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Phuna ZX, Kumar PA, Haroun E, Dutta D, Lim SH. Antibody-drug conjugates: Principles and opportunities. Life Sci 2024; 347:122676. [PMID: 38688384 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are immunoconjugates that combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with a cytotoxic agent. The most appealing aspects of ADCs include their potential additive or synergistic effects of the innate backbone antibody and cytotoxic effects of the payload on tumors without the severe toxic side effects often associated with traditional chemotherapy. Recent advances in identifying new targets with tumor-specific expression, along with improved bioactive payloads and novel linkers, have significantly expanded the scope and optimism for ADCs in cancer therapeutics. In this paper, we will first provide a brief overview of antibody specificity and the structure of ADCs. Next, we will discuss the mechanisms of action and the development of resistance to ADCs. Finally, we will explore opportunities for enhancing ADC efficacy, overcoming drug resistance, and offer future perspectives on leveraging ADCs to improve the outcome of ADC therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- Research and Development, Medicovestor, Inc, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Ashok Kumar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Elio Haroun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Dibyendu Dutta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Seah H Lim
- Research and Development, Medicovestor, Inc, New York City, NY, United States of America; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America.
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Verma VS, Pandey A, Jha AK, Badwaik HKR, Alexander A, Ajazuddin. Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Novel Design and Synthesis Strategies for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Targeted Drug Delivery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6. [PMID: 38519751 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential to enhance therapeutic results and enable targeted drug administration, polymer-drug conjugates that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both the polymer and the linker for drug conjugation have attracted much research. This study seeks to investigate recent developments in the design and synthesis of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, emphasizing fresh ideas that fill in existing knowledge gaps and satisfy the increasing need for more potent drug delivery methods. Through an extensive review of the existing literature, this study identifies key challenges and proposes innovative strategies for future investigations. The paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing and synthesizing PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, including rational molecular design, linker selection, conjugation methods, and characterization techniques. To further emphasize the importance and adaptability of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, prospective applications are highlighted, including cancer treatment, infectious disorders, and chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sagar Verma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India
| | - Aakansha Pandey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jha
- Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Ramchandra Badwaik
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
- Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Guwahati, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India.
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Gong L, Zhao H, Liu Y, Wu H, Liu C, Chang S, Chen L, Jin M, Wang Q, Gao Z, Huang W. Research advances in peptide‒drug conjugates. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3659-3677. [PMID: 37719380 PMCID: PMC10501876 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) are drug delivery systems consisting of a drug covalently coupled to a multifunctional peptide via a cleavable linker. As an emerging prodrug strategy, PDCs not only preserve the function and bioactivity of the peptides but also release the drugs responsively with the cleavable property of the linkers. Given the ability to significantly improve the circulation stability and targeting of drugs in vivo and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs, PDCs have already been extensively applied in drug delivery. Herein, we review the types and mechanisms of peptides, linkers and drugs used to construct PDCs, and summarize the clinical applications and challenges of PDC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuangyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Maiti R, Patel B, Patel N, Patel M, Patel A, Dhanesha N. Antibody drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapy: past development, present challenges and future opportunities. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:361-388. [PMID: 37071273 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity as compared to small cytotoxic molecules alone and have shown the evidence to overcome resistance against tumor and prevent relapse of cancer. The ADC has a potential to change the paradigm of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. At present, 13 ADCs have been approved by USFDA for the treatment of various types of solid tumor and haematological malignancies. This review covers the three structural components of an ADC-antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload-along with their respective structure, chemistry, mechanism of action, and influence on the activity of ADCs. It covers comprehensive insight on structural role of linker towards efficacy, stability & toxicity of ADCs, different types of linkers & various conjugation techniques. A brief overview of various analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ADC is summarized. The current challenges of ADCs, such as heterogeneity, bystander effect, protein aggregation, inefficient internalization or poor penetration into tumor cells, narrow therapeutic index, emergence of resistance, etc., are outlined along with recent advances and future opportunities for the development of more promising next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Maiti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nrupesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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Ertl P, Altmann E, Racine S. The most common linkers in bioactive molecules and their bioisosteric replacement network. