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Kumar K, Gibbs HC, Yeh AT, Griffing LR. The Sterol Trafficking Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:616631. [PMID: 34122463 PMCID: PMC8187924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.616631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the trafficking mechanisms by which sterols move through the plant and into target cells are unknown. Earlier studies identified endosomes as primary candidates for internalization of sterols in plants, but these results have come into question. Here, we show that in elongating root cells, the internalization of sterol occurs primarily by a non-endocytic mechanism. Added fluorescent sterols [dehydroergosterol (DHE) and BODIPY-cholesterol (BCh)] do not initially label endosomes identified by fluorescent protein markers or by internalized FM4-64. Instead, the nuclear envelope, an organelle not associated with the endocytic pathway but part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), becomes labeled. This result is supported by experiments with the inducible overexpression of auxilin-2-like protein (AUX2 line), which blocks most endocytosis upon induction. Internalization and nuclear envelope labeling still occur in induced AUX2 cells. Longer-term incubation labels the oil body, a site involved in sterol storage. Although the first site of localization, the nuclear envelope, is part of the ER, other domains of the ER do not accumulate the label. The trafficking pathway differs from vesicular endocytosis and points toward a different pathway of sterol transport possibly involving other mechanisms, such as ER-plasma membrane contact sites and cytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Holly C. Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alvin T. Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Griffing
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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2
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Dynamics and Endocytosis of Flot1 in Arabidopsis Require CPI1 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051552. [PMID: 32106431 PMCID: PMC7084554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane microdomains are nano-scale domains (10–200 nm) enriched in sterols and sphingolipids. They have many important biological functions, including vesicle transport, endocytosis, and pathogen invasion. A previous study reported that the membrane microdomain-associated protein Flotillin1 (Flot1) was involved in plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, whether sterols affect the plant immunity conveyed by Flot1 is unknown. Here, we showed that the root length in sterol-deficient cyclopropylsterol isomerase 1 (cpi1-1) mutants expressing Flot1 was significantly shorter than in control seedlings. The cotyledon epidermal cells in cpi1-1 mutants expressing Flot1 were smaller than in controls. Moreover, variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) and single-particle tracking (SPT) analysis demonstrated that the long-distance Flot1-GFP movement was decreased significantly in cpi1-1 mutants compared with the control seedlings. Meanwhile, the value of the diffusion coefficient Ĝ was dramatically decreased in cpi1-1 mutants after flagelin22 (flg22) treatment compared with the control seedlings, indicating that sterols affect the lateral mobility of Flot1-GFP within the plasma membrane. Importantly, using confocal microscopy, we determined that the endocytosis of Flot1-GFP was decreased in cpi1-1 mutants, which was confirmed by fluorescence cross spectroscopy (FCS) analysis. Hence, these results demonstrate that sterol composition plays a critical role in the plant defense responses of Flot1.
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Mamode Cassim A, Gouguet P, Gronnier J, Laurent N, Germain V, Grison M, Boutté Y, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S. Plant lipids: Key players of plasma membrane organization and function. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:1-27. [PMID: 30465788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this review, we will update the diversity of molecular species of lipids found in plant PM. We will further discuss how lipids govern global properties of the plant PM, explaining that plant lipids are unevenly distributed and are able to organize PM in domains. From that observation, it emerges a complex picture showing a spatial and multiscale segregation of PM components. Finally, we will discuss how lipids are key players in the function of PM in plants, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interaction, transport and hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, plasmodesmata function. The last chapter is dedicated to the methods that the plant membrane biology community needs to develop to get a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiilah Mamode Cassim
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Paul Gouguet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nelson Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magali Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Gerbeau-Pissot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France.
