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Das Gupta A, Park J, Sorrells JE, Kim H, Krawczynska N, Gamage HEV, Nelczyk AT, Boppart SA, Boppart MD, Nelson ER. Cholesterol Metabolite 27-Hydroxycholesterol Enhances the Secretion of Cancer Promoting Extracellular Vesicles by a Mitochondrial ROS-Induced Impairment of Lysosomal Function. bioRxiv 2024:2024.05.01.591500. [PMID: 38746134 PMCID: PMC11092642 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.591500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as crucial mediators of cell-to-cell communication in normal physiology as well as in diseased states, and have been largely studied in regard to their role in cancer progression. However, the mechanisms by which their biogenesis and secretion are regulated by metabolic or endocrine factors remain unknown. Here, we delineate a mechanism by which EV secretion is regulated by a cholesterol metabolite, 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC), where treatment of myeloid immune cells (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1) with 27HC impairs lysosomal homeostasis, leading to shunting of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) away from lysosomal degradation, towards secretion as EVs. This impairment of lysosomal function is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, cotreatment with a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant rescued the lysosomal impairment and attenuated the 27HC-mediated increase in EV secretion. Overall, our findings establish how a cholesterol metabolite regulates EV secretion and paves the way for the development of strategies to regulate cancer progression by controlling EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Adam T. Nelczyk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multi-scale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801 USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Erik R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology-Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois, 61801 USA
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Williams JT, Giletto M, Haiderer ER, Aleiwi B, Krieger-Burke T, Ellsworth E, Abramovitch RB. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL3 inhibitor MSU-43085 is active in a mouse model of infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367723. [PMID: 38078724 PMCID: PMC10783087 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03677-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE MmpL3 is a protein that is required for the survival of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. This report describes the discovery and characterization of a new small molecule, MSU-43085, that targets MmpL3 and is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and M. abscessus survival. MSU-43085 is shown to be orally bioavailable and efficacious in an acute model of Mtb infection. However, the analog is inactive against Mtb in chronically infected mice. Pharmacokinetic and metabolite identification studies identified in vivo metabolism of MSU-43085, leading to a short half-life in treated mice. These proof-of-concept studies will guide further development of the MSU-43085 series for the treatment of TB or NTM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew Giletto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Haiderer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Dechow SJ, Baker JJ, Murto M, Abramovitch RB. ppe51 Variants Enable Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Acidic pH by Selectively Promoting Glycerol Uptake. J Bacteriol 2022;:e0021222. [PMID: 36226966 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In defined media supplemented with single carbon sources, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits carbon source specific growth restriction. When supplied with glycerol as the sole carbon source at pH 5.7, Mtb establishes a metabolically active state of nonreplicating persistence known as acid growth arrest. We hypothesized that acid growth arrest on glycerol is not a metabolic restriction, but rather an adaptive response. To test this hypothesis, we selected for and identified several Mtb mutants that could grow under these restrictive conditions. All mutations were mapped to the ppe51 gene and resulted in variants with 3 different amino acid substitutions- S211R, E215K, and A228D. Expression of the ppe51 variants in Mtb promoted growth at acidic pH showing that the mutant alleles are sufficient to cause the dominant gain-of-function, Enhanced Acid Growth (EAG) phenotype. Testing growth on other single carbon sources showed the PPE51 variants specifically enhanced growth on glycerol, suggesting PPE51 plays a role in glycerol uptake. Using radiolabeled glycerol, enhanced glycerol uptake was observed in Mtb expressing the PPE51 (S211R) variant, with glycerol overaccumulation in triacylglycerol. Notably, the EAG phenotype is deleterious for growth in macrophages, where the mutants have selectively faster replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages compared to resting macrophages. Recombinant PPE51 protein exhibited differential thermostability in the wild type (WT) or S211R variants in the presence of glycerol, supporting the model that EAG substitutions alter PPE51-glycerol interactions. Together, these findings support that PPE51 variants selectively promote glycerol uptake and that slowed growth at acidic pH is an important adaptive mechanism required for macrophage pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE It is puzzling why Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cannot grow on glycerol at acidic pH, as it has a carbon source and oxygen, everything it needs to grow. In this study, we found that Mtb limits uptake of glycerol at acidic pH to restrict its growth and that mutations in ppe51 promote uptake of glycerol at acidic pH and enable growth. That is, Mtb can grow well at acidic pH on glycerol, but has adapted instead to stop growth. Notably, ppe51 variants exhibit enhanced replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages, supporting a role for pH-dependent slowed growth during macrophage pathogenesis.