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117194. [PMID: 36773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Structures of the large majority of bioactive molecules are composed of several rings that are decorated by substituents and connected by linkers. While numerous cheminformatics studies focusing on rings and substituents are available, practically nothing has been published about the third important structural constituent of bioactive molecules - the linkers. The current study attempts to fill this gap. The most common linkers present in bioactive molecules are identified, their properties analyzed and a method for linker similarity search introduced. The bioisosteric replacement network of linkers is generated based on a large corpus of structure-activity data from medicinal chemistry literature. The results are presented in a graphical form and the underlying data are also made available for download. This analysis is intended to help medicinal chemists to better understand the role of linkers, particularly heterocyclic rings in bioactive molecules and to select an optimal set of linkers in their future project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ertl
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Altmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Racine
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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AlChalabi R, Al-Rahim A, Omer D, Suleiman AA. Immunoinformatics design of multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae strain using cell division protein. Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinform 2022; 12:1. [PMID: 36465492 PMCID: PMC9707196 DOI: 10.1007/s13721-022-00395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is a pathogen that causes invasive bacterial infections in humans. The highest prevalence lies in both young children and adults. Generally, there are no vaccines available that target all the strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Hence, the purpose of this research is to employ bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches to design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine candidate employing the pathogenic cell division protein FtsN that specifically combat all the Haemophilus influenzae strains. The current research focuses on developing subunit vaccine in contrast to vaccines generated from the entire pathogen. This will be accomplished by combining multiple bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. As a result, prospective T cells (helper T lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and B cells epitopes were investigated. The human leukocyte antigen allele having strong associations with the antigenic and overlapping epitopes were chosen, with 70% of the total coverage of the world population. To construct a linked vaccine design, multiple linkers were used. To increase the immunogenic profile, an adjuvant was linked using EAAAK linker. The final vaccine construct with 149 amino acids was obtained after adjuvants and linkers were added. The developed Multi-Epitope Vaccine has a high antigenicity as well as viable physiochemical features. The 3D conformation was modeled and undergoes refinement and validation using bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, protein-protein molecular docking analysis was performed to predict the effective binding poses of Multi-Epitope Vaccine with the Toll-like receptor 4 protein. Besides, vaccine underwent the codon translational optimization and computational cloning to verify the reliability and proper Multi-Epitope Vaccine expression. In addition, it is necessary to conduct experiments and research in the laboratory to demonstrate that the vaccine that has been developed is immunogenic and protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaa AlChalabi
- College of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aya Al-Rahim
- College of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Dania Omer
- College of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Nie H, Liu XM, Yang QX, Luo XD, Zhao Y, Zhang SY. Effect of hydrophile-lipophile balance of the linker in Gal/GalNAc ligands on high-affinity binding of galactosylated liposomes by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121967. [PMID: 35777585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the effect of the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) in the linker unit of Galactose (Gal)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligands on their affinity toward asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs). Two Gal/GalNAc ligands with lipophilic linkers-{(5-cholesten-3b-ol)[(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose-6-o)sebacate]} (CHS-6-GalNAc) and {(5-cholesten-3b-ol)[(d-galactopyranose-6-o)sebacate]} (CHS-6-Gal)-and two with hydrophilic linkers-{(5-cholesten-yl)[(4-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucitol-6-yl]sebacate} (CHS-1-Gal) and {(5-cholesten-3a-ol)[(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose-6-o)3,6-dioxa-octanedioate]} (CHS-PEG2-6-GalNAc)-were synthesized by enzymatic catalysis. Compared with unmodified liposomes, all Gal/GalNAc ligand-modified liposomes showed higher efficiency toward the hepatocyte target as evaluated by weighted-average overall drug-targeting efficiency (Te*) in vivo and HepG2 cell uptake efficiency in vitro. The ligands containing linkers with high HLB values (i.e., CHS-PEG2-6-GalNAc and CHS-1-Gal) exhibited higher ASGPR affinity than those containing linkers with low HLB values (i.e., CHS-6-GalNAc and CHS-6-Gal). We used molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the structure-activity relationship between the HLB value of the linker in a ligand and ASGPR affinity. MD simulation results indicated that a Gal/GalNAc ligand with a more hydrophilic linker (i.e., higher HLB value) unit tended to have a higher solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), leading to lower steric hindrance for effective ASGPR recognition. The results of this study will provide an improved design for Gal/GalNAc ligand-based surface-modified liposomes with high ASGPR affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Nie
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China; Institute of Hakka Medicinal Bio-resources, Medical College, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, JiaYing University, Meizhou, Guangdong 514015, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Institute of Hakka Medicinal Bio-resources, Medical College, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China
| | | | | | - Ying Zhao
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Zhang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China; Institute of Hakka Medicinal Bio-resources, Medical College, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, JiaYing University, Meizhou, Guangdong 514015, China.