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Cui Y, Li X, Yu M, Li R, Fan L, Zhu Y, Lin J. Sterols regulate endocytic pathways during flg22-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.165688. [PMID: 30228101 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant transmembrane receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is crucial for innate immunity. Although previous studies have reported FLS2-mediated signal transduction and endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated pathway, whether additional endocytic pathways affect FLS2-mediated defense responses remains unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana sterol-deficient mutant steroid methyltransferase 1 displays defects in immune responses induced by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) coupled with single-particle tracking showed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of FLS2-GFP changed on a millisecond time scale and that the FLS2-GFP dwell time at the plasma membrane increased in cells treated with a sterol-extracting reagent when compared with untreated counterparts. We further demonstrate that flg22-induced FLS2 clustering and endocytosis involves the sterol-associated endocytic pathway, which is distinct from the clathrin-mediated pathway. Moreover, flg22 enhanced the colocalization of FLS2-GFP with the membrane microdomain marker Flot 1-mCherry and FLS2 endocytosis via the sterol-associated pathway. This indicates that plants may respond to pathogen attacks by regulating two different endocytic pathways. Taken together, our results suggest the key role of sterol homeostasis in flg22-induced plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Jinming Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China .,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Yang J, Wu C, Yu Y, Mao H, Bao Y, Kang Y, Qi Z. A mongolian pine specific endoplasmic reticulum localized CALMODULIN-LIKE calcium binding protein enhances arabidopsis growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:1-11. [PMID: 29689429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress-adapted wild plants are natural sources of novel genes for molecular breeding. Here, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv, an evergreen pine in northeastern China, to identify a novel CALMODULIN-LIKE protein-encoding gene, PsCML1, no significant homologs found in other plant species. PsCML1 encodes a protein predicted to have a single trans-membrane domain at its N-terminal. Four EF-hand motifs (calcium [Ca]-binding structures) are located at its C-terminal and showed Ca2+-specific affinity in isothermal titration calorimetric analysis. Transient expression of PsCML1 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the PsCML1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Heterologous expression of PsCML1 in Arabidopsis significantly promoted seedling growth, and increased resistance to stress from NaCl and Ca2+ deficiency. The roots of the transgenic seedlings had higher contents of cellulose and pectin, but less hemicellulose than those of the wild type (WT). The biosynthesis of cell wall components is linked with protein glycosylation in the ER and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. No significant difference was found in the extent of protein glycosylation between the transgenic and WT plants. However, the transgenic roots had higher steady-state levels of ROS, NADPH oxidase activity, and endo-membrane dynamics than those of the WT. A working model was proposed to delineate the interaction among Ca2+, ROS homeostasis, and cell wall loosening-dependent cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China; Inner Mongolia HeSheng Institute of Ecological Sciences & Technology, Hohhot, 011517, PR China
| | - Caili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yahui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Huiping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yuying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
| | - Yan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
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Zhang T, Yang J, Sun Y, Kang Y, Yang J, Qi Z. Calcium deprivation enhances non-selective fluid-phase endocytosis and modifies membrane lipid profiles in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:22-30. [PMID: 29689431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological studies have revealed significant decreases in calcium (Ca) levels in various soils, and widely occurring physiological Ca deficits worldwide. These changes may cause decreases in plant diversity and increases in plant vulnerability to environmental stress, but the underlying cellular mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we found that in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, deprivation of Ca2+, but not other minerals, dramatically enhanced plasma membrane invagination, endosome formation, and trafficking to the vacuole through the trans-Golgi network and pre-vacuole compartment, a typical pathway of endocytosis. Antagonist and cellular tracing analyses using non-bioactive, membrane-impermeable fluorescent probes indicated that this type of endocytosis is not regulated by receptors, instead representing a non-selective, non-specific fluid phase-based process. We performed lipid-profiling analysis of roots in response to Ca2+ deprivation, finding increased phosphatidylcholine (PC), Lyso-PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Lyso-PE, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and triacylglycerols (TAG) biosynthesis but deceased phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerols (DAG) biosynthesis. The increased TAG contents and molar ratio of PC/PE in these roots might reflect a cellular response to maintain membrane stability and the balance between the membrane and storage lipids. This study demonstrates the essential role of Ca in maintaining plasma membrane stability and the selectivity of plant root cells, and it highlights the potential deleterious effect of decreased Ca levels in surface soil on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yongwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Yan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
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Yoo CM, Naramoto S, Sparks JA, Khan BR, Nakashima J, Fukuda H, Blancaflor EB. Deletion analysis of AGD1 reveals domains crucial for its plasma membrane recruitment and function in root hair polarity. J Cell Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AGD1, a plant ACAP-type ADP-ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP), functions in specifying root hair polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana. To better understand how AGD1 modulates root hair growth, we generated full length and domain-deleted AGD1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) constructs, and followed their localization during root hair development. AGD1-GFP localized to the cytoplasm and was recruited to specific regions of the root hair plasma membrane (PM). Distinct PM AGD1-GFP signal was first detected along the site of root hair bulge formation. The construct continued to mark the PM at the root hair apical dome but only during periods of reduced growth. During rapid tip-growth, AGD1-GFP labeled the PM of the lateral flanks and dissipated from the apical-most PM. Deletion analysis and a single domain GFP fusion revealed that the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is the minimal unit required for recruitment of AGD1 to the PM. Our results indicate that differential recruitment of AGD1 to specific PM domains is an essential component of the membrane trafficking machinery that facilitates root hair developmental phase transitions and responses to changes in the root microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Yoo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Present address: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aobaku, Japan
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ratiometric Fluorescence Live Imaging Analysis of Membrane Lipid Order in Arabidopsis Mitotic Cells Using a Lipid Order-Sensitive Probe. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1370:227-39. [PMID: 26659966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3142-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain membranes exhibiting different levels of lipid order mostly related to their relative amount of sterol-rich domains, thought to mediate temporal and spatial organization of cellular processes. We previously provided evidence in Arabidopsis thaliana that sterols are crucial for execution of cytokinesis, the last stage of cell division. Recently, we used di-4-ANEPPDHQ, a fluorescent probe sensitive to order of lipid phases, to quantify the level of membrane order of the cell plate, the membrane structure separating daughter cells during somatic cytokinesis of higher plant cells. By employing quantitative, ratiometric fluorescence microscopy for mapping localized lipid order levels, we revealed that the Arabidopsis cell plate represents a high-lipid-order domain of the plasma membrane. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols and troubleshooting for ratiometric live imaging procedures employing the di-4-ANEPPDHQ fluorescent probe for quantification of membrane lipid order during plant cell division in suspension cell cultures and roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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