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Saben JL, Sims CR, Pack L, Lan R, Børsheim E, Andres A. Infant intakes of human milk branched chain amino acids are negatively associated with infant growth and influenced by maternal body mass index. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12876. [PMID: 34913264 PMCID: PMC9269030 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: isoleucine, leucine, and valine) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs: phenylalanine and tyrosine) are hypothesized to influence early-life obesity risk. OBJECTIVE To assess HM free amino acid (AA) concentrations and infant intakes of HM AAs from women with obesity (OB) compared to those with normal weight (NW) and determine the relationships between HM AA consumption and infant growth. METHODS HM samples were collected at 0.5 (n = 151), 2 (n = 129), and 6 (n = 93) months postpartum from mothers with NW (body mass index [BMI] = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ) and OB (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ). HM AAs were quantified via mass spectrometry. Infant HM intake, anthropometrics and body composition were assessed. Linear mixed-effects models (LMEM) examined the relationships between maternal BMI and HM AA intakes, and HM AA intake and infant growth over the first 6 months postpartum after adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics. RESULTS Maternal BMI was positively associated with infant intakes of isoleucine, leucine, and AAAs across timepoints. HM AA intakes were positively associated with weight-for-length z-score, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index in infants (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI led to differences in HM AA composition, which was associated with infant body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Saben
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Clark R. Sims
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lindsay Pack
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Renny Lan
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Bai Y, Song Y, Zhang J, Fu S, Wu L, Xia C, Xu C. GC/MS and LC/MS Based Serum Metabolomic Analysis of Dairy Cows With Ovarian Inactivity. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:678388. [PMID: 34490390 PMCID: PMC8417594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders may lead to the inactive ovaries of dairy cows during early lactation. However, the detailed metabolic profile of dairy cows with inactive ovaries around 55 days postpartum has not been clearly elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolic difference in cows with inactive ovaries and estrus from the perspective of serum metabolites. According to clinical manifestations, B-ultrasound scan, rectal examination, 15 cows were assigned to the estrus group (E; follicular diameter 15–20 mm) and 15 to the inactive ovary group (IO; follicular diameter <8 mm and increased <2 mm within 5 days over two examinations). The blood was collected from the tail vein of the cow to separate serum 55–60 days postpartum, and then milked and fasted in the morning. Serum samples were analyzed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry technology (GC-TOF-MS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Differences in serum metabolites were identified using multivariate statistical analysis and univariate analysis. Thirty differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the two groups. In cows with inactive ovaries compared with cows in estrus, 20 serum metabolites were significantly higher (beta-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.0012), 9-cis-retinal (p = 0.0030), oxamic acid (p = 0.0321), etc.) while 10 metabolites were significantly lower (monostearin (p = 0.0001), 3-hydroxypropionic acid (p = 0.0005), D-talose (p = 0.0018), etc.). Pathway analysis indicated that the serum differential metabolites of multiparous cows in estrus obtained by the two metabolomics techniques were mainly involved in β-alanine metabolism and steroid biosynthesis metabolism, while other involved metabolic pathways were related to metabolism of glyoxylate; dicarboxylate metabolism; fructose, mannose, glutathione, glycerolipid, glycine, serine, threonine, propanoate, retinol, and pyrimidine metabolism. This indicates that the abnormalities in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism of postpartum dairy cows obstructed follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuxi Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Shixin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Ling Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University, Daqing, China
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Riederer M, Schweighofer N, Trajanoski S, Stelzer C, Zehentner M, Fuchs-Neuhold B, Kashofer K, Mayr JA, Hörmann-Wallner M, Holasek S, van der Kleyn M. Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition. Amino Acids 2021; 54:365-383. [PMID: 34477981 PMCID: PMC8948153 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that free amino acids (FAA) might be bioactive compounds with potential immunomodulatory capabilities. However, the FAA composition in human milk is still poorly characterized with respect to its correlation to maternal serum levels and its physiological significance for the infant. Studies addressing the relation of human milk FAA to the infants' intestinal microbiota are still missing. METHODS As part of a pilot study, maternal serum and breast milk FAA concentrations as well as infant intestinal microbiota (16S rRNA) were determined 2 months after birth. The study cohort consisted of 41 healthy mothers and their term delivered, healthy infants with normal birthweight. The relationship between maternal serum and milk FAA was determined by correlation analyses. Associations between (highly correlated) milk FAA and infant intestinal beta diversity were tested using PERMANOVA, LefSe and multivariate regression models adjusted for common confounders. RESULTS Seven breast milk FAA correlated significantly with serum concentrations. One of these, threonine showed a negative association with abundance of members of the class Gammaproteobacteria (R2adj = 17.1%, p = 0.006; β= - 0.441). In addition, on the level of families and genera, threonine explained 23.2% of variation of the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (R2adj; p = 0.001; β = - 0.504) and 11.1% of variability in the abundance of Escherichia/Shigella (R2adj, p = 0.025; β = - 0.368), when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to suggest potential interactions between breast milk FAA and infant gut microbiota composition during early lactation. The results might be indicative of a potential protective role of threonine against members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in breast-fed infants. Still, results are based on correlation analyses and larger cohorts are needed to support the findings and elucidate possible underlying mechanisms to assess the complex interplay between breast milk FAA and infant intestinal microbiota in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riederer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Slave Trajanoski
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Stelzer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Zehentner
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Fuchs-Neuhold
- Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, Health Perception Lab, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerpl. 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Salzburger Landeskliniken and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marlies Hörmann-Wallner
- Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, Health Perception Lab, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Uneyama H, Kobayashi H, Tonouchi N. New Functions and Potential Applications of Amino Acids. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:273-287. [PMID: 27872968 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, several types of amino acids are being produced and used worldwide. Nevertheless, several new functions of amino acids have been recently discovered that could result in other applications. For example, oral stimulation by glutamate triggers the cephalic phase response to prepare for food digestion. Further, the stomach and intestines have specific glutamate-recognizing systems in their epithelial mucosa. Regarding clinical applications, addition of monosodium glutamate to the medicinal diet has been shown to markedly enhance gastric secretion in a vagus-dependent manner. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the major components of muscles, and ingestion of BCAAs has been found to be effective for decreasing muscle pain. BCAAs are expected to be a solution for the serious issue of aging. Further, ingestion of specific amino acids could be beneficial. Glycine can be ingested for good night's sleep: glycine ingestion before bedtime significantly improved subjective sleep quality. Ingestion of alanine and glutamine effectively accelerates alcohol metabolism, and ingestion of cystine and theanine effectively prevents colds. Finally, amino acids could be used in a novel clinical diagnostic method: the balance of amino acids in the blood could be an indicator of the risk of diseases such as cancer. These newly discovered functions of amino acids are expected to contribute to the resolution of various issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Uneyama
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Hisamine Kobayashi
- Department of Research, Development and Planning, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-15-1, Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Naoto Tonouchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
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Tonouchi N, Ito H. Present Global Situation of Amino Acids in Industry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:3-14. [PMID: 27832295 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, amino acids are widely produced and utilized industrially. Initially, monosodium glutamate (MSG) was produced by extraction from a gluten hydrolysate. The amino acid industry started using the residual of the lysate. The discovery of the functions of amino acids has led to the expansion of their field of use. In addition to seasoning and other food use, amino acids are used in many fields such as animal nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. On the other hand, the invention of the glutamate fermentation process, followed by the development of fermentation methods for many other amino acids, is no less important. The supply of these amino acids at a low price is very essential for their industrial use. Most amino acids are now produced by fermentation. The consumption of many amino acids such as MSG or feed-use amino acids is still rapidly increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tonouchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Hisao Ito
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