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Aslam S, Ashfaq UA, Zia T, Aslam N, Alrumaihi F, Shahid F, Noor F, Qasim M. Proteome based mapping and reverse vaccinology techniques to contrive multi-epitope based subunit vaccine (MEBSV) against Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 100:105259. [PMID: 35231667 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a root cause of human infection like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and respiratory tract infections. About 11 million individuals in the US suffer from pharyngitis every year. Unfortunately, no vaccine against S. pyogenes is available yet. The purpose of this study is to create a multiepitope-based subunit vaccine (MEBSV) targeting S. pyogenes top four highly antigenic proteins by using a combination of immunological techniques and molecular docking to tackle term group A streptococcal (GAS) infections. T-cell (HTL & CTL), B-cell, and IFN-γ of target proteins were forecasted and epitopes having high antigenic properties being selected for subsequent research. For designing of final vaccine, 5LBL, 9CTL, and 4HTL epitopes were joined by the KK, AAY, and GPGPG linkers. To enhance the immune response, the N-end of the vaccine was linked by adjuvant (Cholera enterotoxin subunit B) with a linker named EAAAK. With the addition of adjuvants and linkers, the construct size was 421 amino acids. IFN-γ and B-cell epitopes illustrate that the modeled construct is optimized for cell-mediated immune or humoral responses. The developed MEBSV structure was assessed to be highly antigenic, non-toxic, and non-allergenic. Moreover, disulphide engineering further enhanced the stability of the final vaccine protein. Molecular docking of the MEBSV with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was conducted to check the vaccine's compatibility with the receptor. Besides, in-silico cloning has been carried out for credibility validation and proper expression of vaccine construct. These findings suggested that the multi-epitope vaccine produced might be a potential immunogenic against Group A streptococcus infections but further experimental testing is required to validate this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Aslam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tuba Zia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Noor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Hamed MY, Siam R, Zaid R. The role of zinc finger linkers in zinc finger protein binding to DNA. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021. [PMID: 34350488 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger proteins (ZFP) play important roles in cellular processes. The DNA binding region of ZFP consists of 3 zinc finger DNA binding domains connected by amino acid linkers, the sequence TGQKP connects ZF1 and ZF2, and TGEKP connects ZF2 with ZF3. Linkers act to tune the zinc finger protein in the right position to bind its DNA target, the type of amino acid residues and length of linkers reflect on ZF1-ZF2-ZF3 interactions and contribute to the search and recognition process of ZF protein to its DNA target. Linker mutations and the affinity of the resulting mutants to specific and nonspecific DNA targets were studied by MD simulations and MM_GB(PB)SA. The affinity of mutants to DNA varied with type and position of amino acid residue. Mutation of K in TGQKP resulted in loss in affinity due to the loss of positive K interaction with phosphates, mutation of G showed loss in affinity to DNA, WT protein and all linker mutants showed loss in affinity to a nonspecific DNA target, this finding confirms previous reports which interpreted this loss in affinity as due to ZF1 having an anchoring role, and ZF3 playing an explorer role in the binding mechanism. The change in ZFP-DNA affinity with linker mutations is discussed in view of protein structure and role of linker residues in binding.
