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Yuan M, Wang W, Hawes I, Han J, Yao Z, Bertaina A. Advancements in γδT cell engineering: paving the way for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360237. [PMID: 38576617 PMCID: PMC10991697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprising only 1-10% of the circulating T cell population, γδT cells play a pivotal role in cancer immunotherapy due to their unique amalgamation of innate and adaptive immune features. These cells can secrete cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and can directly eliminate tumor cells through mechanisms like Fas/FasL and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Unlike conventional αβT cells, γδT cells can target a wide variety of cancer cells independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Their ability of recognizing antigens in a non-MHC restricted manner makes them an ideal candidate for allogeneic immunotherapy. Additionally, γδT cells exhibit specific tissue tropism, and rapid responsiveness upon reaching cellular targets, indicating a high level of cellular precision and adaptability. Despite these capabilities, the therapeutic potential of γδT cells has been hindered by some limitations, including their restricted abundance, unsatisfactory expansion, limited persistence, and complex biology and plasticity. To address these issues, gene-engineering strategies like the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy, T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer, and the combination with γδT cell engagers are being explored. This review will outline the progress in various engineering strategies, discuss their implications and challenges that lie ahead, and the future directions for engineered γδT cells in both monotherapy and combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjun Wang
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Wang, ; Alice Bertaina,
| | | | | | | | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Revesz IA, Joyce P, Ebert LM, Prestidge CA. Effective γδ T-cell clinical therapies: current limitations and future perspectives for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1492. [PMID: 38375329 PMCID: PMC10875631 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes, exhibiting features of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved with cancer immunosurveillance. They present an attractive alternative to conventional T cell-based immunotherapy due, in large part, to their lack of major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction and ability to secrete high levels of cytokines with well-known anti-tumour functions. To date, clinical trials using γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for a range of haematological and solid cancers have yielded limited success compared with in vitro studies. This inability to translate the efficacy of γδ T-cell therapies from preclinical to clinical trials is attributed to a combination of several factors, e.g. γδ T-cell agonists that are commonly used to stimulate populations of these cells have limited cellular uptake yet rely on intracellular mechanisms; administered γδ T cells display low levels of tumour-infiltration; and there is a gap in the understanding of γδ T-cell inhibitory receptors. This review explores the discrepancy between γδ T-cell clinical and preclinical performance and offers viable avenues to overcome these obstacles. Using more direct γδ T-cell agonists, encapsulating these agonists into lipid nanocarriers to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and the use of combination therapies to overcome checkpoint inhibition and T-cell exhaustion are ways to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical success. Given the ability to overcome these limitations, the development of a more targeted γδ T-cell agonist-checkpoint blockade combination therapy has the potential for success in clinical trials which has to date remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Revesz
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
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Wang Y, Han J, Wang D, Cai M, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, He W, Zhang J. Anti-PD-1 antibody armored γδ T cells enhance anti-tumor efficacy in ovarian cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:399. [PMID: 37857598 PMCID: PMC10587135 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have the unique ability to detect a wide range of tumors with low mutation burdens, making them attractive candidates for CAR-T-cell therapy. Unlike αβ T cells and other immune cells, γδ T cells are superior in MHC non-restriction, selective cell recruitment, and rapid activation. However, clinical trials have shown limited clinical benefits, and the adoptive transplantation of γδ T cells has often fallen short of expectations. We hypothesized that the limited effectiveness of γδ T cells in eradicating tumor cells may be attributed to the inhibitory tumor microenvironment induced by the suppressive PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Herein, we constructed novel armored γδ T cells capable of secreting humanized anti-PD-1 antibodies, referred to as "Lv-PD1-γδ T cells. Lv-PD1-γδ T cells showed improved proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, resulting in augmented therapeutic effects and survival benefits in