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Okame R, Nakahara K, Murakami N. Plasma amino acid profiles at various reproductive stages in female rats. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:815-21. [PMID: 25787929 PMCID: PMC4527503 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the plasma levels of amino acids at various reproductive stages in female
rats, including the estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and compared the resulting
amino acid profiles using two- or three-dimensional figures. These figures revealed that
the amino acid profiles of pregnant and lactating dams differed considerably from those
during the estrous cycle or in male rats. The plasma levels of individual amino acids were
almost the same between proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, and their profiles did
not differ significantly. However, the amino acid profiles changed during pregnancy and
lactation in dams. The plasma Ser level decreased significantly in mid and late pregnancy,
whereas Tyr, Gly and His decreased significantly in the late and end stages of pregnancy,
and Trp and Lys significantly decreased and increased at the end of pregnancy,
respectively. Much larger changes in amino acid profiles were observed during lactation,
when the levels of many amino acids increased significantly, and none showed a significant
decrease. Plasma Pro, Ser and Gly levels increased continuously from day 1 until day 15 of
lactation, whereas Asn and Met increased significantly from days 1 and 5 respectively
until the end of lactation. These results suggest that the profiles of plasma amino acids
show characteristic changes according to reproductive stage and that it may be necessary
to consider such differences when performing amino acid-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Okame
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Linking our understanding of mammary gland metabolism to amino acid nutrition. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2447-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Matsumoto T, Nakamura E, Nakamura H, Hirota M, San Gabriel A, Nakamura KI, Chotechuang N, Wu G, Uneyama H, Torii K. Production of free glutamate in milk requires the leucine transporter LAT1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C623-31. [PMID: 23804198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00291.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of free glutamate (Glu) in rat's milk is ∼10 times higher than that in plasma. Previous work has shown that mammary tissue actively transports circulatory leucine (Leu), which is transaminated to synthesize other amino acids such as Glu and aspartate (Asp). To investigate the molecular basis of Leu transport and its conversion into Glu in the mammary gland, we characterized the expression of Leu transporters and [(3)H]Leu uptake in rat mammary cells. Gene expression analysis indicated that mammary cells express two Leu transporters, LAT1 and LAT2, with LAT1 being more abundant than LAT2. This transport system is sodium independent and transports large neutral amino acids. The Leu transport system in isolated rat mammary cells could be specifically blocked by the LAT1 inhibitors 2-aminobicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) and triiodothyronine (T3). In organ cultures, Glu secretion was markedly inhibited by these LAT1 inhibitors. Furthermore, the profiles of Leu uptake inhibition by amino acids in mammary cells were similar to those reported for LAT1. In vivo, concentrations of free Glu and Asp increased in milk by oral gavage with Leu at 6, 12, and 18 days of lactation. These results indicate that the main Leu transporter in mammary tissue is LAT1 and the transport of Leu is a limiting factor for the synthesis and release of Glu and Asp into milk. Our studies provide the bases for the molecular mechanism of Leu transport in mammary tissue by LAT1 and its active role on free Glu secretion in milk, which confer umami taste in suckling pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Corporation, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan; and
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Abstract
Early feeding experiences, e.g. related to milk feeding, can affect later food and taste preferences. However, consequences of breast-feeding on taste acceptance are under-investigated. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of exclusive breast-feeding duration (DEB) on taste acceptance at 6 and 12 months in the same infants (n122). Mothers recorded the DEB. Acceptance of solutions of each of the five basic tastes relative to water was evaluated in the laboratory at 6 and 12 months by the ingestion ratio (IR). Kendall correlations were calculated between the DEB and the IR. Only 16 % completed at least 6 months of exclusive breast-feeding; 79 % had begun complementary feeding by 6 months. At 6 months, infants preferred sweet, salty and umami solutions over water and were indifferent to sour and bitter solutions. The longer an infant was breast-fed, the more s/he accepted the umami solution at 6 months. At 12 months, infants preferred sweet and salty solutions over water and were indifferent to sour, bitter and umami solutions. The relationship between the DEB and acceptance of the umami solution was not observed at 12 months. No relationship was observed between the DEB and sweet, salty, sour and bitter taste acceptance at 6 or 12 months. The association between the DEB and umami taste acceptance at 6 months may relate to the higher glutamate content of human milk compared with formula milk. Beyond the acknowledged metabolic benefits of breast-feeding, this suggests that prolonged breast-feeding could also be associated with an impact on sensory preference at the beginning of complementary feeding.
