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Onigbinde S, Reyes CDG, Fowowe M, Daramola O, Atashi M, Bennett AI, Mechref Y. Variations in O-Glycosylation Patterns Influence Viral Pathogenicity, Infectivity, and Transmissibility in SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1467. [PMID: 37892149 PMCID: PMC10604390 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly glycosylated S protein plays a vital role in host cell invasion, making it the principal target for vaccine development. Differences in mutations observed on the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants may result in distinct glycosylation patterns, thus influencing immunological evasion, infectivity, and transmissibility. The glycans can mask key epitopes on the S1 protein and alter its structural conformation, allowing the virus to escape the immune system. Therefore, we comprehensively characterize O-glycosylation in eleven variants of SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunits to understand the differences observed in the biology of the variants. In-depth characterization was performed with a double digestion strategy and an efficient LC-MS/MS approach. We observed that O-glycosylation is highly conserved across all variants in the region between the NTD and RBD, whereas other domains and regions exhibit variation in O-glycosylation. Notably, omicron has the highest number of O-glycosylation sites on the S1 subunit. Also, omicron has the highest level of sialylation in the RBD and RBM functional motifs. Our findings may shed light on how differences in O-glycosylation impact viral pathogenicity in variants of SARS-CoV-2 and facilitate the development of a robust vaccine with high protective efficacy against the variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.O.); (C.D.G.R.); (M.F.); (O.D.); (M.A.); (A.I.B.)
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2
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Bieberich E. Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-Glycans in N-Glycoproteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:65-93. [PMID: 36255672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Many membrane-resident and secreted proteins, including growth factors and their receptors are N-glycosylated. The initial N-glycan structure is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a branched structure on a lipid anchor (dolicholpyrophosphate) and then co-translationally, "en bloc" transferred and linked via N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine within a specific N-glycosylation acceptor sequence of the nascent recipient protein. In the ER and then the Golgi apparatus, the N-linked glycan structure is modified by hydrolytic removal of sugar residues ("trimming") followed by re-glycosylation with additional sugar residues ("processing") such as galactose, fucose or sialic acid to form complex N-glycoproteins. While the sequence of the reactions leading to biosynthesis, "en bloc" transfer and processing of N-glycans is well investigated, it is still not completely understood how N-glycans affect the biological fate and function of N-glycoproteins. This review will discuss the biology of N-glycoprotein synthesis, processing and function with specific reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of the immune and nervous system, as well as infectious diseases such as Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Wang Q, Wang T, Wu WW, Lin CY, Yang S, Yang G, Jankowska E, Hu Y, Shen RF, Betenbaugh MJ, Cipollo JF. Comprehensive N- and O-Glycoproteomic Analysis of Multiple Chinese Hamster Ovary Host Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2341-2355. [PMID: 36129246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteomic analysis of three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension host cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-Pro5) commonly utilized in biopharmaceutical settings for recombinant protein production is reported. Intracellular and secreted glycoproteins were examined. We utilized an immobilization and chemoenzymatic strategy in our analysis. Glycoproteins or glycopeptides were first immobilized through reductive amination, and the sialyl moieties were amidated for protection. The desired N- or O-glycans and glycopeptides were released from the immobilization resin by enzymatic or chemical digestion. Glycopeptides were studied by Orbitrap Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and the released glycans were analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Differences were detected in the relative abundances of N- and O-glycopeptide types, their resident and released glycans, and their glycoprotein complexity. Ontogeny analysis revealed key differences in features, such as general metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, including glycosylation systems, as well as distributions in cellular compartments. Host cell lines and subfraction differences were observed in both N- and O-glycan and glycoprotein pools. Differences were observed in sialyl and fucosyl glycan distributions. Key differences were also observed among glycoproteins that are problematic contaminants in recombinant antibody production. The differences revealed in this study should inform the choice of cell lines best suited for a particular bioproduction application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Shuang Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - John F Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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4