ovarian tumor-bearing mice. These engineered cells demonstrated a prolonged in vivo survival of more than 29 days, without any potential for tumorigenicity in immunodeficient NOD/SCID/γ null mice. We also found that Lv-PD1-γδ T cells exhibited excellent tolerance and safety in humanized NOD/SCID/γ null mice. With attenuated or eliminated immunosuppression and maximized cytotoxicity efficacy by the local secretion of anti-PD1 antibodies in tumors, Lv-PD1-γδ T cells can serve as a promising "off-the-shelf" cell therapy against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory of T-cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Changzhou Xitaihu Institute for Frontier Technology of Cell Therapy, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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Homan EJ, Bremel RD. Determinants of tumor immune evasion: the role of T cell exposed motif frequency and mutant amino acid exposure. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155679. [PMID: 37215122 PMCID: PMC10196236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Few neoepitopes detected in tumor biopsies are immunogenic. Tumor-specific T cell responses require both the presentation of an epitope that differs from wildtype and the presence of T cells with neoepitope-cognate receptors. We show that mutations detected in tumor biopsies result in an increased frequency of rare amino acid combinations compared to the human proteome and gastrointestinal microorganisms. Mutations in a large data set of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene products were compared to wildtype, and to the count of corresponding amino acid motifs in the human proteome and gastrointestinal microbiome. Mutant amino acids in T cell exposed positions of potential neoepitopes consistently generated amino acid motifs that are less common in both proteome reference datasets. Approximately 10% of the mutant amino acid motifs are absent from the human proteome. Motif frequency does not change when mutants were positioned in the MHC anchor positions hidden from T cell receptors. Analysis of neoepitopes in GBM and LUSC cases showed less common T cell exposed motifs, and HLA binding preferentially placing mutant amino acids in an anchor position for both MHC I and MHC II. Cross-presentation of mutant exposed neoepitopes by MHC I and MHC II was particularly uncommon. Review of a tumor mutation dataset known to generate T cell responses showed immunogenic epitopes were those with mutant amino acids exposed to the T cell receptor and with exposed pentamer motifs present in the human and microbiome reference databases. The study illustrates a previously unrecognized mechanism of tumor immune evasion, as rare T cell exposed motifs produced by mutation are less likely to have cognate T cells in the T cell repertoire. The complex interactions of HLA genotype, binding positions, and mutation specific changes in T cell exposed motif underscore the necessity of evaluating potential neoepitopes in each individual patient.
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Ganapathy T, Radhakrishnan R, Sakshi S, Martin S. CAR γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Is the field more yellow than green? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:277-286. [PMID: 35960333 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Engineered immune cell therapy to treat malignancies refractory to conventional therapies is modernizing oncology. Although αβ T cells are time-tested chassis for CAR, potential graft versus host disease (GvHD) apart from cytokine toxicity and antigen escape pose limitations to this approach. αβ T cell malignancy challenges isolation and expansion of therapeutic T cells. Moreover, αβ T cells may pose toxicity risk to inflammation sensitive vital tissues bearing the tumor. The HLA independent, multivalent, versatile and systemic anti-tumor immunity increases the desirability of γδ T cells as an alternate chassis for CAR. Indeed, CD19 γδ CAR T cell therapy to treat advanced lymphoma reached a milestone with the fast track status by FDA. However, reduced tumor-toxicity, homing, in vivo persistence and heterogeneity limits the translation of this therapy. The field is gaining momentum in recent years with optimization of gene delivery approaches and mechanistic insights into co-signaling requirements in γδ T cells. There is a renewed interest in customizing design of CAR guided by the biology of the host immune cells. Progress has been made in the current good manufacturing practice compatible expansion and engineering protocols for the δ1 and δ2 T cells. γδ CAR T cells may find its niche in the clinical situations wherein conventional CAR therapy is less suitable due to propensity for cytokine toxicity or off-tumor effect. As the therapy is moving towards clinical trials, this review chronicles the hitherto progress in the therapeutic engineering of γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamizhselvi Ganapathy
- Immune Cell Engineering and Therapy (iCET) Laboratory, Christian Medical College Vellore, Bagayam, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Rajalingam Radhakrishnan
- Synthetic Immunology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Seth Sakshi
- Immune Cell Engineering and Therapy (iCET) Laboratory, Christian Medical College Vellore, Bagayam, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Sunil Martin