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Švecová M, Volochanskyi O, Dendisová M, Palounek D, Matějka P. Immobilization of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles for micro- and nano-spectroscopic applications: What is the role of used short amino- and thio- linkers and immobilization procedure on the SERS spectra? Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 247:119142. [PMID: 33189978 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of nanoparticles (NPs) is a technique suitable for the preparation of large-scale substrates for surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy including micro- and nano-spectroscopic applications. The developed immobilization method provides the enhancing properties of the roughened substrate surface to be maintained for techniques like surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, however, at the same time the morphology is not limiting for related near-field (scanning probe) techniques. The study is focused on the comparison of different immobilization procedures of Ag nanoparticles and finding the relationship between preparation procedures leading to convenient surface morphology and the quality of the observed signal of the model analyte (riboflavin) using SERS. Amino-linker (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and four thio-linkers (cysteine, 3-mercaptopropanoic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 2,2'-oxydiethanthiol) using five immobilization procedures at three different temperatures (23 °C, 40 °C, and 70 °C) were compared. Surface morphology was monitored by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The SERS spectra of riboflavin were evaluated in terms of the intensity and the resolution of individual bands. The spectral dataset was inspected by multivariate statistical methods - principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. The evaluation of spectra and statistical models show the influence of the used linker and AgNPs immobilization procedure on the spectral output. APTMS linker is less suitable; much more appropriate are thio-linkers deposited on an evaporated Au layer on a glass slide. The best spectral parameters were obtained for 2,2'-oxydiethanthiol and 23 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Švecová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Oleksandr Volochanskyi
- Department of Low-Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, Prague 8 18223, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Dendisová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - David Palounek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Matějka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic
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Martinez JER, Thomas B, Flitsch SL. Glycan Array Technology. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2020; 175:435-456. [PMID: 31907566 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycan (or carbohydrate) arrays have become an essential tool in glycomics, providing fast and high-throughput data on protein-carbohydrate interactions with small amounts of carbohydrate ligands. The general concepts of glycan arrays have been adopted from other microarray technologies such as those used for nucleic acid and proteins. However, carbohydrates have presented their own challenges, in particular in terms of access to glycan probes, linker attachment chemistries and analysis, which will be reviewed in this chapter. As more and more glycan probes have become available through chemical and enzymatic synthesis and robust linker chemistries have been developed, the applications of glycan arrays have dramatically increased over the past 10 years, which will be illustrated with recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baptiste Thomas
- School of Chemistry and MIB, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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He T, Zhang C, Vedadghavami A, Mehta S, Clark HA, Porter RM, Bajpayee AG. Multi-arm Avidin nano-construct for intra-cartilage delivery of small molecule drugs. J Control Release 2019; 318:109-123. [PMID: 31843642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to joint tissues like cartilage remains a challenge that has prevented clinical translation of promising osteoarthritis (OA) drugs. Local intra-articular (IA) injections of drugs suffer from rapid clearance from the joint space and slow diffusive transport through the dense, avascular cartilage matrix comprised of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Here we apply drug carriers that leverage electrostatic interactions with the tissue's high negative fixed charge density (FCD) for delivering small molecule drugs to cartilage cell and matrix sites. We demonstrate that a multi-arm cationic nano-construct of Avidin (mAv) with 28 sites for covalent drug conjugation can rapidly penetrate through the full thickness of cartilage in high concentration and have long intra-cartilage residence time in both healthy and arthritic cartilage via weak-reversible binding with negatively charged aggrecans. mAv's intra-cartilage mean uptake was found to be 112× and 33× the equilibration bath concentration in healthy and arthritic (50% GAG depleted) cartilage, respectively. mAv was conjugated with Dexamethasone (mAv-Dex), a broad-spectrum glucocorticoid, using a combination of hydrolysable ester linkers derived from succinic anhydride (SA), 3,3-dimethylglutaric anhydride (GA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) in 2:1:1 M ratio that enabled 50% drug release within 38.5 h followed by sustained release in therapeutic