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Bohlender LL, Parsons J, Hoernstein SNW, Bangert N, Rodríguez-Jahnke F, Reski R, Decker EL. Unexpected Arabinosylation after Humanization of Plant Protein N-Glycosylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:838365. [PMID: 35252146 PMCID: PMC8894861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.838365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As biopharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins have become indispensable tools in medicine. An increasing demand, not only in quantity but also in diversity, drives the constant development and improvement of production platforms. The N-glycosylation pattern on biopharmaceuticals plays an important role in activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity. Therefore, production platforms with tailored protein N-glycosylation are of great interest. Plant-based systems have already demonstrated their potential to produce pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins, although their N-glycan patterns differ from those in humans. Plants have shown great plasticity towards the manipulation of their glycosylation machinery, and some have already been glyco-engineered in order to avoid the attachment of plant-typical, putatively immunogenic sugar residues. This resulted in complex-type N-glycans with a core structure identical to the human one. Compared to humans, plants lack the ability to elongate these N-glycans with β1,4-linked galactoses and terminal sialic acids. However, these modifications, which require the activity of several mammalian enzymes, have already been achieved for Nicotiana benthamiana and the moss Physcomitrella. Here, we present the first step towards sialylation of recombinant glycoproteins in Physcomitrella, human β1,4-linked terminal N-glycan galactosylation, which was achieved by the introduction of a chimeric β1,4-galactosyltransferase (FTGT). This chimeric enzyme consists of the moss α1,4-fucosyltransferase transmembrane domain, fused to the catalytic domain of the human β1,4-galactosyltransferase. Stable FTGT expression led to the desired β1,4-galactosylation. However, additional pentoses of unknown identity were also observed. The nature of these pentoses was subsequently determined by Western blot and enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis and resulted in their identification as α-linked arabinoses. Since a pentosylation of β1,4-galactosylated N-glycans was reported earlier, e.g., on recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glyco-engineered Nicotiana tabacum, this phenomenon is of a more general importance for plant-based production platforms. Arabinoses, which are absent in humans, may prevent the full humanization of plant-derived products. Therefore, the identification of these pentoses as arabinoses is important as it creates the basis for their abolishment to ensure the production of safe biopharmaceuticals in plant-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard L. Bohlender
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana Parsons
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nina Bangert
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Jahnke
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva L. Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva L. Decker,
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5
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Yang S, Lin C, Aliyu L, Chen Y, Parsons L, Tian Y, Jia H, Pekosz A, Betenbaugh MJ, Cipollo JF. A Linkage-specific Sialic Acid Labeling Strategy Reveals Different Site-specific Glycosylation Patterns in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Produced in CHO and HEK Cell Substrates. Front Chem 2021; 9:735558. [PMID: 34631661 PMCID: PMC8497748 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.735558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus utilizes the extensively glycosylated spike (S) protein protruding from the viral envelope to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) as its primary receptor to mediate host-cell entry. Currently, the main recombinant S protein production hosts are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. In this study, a recombinant S protein truncated at the transmembrane domain and engineered to express a C-terminal trimerization motif was transiently produced in CHO and HEK cell suspensions. To further evaluate the sialic acid linkages presenting on S protein, a two-step amidation process, employing dimethylamine and ammonium hydroxide reactions in a solid support system, was developed to differentially modify the sialic acid linkages on the glycans and glycopeptides from the S protein. The process also adds a charge to Asp and Glu which aids in ionization. We used MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS with electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) fragmentation to determine global and site-specific N-linked glycosylation patterns. We identified 21 and 19 out of the 22 predicted N-glycosites of the SARS-CoV-2 S proteins produced in CHO and HEK, respectively. It was found that the N-glycosite at 1,158 position (N1158) and at 122, 282 and 1,158 positions (N122, N282 and N1158) were absent on S from CHO and HEK cells, respectively. The structural mapping of glycans of recombinant human S proteins reveals that CHO-Spike exhibits more complex and higher sialylation (α2,3-linked) content while HEK-Spike exhibits more high-mannose and a small amount of α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids. The N74 site represents the most abundant glycosite on both spike proteins. The relatively higher amount of high-mannose abundant sites (N17, N234, N343, N616, N709, N717, N801, and N1134) on HEK-Spike suggests that glycan-shielding may differ among the two constructs. HEK-Spike can also provide different host immune system interaction profiles based on known immune system active lectins. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of characterizing the site-specific glycosylation of recombinant human spike proteins from HEK and CHO cells in order to better understand the impact of the production host on this complex and important protein used in research, diagnostics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shuang Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changyi Lin
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lateef Aliyu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yiqun Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lisa Parsons