- Synthetic Immunology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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Zhang W, Wang X, He X, Xu Y. Editorial: Adaptive immunity in local tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200663. [PMID: 37197661 PMCID: PMC10183587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Qu G, Wang S, Zhou Z, Jiang D, Liao A, Luo J. Comparing Mouse and Human Tissue-Resident γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891687. [PMID: 35757696 PMCID: PMC9215113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating immune cell compartments have been extensively studied for decades, but limited access to peripheral tissue and cell yield have hampered our understanding of tissue-based immunity, especially in γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs, but enriched in many peripheral tissues including the skin, uterus, and other epithelial tissues. In addition to immune surveillance activities, recent reports have revealed exciting new roles for γδ T cells in homeostatic tissue physiology in mice and humans. It is therefore important to investigate to what extent the developmental rules described using mouse models transfer to human γδ T cells. Besides, it will be necessary to understand the differences in the development and biogenesis of human and mouse γδ T cells; to understand how γδ T cells are maintained in physiological and pathological circumstances within different tissues, as well as characterize the progenitors of different tissue-resident γδ T cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the γδ T phenotype in various tissues in mice and humans, describing the similarities and differences of tissue-resident γδ T cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Qu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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McGraw JM, Witherden DA. γδ T cell costimulatory ligands in antitumor immunity. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:79-97. [PMID: 35480230 PMCID: PMC9041367 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor immunity relies on the ability of T cells to recognize and kill tumor targets. γδ T cells are a specialized subset of T cells that predominantly localizes to non-lymphoid tissue such as the skin, gut, and lung where they are actively involved in tumor immunosurveillance. γδ T cells respond to self-stress ligands that are increased on many tumor cells, and these interactions provide costimulatory signals that promote their activation and cytotoxicity. This review will cover costimulatory molecules that are known to be critical for the function of γδ T cells with a specific focus on mouse dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC). DETC are a prototypic tissue-resident γδ T cell population with known roles in antitumor immunity and are therefore useful for identifying mechanisms that may control activation of other γδ T cell subsets within non-lymphoid tissues. This review concludes with a brief discussion on how γδ T cell costimulatory molecules can be targeted for improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. McGraw
- 1Department of Biology, Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- 2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Association between γδ T cells and clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 103:108457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Singh P, Szaraz-Szeles M, Mezei Z, Barath S, Hevessy Z. Age-dependent frequency of unconventional T cells in a healthy adult Caucasian population: a combinational study of invariant natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosa-associated invariant T cells. GeroScience 2022; 44:2047-2060. [PMID: 35038082 PMCID: PMC8763133 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells show distinct and unique features during antigen recognition as well as other immune responses. Their decrease in frequency is associated with various autoimmune disorders, allergy, inflammation, and cancer. The landscape frequency of the unconventional T cells altogether (iNKT, γδ T, and MAIT) is largely unestablished leading to various challenges affecting diagnosis and research in this field. In this study, we have established the age group–wise frequency of iNKT, γδ T, and MAIT cells altogether on a total of 203 healthy adult samples of the Caucasian population. The results revealed that iNKT cells were 0.095%, γδ T cells were 2.175%, and MAIT cells were 2.99% of the total T cell population. γδ and MAIT cell frequency is higher in younger age groups than elderly; however, there is no statistically significant difference in the frequency of iNKT cells. Furthermore, γδ and MAIT cells were negatively correlating with age, supporting immunosenescence, unlike iNKT cells. Our finding could be used for further age-wise investigation of various pathological conditions such as cancer and their prognosis, autoimmune diseases and their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvind Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marianna Szaraz-Szeles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Mezei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sandor Barath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Hevessy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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