RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Protein Expression

Post-Translational Modifications in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Opportunities

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hematologic malignancy due to the inevitable development of drug resistance, particularly in relapsed or refractory cases. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and glycosylation, play pivotal roles in regulating protein function, stability, and interactions, thereby influencing MM pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms by which dysregulated PTMs contribute to drug resistance in MM, focusing on their impact on key signaling pathways, metabolic reprogramming, and the tumor microenvironment. We highlight how PTMs modulate drug uptake, alter drug targets, and regulate cell survival signals, ultimately promoting resistance to PIs, IMiDs, and other therapeutic agents. Furthermore, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting PTM-related pathways, which offer promising avenues for overcoming resistance to treatment. By integrating preclinical and clinical insights, this review underscores the potential of PTM-targeted therapies to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes in MM.

Covalent Fluorophore Labeling of Oligonucleotides and Generation of Other Oligonucleotide Bioconjugates

Oligonucleotide conjugates have already reached considerable importance in life science research and oligonucleotide drug development. Since the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates depends critically on the chemical nature of the used ligand and linker, there is no general and universal procedure. Here, we present a detailed, quick, and facile protocol for attaching fluorescent dyes or cross-linkers of variable chemical stability to oligonucleotides at 3'- or 5'-aminoalkyl handles. Purification and removal of educts and side-products and structural verification by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry are presented. Aspects for adapting this protocol for other reaction sites at the oligonucleotide are discussed. We highlight important issues for generating oligonucleotide conjugates with other molecules, including peptide, proteins, and small molecules for receptor-targeting applications. The methodology is suitable for oligonucleotides with various modifications, including stabilized antisense, siRNAs, and miRNAs.