doses over 2 weeks. A single 10 μM low dose of controlled release mAv-Dex (2:1:1) effectively suppressed IL-1α-induced GAG loss, cell death and inflammatory response significantly better than unmodified Dex over 2 weeks in cartilage explant culture models of OA. With this multi-arm design, <1 μM Avidin was needed - a concentration which has been shown to be safe, preventing further GAG loss and cytotoxicity. A charge-based cartilage homing drug delivery platform like this can elicit disease modifying effects as well as facilitate long-term symptomatic pain and inflammation relief by enhancing tissue specificity and prolonging intra-cartilage residence time of OA drugs. This nano-construct thus has high translational potential for enabling intra-cartilage delivery of a broad array of small molecule OA drugs and their combinations to chondrocytes, enabling OA treatment with a single injection of low drug doses and eliminating toxicity issues associated with multiple high dose injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei He
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Chenzhen Zhang
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Armin Vedadghavami
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shikhar Mehta
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Heather A Clark
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ryan M Porter
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ambika G Bajpayee
- Departments of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lorenzer C, Winkler J. Covalent Fluorophore Labeling of Oligonucleotides and Generation of Other Oligonucleotide Bioconjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1943:61-72. [PMID: 30838609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9092-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide conjugates have already reached considerable importance in life science research and oligonucleotide drug development. Since the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates depends critically on the chemical nature of the used ligand and linker, there is no general and universal procedure. Here, we present a detailed, quick, and facile protocol for attaching fluorescent dyes or cross-linkers of variable chemical stability to oligonucleotides at 3'- or 5'-aminoalkyl handles. Purification and removal of educts and side-products and structural verification by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry are presented. Aspects for adapting this protocol for other reaction sites at the oligonucleotide are discussed. We highlight important issues for generating oligonucleotide conjugates with other molecules, including peptide, proteins, and small molecules for receptor-targeting applications. The methodology is suitable for oligonucleotides with various modifications, including stabilized antisense, siRNAs, and miRNAs.
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Ferrarese M, Pignani S, Lombardi S, Balestra D, Bernardi F, Pinotti M, Branchini A. The carboxyl-terminal region of human coagulation factor X as a natural linker for fusion strategies. Thromb Res 2018; 173:4-11. [PMID: 30453126 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusion with human serum albumin (HSA), which represents a well-established technique to extend half-life of therapeutic proteins, commonly exploits intervening peptide linkers as key components. Here, we explored the human coagulation factor X (FX) carboxyl-terminal region, previously demonstrated by us to be dispensable for secretion and coagulant activity, as a natural linker for fusion purposes. To test our hypothesis, we compared direct FX-HSA fusion with the designed FX-HSA fusion proteins mimicking the recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa)-HSA or factor IX (FIX)-HSA chimeras, both strongly dependent from artificial linkers. Three constructs were produced by direct tandem fusion (FX-HSA) and through flexible (glycine/serine; FX-GS-HSA, mimicking rFVIIa-HSA) or cleavable (incorporating the FX activation site; FX-CL-HSA, mimicking FIX-HSA) linkers. The FX-HSA was efficiently secreted and displayed prolonged plasma persistence in mice. All chimeras possessed remarkable pro-coagulant activity, comparable to FX for FX-HSA (88.7 ± 6.0%) and FX-CL-HSA (98.0 ± 16.4%) or reduced for FX-GS-HSA (55.8 ± 5.4%). Upon incubation with activators, FX-HSA and FX-CL-HSA displayed a correct activation profile while the FX-GS-HSA activation was slightly defective. In fluorogenic-based assays, FX-HSA showed normal activity over time and a specific amidolytic activity (1.0 ± 0.12) comparable to that of FX. Overall, the FX-HSA features indicate that the FX carboxyl-terminal region represents an intrinsic sequence allowing direct tandem fusion. Our results provide the first experimental evidence for i) a coagulation factor fusion protein with biological properties independent from artificial linkers, ii) the suitability of FX carboxyl-terminal region as a natural linker for fusion purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ferrarese