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Forestell CA, Mennella JA. More than just a pretty face. The relationship between infant's temperament, food acceptance, and mothers' perceptions of their enjoyment of food. Appetite 2012; 58:1136-42. [PMID: 22407135 PMCID: PMC3340480 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine whether mothers' assessment of their infants' temperament is associated with objective measures of the infant's acceptance patterns and their judgments of the infants' liking of a green vegetable. To this end, infants (N=92) were video-recorded as their mothers fed them green beans. From these videos, we determined the frequency of facial distaste expressions made during the first 2 min of the feeding. Other measures included intake, maternal ratings of infants' enjoyment of this vegetable, and temperament. Infants who scored high on the approach dimension of the temperament questionnaire were less likely to express facial expressions of distaste, consumed more food, and were perceived by their mothers as enjoying the food more. Mediation analyses revealed that ratings of enjoyment were not directly related to the child's approach temperament, but rather the relationship between mothers' ratings and temperament was mediated by the amount of time infants spent eating the vegetable. Regression analyses suggested that in addition to the length of time children ate, mothers' ratings of their infants' enjoyment was predicted by the number of squints that the infant expressed during the meal. These findings suggest that although certain aspects of children's temperament are related to their food acceptance, mothers attend to facial expressions and time spent eating independently of these temperamental characteristics when judging their infant's enjoyment of a food. Understanding how mothers use this information to decide which foods to feed their infants is an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Forestell
- The College of William & Mary, Psychology Department, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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Maternal glutamate intake during gestation and lactation regulates adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in rat brain from mothers and neonates. Neuroscience 2011; 199:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mennella JA, Forestell CA, Morgan LK, Beauchamp GK. Early milk feeding influences taste acceptance and liking during infancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:780S-788S. [PMID: 19605570 PMCID: PMC3136007 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified a model system that exploits the inherent taste variation in early feedings to investigate food preference development. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether exposure to differing concentrations of taste compounds in milk and formulas modifies acceptance of exemplars of the 5 basic taste qualities in a familiar food matrix. Specifically, we examined the effects of consuming hydrolyzed casein formulas (HCFs), which have pronounced bitter, sour, and savory tastes compared with breast milk (BM) and bovine milk-based formulas (MFs), in which these taste qualities are weaker. DESIGN Subgroups of BM-, MF- and HCF-fed infants, some of whom were fed table foods, were studied on 6 occasions to measure acceptance of sweet, salty, bitter, savory, sour, and plain cereals. RESULTS In infants not yet eating table foods, the HCF group ate significantly more savory-, bitter-, and sour-tasting and plain cereals than did the BM or MF groups. HCF infants displayed fewer facial expressions of distaste while eating the bitter and savory cereals, and they and BM infants were more likely to smile while they were eating the savory cereal. In formula-fed infants eating table foods, preferences for the basic tastes reflected the types of foods they were being fed. In general, those infants who ate more food displayed fewer faces of distaste. CONCLUSIONS The type of formula fed to infants has an effect on their response to taste compounds in cereal before solid food introduction. This model system of research investigation sheds light on sources of individual differences in taste and perhaps cultural food preferences.
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Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P, Hammes WP, Heinemann U, Kempski O, Stehle P, Steinhart H, Walker R. Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate - an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:304-13. [PMID: 16957679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Update of the Hohenheim consensus on monosodium glutamate from 1997: Summary and evaluation of recent knowledge with respect to physiology and safety of monosodium glutamate. DESIGN Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. SETTING University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. METHOD The experts met and discussed the questions and arrived at a consensus. CONCLUSION Total intake of glutamate from food in European countries is generally stable and ranged from 5 to 12 g/day (free: ca. 1 g, protein-bound: ca. 10 g, added as flavor: ca. 0.4 g). L-Glutamate (GLU) from all sources is mainly used as energy fuel in enterocytes. A maximum intake of 6.000 [corrected] mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. The general use of glutamate salts (monosodium-L-glutamate and others) as food additive can, thus, be regarded as harmless for the whole population. Even in unphysiologically high doses GLU will not trespass into fetal circulation. Further research work should, however, be done concerning the effects of high doses of a bolus supply at presence of an impaired blood brain barrier function. In situations with decreased appetite (e.g., elderly persons) palatability can be improved by low dose use of monosodium-L-glutamate.
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Jochum F, Colling S, Meinardus P, Alteheld B, Stehle P, Fusch C. Total glutamine content in human milk is not influenced by gestational age. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95:985-90. [PMID: 16882574 DOI: 10.1080/08035250600729100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine may be a conditionally indispensable amino acid in neonates and should be given in adequate amounts. Reliable information concerning the glutamine content of human milk is lacking. AIM To assess total glutamine content in human milk using a novel analytical procedure, and to evaluate the potential influence of time of delivery and lactational stage. METHODS The content of free and protein-bound glutamine was assessed in transitional (days 4-7 of lactation) and mature (days 29-34) human milk, after preterm (<35 wk of gestation, n=20) or term (>37 wk, n=20) delivery. Milk samples were obtained by manual expression and stored at <or=70 degrees C. Measurement of protein-bound glutamine was performed after stabilization by bis(1,1-trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene (BTI). Free glutamine was detected by HPLC. RESULTS There was no difference concerning glutamine content in human milk after term or preterm delivery (median of 5000 vs 4960 micromol/l milk). The protein-bound glutamine content decreased with the duration of lactation (6230 vs 4540 micromol/l milk). Free glutamine accounted for only 3-10% of the protein-bound glutamine content. The free glutamine content showed a high variability after preterm and term delivery. CONCLUSION This study presents for the first time data on glutamine intake in preterm and term neonates fed human milk. With these data, it is possible to formulate adequately composed nutritional therapy for infants at risk of glutamine imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jochum
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany.
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