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John F Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Heffner KM, Wang Q, Hizal DB, Can Ö, Betenbaugh MJ. Glycoengineering of Mammalian Expression Systems on a Cellular Level. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 29532110 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian expression systems such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), mouse myeloma (NS0), and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells serve a critical role in the biotechnology industry as the production host of choice for recombinant protein therapeutics. Most of the recombinant biologics are glycoproteins that contain complex oligosaccharide or glycan attachments representing a principal component of product quality. Both N-glycans and O-glycans are present in these mammalian cells, but the engineering of N-linked glycosylation is of critical interest in industry and many efforts have been directed to improve this pathway. This is because altering the N-glycan composition can change the product quality of recombinant biotherapeutics in mammalian hosts. In addition, sialylation and fucosylation represent components of the glycosylation pathway that affect circulatory half-life and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, respectively. In this chapter, we first offer an overview of the glycosylation, sialylation, and fucosylation networks in mammalian cells, specifically CHO cells, which are extensively used in antibody production. Next, genetic engineering technologies used in CHO cells to modulate glycosylation pathways are described. We provide examples of their use in CHO cell engineering approaches to highlight these technologies further. Specifically, we describe efforts to overexpress glycosyltransferases and sialyltransfereases, and efforts to decrease sialidase cleavage and fucosylation. Finally, this chapter covers new strategies and future directions of CHO cell glycoengineering, such as the application of glycoproteomics, glycomics, and the integration of 'omics' approaches to identify, quantify, and characterize the glycosylated proteins in CHO cells. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Heffner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deniz Baycin Hizal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Özge Can
- Department of Medical Engineering, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Pralow A, Cajic S, Alagesan K, Kolarich D, Rapp E. State-of-the-Art Glycomics Technologies in Glycobiotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:379-411. [PMID: 33112988 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the properties of biologics; thus regulatory bodies classified it as critical quality attribute and force biopharma industry to capture and control it throughout all phases, from R&D till end of product lifetime. The shift from originators to biosimilars further increases importance and extent of glycoanalysis, which thus increases the need for technology platforms enabling reliable high-throughput and in-depth glycan analysis. In this chapter, we will first summarize on established glycoanalytical methods based on liquid chromatography focusing on hydrophilic interaction chromatography, capillary electrophoresis focusing on multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry focusing on matrix-assisted laser desorption; we will then highlight two emerging technologies based on porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography and on ion-mobility mass spectrometry as both are highly promising tools to deliver an additional level of information for in-depth glycan analysis; additionally we elaborate on the advantages and challenges of different glycoanalytical technologies and their complementarity; finally, we briefly review applications thereof to biopharmaceutical products. This chapter provides an overview of current state-of-the-art analytical approaches for glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals that can be employed to capture glycoprotein heterogeneity in a biopharmaceutical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathirvel Alagesan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Lawanprasert A, Guinan CA, Langford EA, Hawkins CE, Sloand JN, Fescemyer HW, Aronson MR, Halle JA, Marden JH, Medina SH. Discovery of antitumor lectins from rainforest tree root transcriptomes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229467. [PMID: 32097449 PMCID: PMC7041804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are multi-branched sugars that are displayed from lipids and proteins. Through their diverse polysaccharide structures they can potentiate a myriad of cellular signaling pathways involved in development, growth, immuno-communication and survival. Not surprisingly, disruption of glycan synthesis is fundamental to various human diseases; including cancer, where aberrant glycosylation drives malignancy. Here, we report the discovery of a novel mannose-binding lectin, ML6, which selectively recognizes and binds to these irregular tumor-specific glycans to elicit potent and rapid cancer cell death. This lectin was engineered from gene models identified in a tropical rainforest tree root transcriptome and is unusual in its six canonical mannose binding domains (QxDxNxVxY), each with a unique amino acid sequence. Remarkably, ML6 displays antitumor activity that is >105 times more potent than standard chemotherapeutics, while being almost completely inactive towards non-transformed, healthy cells. This activity, in combination with results from glycan binding studies, suggests ML6 differentiates healthy and malignant cells by exploiting divergent glycosylation pathways that yield naïve and incomplete cell surface glycans in tumors. Thus, ML6 and other high-valence lectins may serve as novel biochemical tools to elucidate the glycomic signature of different human tumors and aid in the rational design of carbohydrate-directed therapies. Further, understanding how nature evolves proteins, like ML6, to combat the changing defenses of competing microorganisms may allow for fundamental advances in the way we approach combinatorial therapies to fight therapeutic resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atip Lawanprasert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Caitlin A. Guinan