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pignani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Lombardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Brüne D, Andrade-Navarro MA, Mier P. Proteome-wide comparison between the amino acid composition of domains and linkers. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:117. [PMID: 29426365 PMCID: PMC5807739 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Amino acid composition is a sequence feature that has been extensively used to characterize proteomes of many species and protein families. Yet the analysis of amino acid composition of protein domains and the linkers connecting them has received less attention. Here, we perform both a comprehensive full-proteome amino acid composition analysis and a similar analysis focusing on domains and linkers, to uncover domain- or linker-specific differential amino acid usage patterns. Results The amino acid composition in the 38 proteomes studied showcase the greater variability found in archaea and bacteria species compared to eukaryotes. When focusing on domains and linkers, we describe the preferential use of polar residues in linkers and hydrophobic residues in domains. To let any user perform this analysis on a given domain (or set of them), we developed a dedicated R script called RACCOON, which can be easily used and can provide interesting insights into the compositional differences between a domain and its surrounding linkers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3221-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brüne
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pablo Mier
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Gresemundweg 2, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Ullah J, Chen H, Vastermark A, Jia J, Wu B, Ni Z, Le Y, Wang H. Impact of orientation and flexibility of peptide linkers on T. maritima lipase Tm1350 displayed on Bacillus subtilis spores surface using CotB as fusion partner. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:166. [PMID: 28822027 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusion protein construction often requires peptide linkers for prolonged conformation, extended stability and enzyme activity. In this study a series of fusion between Thermotoga maritima lipase Tm1350 and Bacillus subtillis coat protein CotB, comprising of several peptide linkers, with different length, flexibility and orientations were constructed. Effects of temperature, pH and chemicals were examined, on the activity of displayed enzyme. The fusion protein with longer flexible linkers L9 [(GGGGS)4] and L7 (GGGGS-GGGGS-EAAAK-EAAAK-GGGGS-GGGGS) possess 1.29 and 1.16-fold higher activity than the original, under optimum temperature and pH respectively. Moreover, spore surface displaying Tm1350 with L3 (EAAAK-GGGGS) and L9 ((GGGGS)4) showed extended thermostably, maintaining 1.40 and 1.35-fold higher activity than the original respectively, at 80 °C after 5 h of incubation. The enzyme activity of linkers with different orientation, including L5, L6 and L7 was determined, where L7 maintained 1.05 and 1.27-fold higher activity than L5 and L6. Effect of 0.1% proteinase K, bromelain, 20% ethanol and 30% methanol was investigated. Linkers with appropriate Glycine residues (flexible) showed higher activity than Alanine residues (rigid). The activity of the displayed enzyme can be improved by maintaining orientation and flexibility of peptide linkers, to evaluate high activity and stability in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Ullah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayou Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ake Vastermark
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093‑0116, USA
- Nitech, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jinru Jia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangguo Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Le
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed of complex polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicellulose. In order to efficiently hydrolyze cellulose, the synergistic action of several cellulases is required. Some anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria form multienzyme complexes, namely cellulosomes, while other microorganisms produce a portfolio of diverse enzymes that work in synergistic fashion. Molecular biological methods can mimic such effects through the generation of artificial bi- or multifunctional fusion enzymes. Endoglucanase and β-glucosidase from extremely thermophilic anaerobic bacteria Fervidobacterium gondwanense and Fervidobacterium islandicum, respectively, were fused end-to-end in an approach to optimize polysaccharide degradation. Both enzymes are optimally active at 90 °C and pH 6.0-7.0 representing excellent candidates for fusion experiments. The direct linkage of both enzymes led to an increased activity toward the substrate specific for β-glucosidase, but to a decreased activity of endoglucanase. However, these enzyme chimeras were superior over 1:1 mixtures of individual enzymes, because combined activities resulted in a higher final product yield. Therefore, such fusion enzymes exhibit promising features for application in industrial bioethanol production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Rizk
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides are important as drugs and in research. Currently, the method of choice for producing these compounds is solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this nonspecialist review, we describe the scope and limitations of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bouchard H, Viskov C, Garcia-Echeverria C. Antibody-drug conjugates—a new wave of cancer drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5357-63. [PMID: 25455482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to monoclonal antibodies directed to antigens differentially overexpressed in tumor cells. These loaded antibodies are expected to selectively deliver lethal cargoes to tumor cells and provide sustained clinical benefit to pre-selected cancer patients while, at the same time, minimizing systemic toxicity. Although on-target adverse events are not completely avoided and the true efficacy of these innovative agents still requires further clarification, proof-of-concept has already been achieved in clinical settings with immunoconjugates containing calicheamicin, auristatin or maytansine-based cytotoxic payloads. In this present article we review the characteristics of the preceding cytotoxic platforms and their chemical conjugation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Bouchard