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Winters CG, Basnet RM, Faasuamalie PE, Shallom SJ, Zelazny AM, Gupta S, Olivier KN. Disulfiram Is Effective against Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium abscessus in a Zebrafish Embryo Infection Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022;:e0053922. [PMID: 36197094 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00539-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) pathogen infecting susceptible people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis. Here, we demonstrated the activity of an FDA-approved drug, disulfiram, against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. abscessus strains utilizing in vitro and intracellular macrophage assays and a zebrafish embryo infection model. These data demonstrate effective antimicrobial activity of disulfiram against M. abscessus infection in vivo and strongly support further study of disulfiram in human NTM infections.
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Silva D, Lopes MVC, Petrovski Ž, Santos MM, Santos JP, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Bispo MLF, de Souza MVN, Duarte ARC, Lourenço MCS, Gonçalves RSB, Branco LC. Novel Organic Salts Based on Mefloquine: Synthesis, Solubility, Permeability, and In Vitro Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165167. [PMID: 36014405 PMCID: PMC9412322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel pharmaceutical tools to efficiently tackle tuberculosis is the order of the day due to the rapid development of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Herein, we report novel potential formulations of a repurposed drug, the antimalarial mefloquine (MFL), which was combined with organic anions as chemical adjuvants. Eight mefloquine organic salts were obtained by ion metathesis reaction between mefloquine hydrochloride ([MFLH][Cl]) and several organic acid sodium salts in high yields. One of the salts, mefloquine mesylate ([MFLH][MsO]), presented increased water solubility in comparison with [MFLH][Cl]. Moreover, all salts with the exception of mefloquine docusate ([MFLH][AOT]) showed improved permeability and diffusion through synthetic membranes. Finally, in vitro activity studies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed that these ionic formulations exhibited up to 1.5-times lower MIC values when compared with [MFLH][Cl], particularly mefloquine camphorsulfonates ([MFLH][(1R)-CSA], [MFLH][(1S)-CSA]) and mefloquine HEPES ([MFLH][HEPES]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dário Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Márcio V. C. Lopes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Željko Petrovski
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jussevania P. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Sueli F. Yamada-Ogatta
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelle L. F. Bispo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. N. de Souza
- FioCruz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far-Manguinhos, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita C. Duarte
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria C. S. Lourenço
- Instituto de Pesquisas Clínica Evandro Chagas—IPEC, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Raoni Schroeder B. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.S.B.G.); (L.C.B.)
| | - Luis C. Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.S.B.G.); (L.C.B.)
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Shapira T, Rankine-Wilson L, Chao JD, Pichler V, Rens C, Pfeifer T, Av-Gay Y. High-Content Screening of Eukaryotic Kinase Inhibitors Identify CHK2 Inhibitor Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:553962. [PMID: 33042061 PMCID: PMC7530171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A screen of a eukaryotic kinase inhibitor library in an established intracellular infection model identified a set of drug candidates enabling intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Screen validity was confirmed internally by a Z′ = 0.5 and externally by detecting previously reported host-targeting anti-M.tb compounds. Inhibitors of the CHK kinase family, specifically checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), showed the highest inhibition and lowest toxicity of all kinase families. The screen identified and validated DDUG, a CHK2 inhibitor, as a novel bactericidal anti-M.tb compound. CHK2 inhibition by RNAi phenocopied the intracellular inhibitory effect of DDUG. DDUG was active intracellularly against M.tb, but not other mycobacteria. DDUG also had extracellular activity against 4 of 12 bacteria tested, including M.tb. Combined, these observations suggest DDUG acts in tandem against both host and pathogen. Importantly, DDUG’s validation highlights the screening and analysis methodology developed for this screen, which identified novel host-directed anti-M.tb compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leah Rankine-Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia Pichler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Celine Rens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom Pfeifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Madhvi A, Mishra H, Leisching G, Mahlobo P, Baker B. Comparison of human monocyte derived macrophages and THP1-like macrophages as in vitro models for M. tuberculosis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 67:101355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Williams