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Langford
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Carly E. Hawkins
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Janna N. Sloand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Howard W. Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Halle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - James H. Marden
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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9
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Reeves EP, Dunlea DM, McQuillan K, O'Dwyer CA, Carroll TP, Saldova R, Akepati PR, Wormald MR, McElvaney OJ, Shutchaidat V, Henry M, Meleady P, Keenan J, Liberti DC, Kotton DN, Rudd PM, Wilson AA, McElvaney NG. Circulating Truncated Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Glycoprotein in Patient Plasma Retains Anti-Inflammatory Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2240-2253. [PMID: 30796179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is an acute phase protein that possesses immune-regulatory and anti-inflammatory functions independent of antiprotease activity. AAT deficiency (AATD) is associated with early-onset emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Of interest are the AATD nonsense mutations (termed null or Q0), the majority of which arise from premature termination codons in the mRNA coding region. We have recently demonstrated that plasma from an AATD patient homozygous for the Null Bolton allele (Q0bolton ) contains AAT protein of truncated size. Although the potential to alleviate the phenotypic consequences of AATD by increasing levels of truncated protein holds therapeutic promise, protein functionality is key. The goal of this study was to evaluate the structural features and anti-inflammatory capacity of Q0bolton-AAT. A low-abundance, truncated AAT protein was confirmed in plasma of a Q0bolton-AATD patient and was secreted by patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-hepatic cells. Functional assays confirmed the ability of purified Q0bolton-AAT protein to bind neutrophil elastase and to inhibit protease activity. Q0bolton-AAT bound IL-8 and leukotriene B4, comparable to healthy control M-AAT, and significantly decreased leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil adhesion (p = 0.04). Through a mechanism involving increased mRNA stability (p = 0.007), ataluren treatment of HEK-293 significantly increased Q0bolton-AAT mRNA expression (p = 0.03) and Q0bolton-AAT truncated protein secretion (p = 0.04). Results support the rationale for treatment with pharmacological agents that augment levels of functional Q0bolton-AAT protein, thus offering a potential therapeutic option for AATD patients with rare mutations of similar theratype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | - Danielle M Dunlea
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Karen McQuillan
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ciara A O'Dwyer
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tomás P Carroll
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prithvi Reddy Akepati
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vipatsorn Shutchaidat
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joanne Keenan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Derek C Liberti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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10
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Metabolic engineering of CHO cells to prepare glycoproteins. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:433-442. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a complex and common post-translational modification, N-linked glycosylation affects a recombinant glycoprotein's biological activity and efficacy. For example, the α1,6-fucosylation significantly affects antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and α2,6-sialylation is critical for antibody anti-inflammatory activity. Terminal sialylation is important for a glycoprotein's circulatory half-life. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the predominant recombinant protein production platform, and, in this review, the characteristics of CHO glycosylation are summarized. Moreover, recent and current metabolic engineering strategies for tailoring glycoprotein fucosylation and sialylation in CHO cells, intensely investigated in the past decades, are described. One approach for reducing α1,6-fucosylation is through inhibiting fucosyltransferase (FUT8) expression by knockdown and knockout methods. Another approach to modulate fucosylation is through inhibition of multiple genes in the fucosylation biosynthesis pathway or through chemical inhibitors. To modulate antibody sialylation of the fragment crystallizable region, expressions of sialyltransferase and galactotransferase individually or together with amino acid mutations can affect antibody glycoforms and further influence antibody effector functions. The inhibition of sialidase expression and chemical supplementations are also effective and complementary approaches to improve the sialylation levels on recombinant glycoproteins. The engineering of CHO cells or protein sequence to control glycoforms to produce more homogenous glycans is an emerging topic. For modulating the glycosylation metabolic pathways, the interplay of multiple glyco-gene knockouts and knockins and the combination of multiple approaches, including genetic manipulation, protein engineering and chemical supplementation, are detailed in order to achieve specific glycan profiles on recombinant glycoproteins for superior biological function and effectiveness.