- Natural Products and Protein Chemistry, Sanofi, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Lead Generation to Compound Realization, Sanofi, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Christian Viskov
- Natural Products and Protein Chemistry, Sanofi, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Lead Generation to Compound Realization, Sanofi, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Fernandes SM, Lee YS, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and evaluation of bivalent ligands for binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6360-5. [PMID: 25438759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, especially G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are interesting and important theragnostic targets since many of them serve in intracellular signaling critical for all aspects of health and disease. The potential utility of designed bivalent ligands as targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy can be evaluated by determining their binding to the corresponding receptors. As proof of concept, GPCR cell surface proteins are shown to be targeted specifically using multivalent ligands. We designed, synthesized, and tested a series of bivalent ligands targeting the over-expressed human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Based on our data suggesting an optimal linker length of 25±10Å inferred from the bivalent melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) agonist, the truncated heptapeptide, referred to as MSH(7): Ac-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 was used to construct a set of bivalent ligands incorporating a hMC4R antagonist, SHU9119: Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-2'-D-Nal-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 and another set of bivalent ligands containing the SHU9119 antagonist pharmacophore on both side of the optimized linkers. These two binding motifs within the bivalent constructs were conjoined by semi-rigid (Pro-Gly)3 units with or without the flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGO) moieties. Lanthanide-based competitive binding assays showed bivalent ligands binds to the hMC4R with up to 240-fold higher affinity than the corresponding linked monovalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Chu J, Cheng YL, Rao AV, Nouraei M, Zarate-Muñoz S, Acosta EJ. Lecithin-linker formulations for self-emulsifying delivery of nutraceuticals. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:92-102. [PMID: 24810240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lecithin-linker microemulsions are formulations produced with soybean lecithin in combination with a highly lipophilic (lipophilic linker) and highly hydrophilic (hydrophilic linkers) surfactant-like additives. In this work, lecithin-linker systems were formulated to produce self-emulsifying delivery systems for β-carotene and β-sitosterol. The concentration of the lipophilic linker, sorbitan monooleate, was adjusted to minimize the formation of liquid crystals. The concentration of hydrophilic linkers, decaglyceryl caprylate/caprate and PEG-6-caprylic/capric glycerides, was gradually increased (scanned) until single phase clear microemulsions were obtained. For these scans, the oil (ethyl caprate) to water ratio was set to 1. The single phase, clear microemulsions were diluted with fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) and produced stable emulsions, with drop sizes close to 200 nm. Using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to evaluate the process of dilution of microemulsion preconcentrates (mixtures of oil, lecithin and linkers with little or no water) with FeSSIF, it was determined that self-emulsifying systems are obtained when the early stages of the dilution produce single phase microemulsions. If liquid crystals or multiple phase systems are obtained during those early stages, then the emulsification yields unstable emulsions with large drop sizes. An in vitro permeability study conducted using a Flow-Thru Dialyzer revealed that stable emulsions with drop sizes of 150-300 nm produce large and irreversible permeation of β-carotene to sheep intestine. On the other hand, unstable emulsions produced without the linker combination separated in the dialyzer chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelene Chu
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Room 131, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yu-Ling Cheng
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Room 131, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - A Venketeshwer Rao
- University of Toronto, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 150 College Street, Room 315, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Mehdi Nouraei
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Room 131, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Silvia Zarate-Muñoz
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Room 131, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Edgar J Acosta
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Room 131, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
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