JT, Haiderer ER, Coulson GB, Conner KN, Ellsworth E, Chen C, Alvarez-Cabrera N, Li W, Jackson M, Dick T, Abramovitch RB. Identification of New MmpL3 Inhibitors by Untargeted and Targeted Mutant Screens Defines MmpL3 Domains with Differential Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00547-19. [PMID: 31405862 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00547-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolate flippase MmpL3 has been the proposed target for multiple inhibitors with diverse chemical scaffolds. This diversity in chemical scaffolds has made it difficult to predict compounds that inhibit MmpL3 without whole-genome sequencing of isolated resistant mutants. Here, we describe the identification of four new inhibitors that select for resistance mutations in mmpL3. Using these resistant mutants, we conducted a targeted whole-cell phenotypic screen of 163 novel M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors for differential growth inhibition of wild-type M. tuberculosis compared to the growth of a pool of 24 unique mmpL3 mutants. The screen successfully identified six additional putative MmpL3 inhibitors. The compounds were bactericidal both in vitro and against intracellular M. tuberculosis M. tuberculosis cells treated with these compounds were shown to accumulate trehalose monomycolates, have reduced levels of trehalose dimycolate, and displace an MmpL3-specific probe, supporting MmpL3 as the target. The inhibitors were mycobacterium specific, with several also showing activity against the nontuberculous mycobacterial species M. abscessus Cluster analysis of cross-resistance profiles generated by dose-response experiments for each combination of 13 MmpL3 inhibitors against each of the 24 mmpL3 mutants defined two clades of inhibitors and two clades of mmpL3 mutants. Pairwise combination studies of the inhibitors revealed interactions that were specific to the clades identified in the cross-resistance profiling. Additionally, modeling of resistance-conferring substitutions to the MmpL3 crystal structure revealed clade-specific localization of the residues to specific domains of MmpL3, with the clades showing differential resistance. Several compounds exhibited high solubility and stability in microsomes and low cytotoxicity in macrophages, supporting their further development. The combined study of multiple mutants and novel compounds provides new insights into structure-function interactions of MmpL3 and small-molecule inhibitors.
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Zheng H, Williams JT, Coulson GB, Haiderer ER, Abramovitch RB. HC2091 Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Targeting the MmpL3 Mycolic Acid Transporter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02459-17. [PMID: 29661875 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02459-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a deadly disease that requires a long course of treatment. The emergence of drug-resistant strains has driven efforts to discover new small molecules that can kill the bacterium. Here, we report characterizations of the compound HC2091, which kills M. tuberculosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro and inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous HC2091-resistant mutants identified single-nucleotide variants in the mmpL3 mycolic acid transporter gene. HC2091-resistant mutants do not exhibit cross-resistance with the well-characterized Mycobacterium membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) inhibitor SQ109, suggesting a distinct mechanism of interaction with MmpL3. Additionally, HC2091 does not modulate bacterial membrane potential or kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosis, thus acting differently from other known MmpL3 inhibitors. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptional profiling and lipid profiling of M. tuberculosis treated with HC2091 or SQ109 show that the two compounds target a similar pathway. HC2091 has a chemical structure dissimilar to those of previously described MmpL3 inhibitors, supporting the notion that HC2091 is a new class of MmpL3 inhibitor.
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10
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Coulson GB, Johnson BK, Zheng H, Colvin CJ, Fillinger RJ, Haiderer ER, Hammer ND, Abramovitch RB. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sensitivity to Thiol Stress at Acidic pH Kills the Bacterium and Potentiates Antibiotics. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:993-1004.e4. [PMID: 28781126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must sense and adapt to immune pressures such as acidic pH during pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to isolate compounds that inhibit acidic pH resistance, thus defining virulence pathways that are vulnerable to chemotherapy. Here, we report that the compound AC2P36 selectively kills Mtb at acidic pH and potentiates the bactericidal activity of isoniazid, clofazimine, and diamide. We show that AC2P36 activity is associated with thiol stress and causes an enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species at acidic pH. Mechanism of action studies demonstrate that AC2P36 directly depletes Mtb thiol pools, with enhanced depletion of free thiols at acidic pH. These findings support that Mtb is especially vulnerable to thiol stress at acidic pH and that chemical depletion of thiol pools is a promising target to promote Mtb killing and potentiation of antimicrobials.