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Wang Q, Chung CY, Chough S, Betenbaugh MJ. Antibody glycoengineering strategies in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1378-1393. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Sandra Chough
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
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Tejwani V, Andersen MR, Nam JH, Sharfstein ST. Glycoengineering in CHO Cells: Advances in Systems Biology. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700234. [PMID: 29316325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, glycoprotein biologics have been successfully produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The therapeutic efficacy and potency of glycoprotein biologics are often dictated by their post-translational modifications, particularly glycosylation, which unlike protein synthesis, is a non-templated process. Consequently, both native and recombinant glycoprotein production generate heterogeneous mixtures containing variable amounts of different glycoforms. Stability, potency, plasma half-life, and immunogenicity of the glycoprotein biologic are directly influenced by the glycoforms. Recently, CHO cells have also been explored for production of therapeutic glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), which presents similar challenges as producing glycoproteins biologics. Approaches to controlling heterogeneity in CHO cells and directing the biosynthetic process toward desired glycoforms are not well understood. A systems biology approach combining different technologies is needed for complete understanding of the molecular processes accounting for this variability and to open up new venues in cell line development. In this review, we describe several advances in genetic manipulation, modeling, and glycan and glycoprotein analysis that together will provide new strategies for glycoengineering of CHO cells with desired or enhanced glycosylation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Tejwani
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
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Losfeld ME, Scibona E, Lin CW, Villiger TK, Gauss R, Morbidelli M, Aebi M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity. FASEB J 2017; 31:4623-4635. [PMID: 28679530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700403r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study how the interaction between N-linked glycans and the surrounding amino acids influences oligosaccharide processing, we used protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a glycoprotein bearing 5 N-glycosylation sites, as a model system and expressed it transiently in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-S cell line. PDI was produced as both secreted Sec-PDI and endoplasmic reticulum-retained glycoprotein (ER)-PDI, to study glycan processing by ER and Golgi resident enzymes. Quantitative site-specific glycosylation profiles were obtained, and flux analysis enabled modeling site-specific glycan processing. By altering the primary sequence of PDI, we changed the glycan/protein interaction and thus the site-specific glycoprofile because of the improved enzymatic fluxes at enzymatic bottlenecks. Our results highlight the importance of direct interactions between N-glycans and surface-exposed amino acids of glycoproteins on processing in the ER and the Golgi and the possibility of changing a site-specific N-glycan profile by modulating such interactions and thus the associated enzymatic fluxes. Altering the primary protein sequence can therefore be used to glycoengineer recombinant proteins.-Losfeld, M.-E., Scibona, E., Lin, C.-W., Villiger, T. K., Gauss, R., Morbidelli, M., Aebi, M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gauss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
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Biomimetic Principles to Develop Blood Compatible Surfaces. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 40:22-30. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized biomaterial surface patterns capable of resisting nonspecific adsorption while retaining their bioactivity are crucial in the advancement of biomedical technologies, but currently available biomaterials intended for use in whole blood frequently suffer from nonspecific adsorption of proteins and cells, leading to a loss of activity over time. In this review, we address two concepts for the design and modification of blood compatible biomaterial surfaces, zwitterionic modification and surface functionalization with glycans – both of which are inspired by the membrane structure of mammalian cells – and discuss their potential for biomedical applications.
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Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells represent the predominant platform in biopharmaceutical industry for the production of recombinant biotherapeutic proteins, especially glycoproteins. These glycoproteins include oligosaccharide or glycan attachments that represent one of the principal components dictating product quality. Especially important are the N-glycan attachments present on many recombinant glycoproteins of commercial interest. Furthermore, altering the glycan composition can be used to modulate the production quality of a recombinant biotherapeutic from CHO and other mammalian hosts. This review first describes the glycosylation network in mammalian cells and compares the glycosylation patterns between CHO and human cells. Next genetic strategies used in CHO cells to modulate the sialylation patterns through overexpression of sialyltransfereases and other glycosyltransferases are summarized. In addition, other approaches to alter sialylation including manipulation of sialic acid biosynthetic pathways and inhibition of sialidases are described. Finally, this review also covers other strategies such as the glycosylation site insertion and manipulation of glycan heterogeneity to produce desired glycoforms for diverse biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., 220 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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The art of CHO cell engineering: A comprehensive retrospect and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1878-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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