or 35000 kJ.24 h-1, with energy deficiency (energy supply 0-4000 kJ.24 h-1), and less than 3-h sleep during the 7 days. Significant granulocytosis in combination with a lymphopenia in peripheral blood was observed during the whole course. A priming of the granulocytes for accentuated chemiluminescence response to SOZ was observed during the first days of the course with a maximal increase on day 3 in course A (+35% of control response) and on day 1 in course B (+12%). Thereafter, reduced responses to SOZ compared to control values (-28% and -21% in course A and B) were observed. In course A, a group (n = 8) receiving 5000 kJ.24 h-1 of additional energy, showed a more pronounced priming (maximum +57% versus +21% of control response) during the first days. In course B, all the cadets had 3 h of organised rest/sleep on day 5, and a second priming of the chemiluminescence response was observed on the subsequent 2 days. These data indicated that moderate, continuous, predominantly aerobic physical activities for 1-3 days around the clock primed the production of reactive oxygen species in granulocytes. This priming may be beneficial for, for example, host defence against micro-organisms, but may also contribute to inflammatory damage to normal tissues such as muscle, tendons and joints during exercise. However, when the moderate exercise continued for several more days, a down-modulation of the granulocyte response was observed. The findings of this study further support the possibility that moderate physical activity stimulates immunity, while more extreme duration of the same activities may result in a down-modulation of non-specific (and specific) immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wiik
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Environmental Toxicology, Kjeller, Norway
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25
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Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest in how exercise and training may affect the immune system. There is now substantial cross-sectional and epidemiological evidence that exercise causes significant changes in the distribution and function of a number of cellular and humoral immune parameters. Neutrophils represent one of the key nonspecific host defence cell populations responsible for the phagocytosis of many microbial, bacterial and viral pathogens. The neutrophil is also known to be involved in the synthesis and release of immunomodulatory cytokines that influence both T cell and B cell activities. Therefore, it plays an important role in both the efferent (phagocytosis and degranulation) and afferent (release of immunomodulatory molecules) limbs of the immune response. Neutrophils and macrophages respond both to phagocytosable particles (e.g. bacteria, viruses and cell debris) and to a number of soluble factors. There is an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils with exercise as a result of demargination of cells from endothelial tissues (mediated by catecholamines) and bone marrow (mediated by cortisol), or as part of the phagocytic and inflammatory response to exercise-induced tissue damage. Following exercise-induced mobilisation into the circulation and migration into tissues, neutrophils undergo adherence, phagocytosis (engulfment) of bacteria or tissue fragments, degranulation of cytoplasmic granules and, ultimately, activation of the respiratory burst. The capacity of the respiratory burst largely determines the cytotoxic potential of the neutrophil. The respiratory burst involves a sudden increase in nonmitochondrial oxidative metabolism, resulting in the production of the superoxide anion (O2-) and other reactive oxygen species by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme complex located at the plasma membrane. Although the biochemistry of the respiratory burst has been well studied, the mechanisms by which exercise and training may influence its activity are not well characterised or understood. Studies on the acute effects of exercise show that exercise generally elicits an initial activation of neutrophils-evidenced by release of cytoplasmic enzymes (degranulation) with secondary changes in key effector functions such as the phagocytic and respiratory burst activity. The nature of the functional changes is still unclear, as some studies show a transient suppression of the respiratory burst and/or phagocytic capacity immediately after exercise, while others report that moderate intensity exercise elicits an enhanced response. The variability in findings may be attributable to differences in the age, gender and initial fitness levels of the people studied, the intensity and duration of the exercise protocols used, and the different methodological procedures employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Pyne
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra
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Antonsen S. The estimation of biological and preanalytical variations of inflammation markers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1994; 219:55-60. [PMID: 7701242 DOI: 10.3109/00365519409088579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Antonsen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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27
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Lilius EM, Marnila P. Photon emission of phagocytes in relation to stress and disease. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:1082-91. [PMID: 1473571 DOI: 10.1007/bf01947995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes, the first-line cells of the body's defence mechanisms against invading pathogens, kill microorganisms by means of lysosomal degradative enzymes and highly toxic reactive oxygen intermediates. The reactive oxygen compounds are produced, in a process called the 'respiratory burst', by the NADPH oxidase complex in plasma membranes, and by myeloperoxidase in phagolysosomes after degranulation. These processes generate electronically excited states which, on relaxation, emit photons, giving rise to phagocyte chemiluminescence (CL). This paper describes the conditions for the measurement of CL, and reviews the activity of phagocytes from individuals undergoing stress or disease. The capability of phagocytes to emit photons reflects remarkably well the pathophysiological state of the host. In many cases even the magnitude of the stress, the presence of a pathogen in the body, or the activity of the disease can be estimated. Physiological changes, e.g. in the reproductive cycle, can also be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lilius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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