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11
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Manning AJ, Ovechkina Y, McGillivray A, Flint L, Roberts DM, Parish T. A high content microscopy assay to determine drug activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods 2017; 127:3-11. [PMID: 28366666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases with the greatest global burden, affecting millions of people. The rise of multi- and extensively-drug resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis over the last few decades has highlighted the urgent need for development of new drugs to treat the disease. Many drug development pipelines are based on in vitro assays examining a compound's effect on M. tuberculosis alone. These do not account for the effect of a compound on mammalian cells nor the interaction between host and pathogen. We therefore developed a live-cell fluorescence-based screen utilizing high content microscopy of mammalian macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to screen for compounds with both substantial inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth and low cytotoxicity. Isoniazid, a first line tuberculosis drug, and staurosporine, a compound with well documented cytotoxic activity, were used to validate the assay. These and other control compounds showed results for M. tuberculosis growth consistent with the field. Together, this method of screening allows for high throughput testing of potential tuberculosis drugs while capturing more information per compound in a physiologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Manning
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Amanda McGillivray
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Lindsay Flint
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - David M Roberts
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Andreu N, Phelan J, de Sessions PF, Cliff JM, Clark TG, Hibberd ML. Primary macrophages and J774 cells respond differently to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42225. [PMID: 28176867 DOI: 10.1038/srep42225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in the early immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and are the cell type preferentially infected in vivo. Primary macrophages and macrophage-like cell lines are commonly used as infection models, although the physiological relevance of cell lines, particularly for host-pathogen interaction studies, is debatable. Here we use high-throughput RNA-sequencing to analyse transcriptome dynamics of two macrophage models in response to M. tuberculosis infection. Specifically, we study the early response of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages and cell line J774 to infection with live and γ-irradiated (killed) M. tuberculosis. We show that infection with live bacilli specifically alters the expression of host genes such as Rsad2, Ifit1/2/3 and Rig-I, whose potential roles in resistance to M. tuberculosis infection have not yet been investigated. In addition, the response of primary macrophages is faster and more intense than that of J774 cells in terms of number of differentially expressed genes and magnitude of induction/repression. Our results point to potentially novel processes leading to immune containment early during M. tuberculosis infection, and support the idea that important differences exist between primary macrophages and cell lines, which should be taken into account when choosing a macrophage model to study host-pathogen interactions.
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Zheng H, Colvin CJ, Johnson BK, Kirchhoff PD, Wilson M, Jorgensen-Muga K, Larsen SD, Abramovitch RB. Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosRST signaling and persistence. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:218-225. [PMID: 27992879 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DosRST two-component regulatory system promotes the survival of Mtb during non-replicating persistence (NRP). NRP bacteria help drive the long course of tuberculosis therapy; therefore, chemical inhibition of DosRST may inhibit the ability of Mtb to establish persistence and thus shorten treatment. Using a DosRST-dependent fluorescent Mtb reporter strain, a whole-cell phenotypic high-throughput screen of a ∼540,000 compound small-molecule library was conducted. The screen discovered novel inhibitors of the DosRST regulon, including three compounds that were subject to follow-up studies: artemisinin, HC102A and HC103A. Under hypoxia, all three compounds inhibit Mtb-persistence-associated physiological processes, including triacylglycerol synthesis, survival and antibiotic tolerance. Artemisinin functions by disabling the heme-based DosS and DosT sensor kinases by oxidizing ferrous heme and generating heme-artemisinin adducts. In contrast, HC103A inhibits DosS and DosT autophosphorylation activity without targeting the sensor kinase heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher J Colvin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul D Kirchhoff
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Johnson BK, Colvin CJ, Needle DB, Mba Medie F, Champion PA, Abramovitch RB. The Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Ethoxzolamide Inhibits the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoPR Regulon and Esx-1 Secretion and Attenuates Virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4436-45. [PMID: 25987613 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00719-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis must sense and adapt to host environmental cues to establish and maintain an infection. The two-component regulatory system PhoPR plays a central role in sensing and responding to acidic pH within the macrophage and is required for M. tuberculosis intracellular replication and growth in vivo. Therefore, the isolation of compounds that inhibit PhoPR-dependent adaptation may identify new antivirulence therapies to treat tuberculosis. Here, we report that the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxzolamide inhibits the PhoPR regulon and reduces pathogen virulence. We show that treatment of M. tuberculosis with ethoxzolamide recapitulates phoPR mutant phenotypes, including downregulation of the core PhoPR regulon, altered accumulation of virulence-associated lipids, and inhibition of Esx-1 protein secretion. Quantitative single-cell imaging of a PhoPR-dependent fluorescent reporter strain demonstrates that ethoxzolamide inhibits PhoPR-regulated genes in infected macrophages and mouse lungs. Moreover, ethoxzolamide reduces M. tuberculosis growth in both macrophages and infected mice. Ethoxzolamide inhibits M. tuberculosis carbonic anhydrase activity, supporting a previously unrecognized link between carbonic anhydrase activity and PhoPR signaling. We propose that ethoxzolamide may be pursued as a new class of antivirulence therapy that functions by modulating expression of the PhoPR regulon and Esx-1-dependent virulence.
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