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Assis BPN, Chaves AT, Lage DP, Cardoso MM, Freitas CS, Pereira IAG, Câmara RSB, Martins VT, de Oliveira ALG, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Galdino AS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Christodoulides M, Gonçalves DU, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Coelho EAF, da Costa Rocha MO. Serodiagnosis of paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy using a recombinant chimeric protein composed of specific B-cell epitopes derived from Mycobacterium leprae proteins. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102505. [PMID: 38583359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Leprosy diagnosis is difficult due to the clinical similarity with other infectious diseases, and laboratory tests presents problems related to sensitivity and/or specificity. In this study, we used bioinformatics to assess Mycobacterium leprae proteins and formulated a chimeric protein that was tested as a diagnostic marker for the disease. The amino acid sequences from ML0008, ML0126, ML0308, ML1057, ML2028, ML2038, ML2498 proteins were evaluated, and the B-cell epitopes QASVAYPATSYADFRAHNHWWNGP, SLQRSISPNSYNTARVDP and QLLGQTADVAGAAKSGPVQPMGDRGSVSPVGQ were considered M. leprae-specific and used to construct the gene encoding the recombinant antigen. The gene was constructed, the recombinant protein was expressed, purified and tested in ELISA using 252 sera, which contained samples from multibacillary (MB) or paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients, from their household contacts and healthy individuals, as well as from patients with Chagas disease, visceral and tegumentary leishmaniases (VL/TL), malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for MB and PB samples compared to sera from both healthy subjects and individuals with cross-reactive diseases were 100%. The Se value for MB and PB samples compared to sera from household contacts was 100%, but Sp was 64%. In conclusion, data suggest that this protein could be considered in future studies for leprosy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara P N Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Belo Horizonte, 30622-020, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S B Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura G de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro S Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35.501-296, Minas Gerais e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biotecnologia Industrial (INCT-BI), Brasil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, England, UK
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Manoel O da Costa Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alrehaili J. Leprosy Classification, Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Host Immunological Responses: Failure of Eradication in 2023. Cureus 2023; 15:e44767. [PMID: 37809252 PMCID: PMC10557090 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is of big concern in the medical fraternity. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. It is a curable communicable disease that remains prevalent in most countries all over the globe. It is a chronic granulomatous infection commonly caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, which mainly show an effect on the skin and peripheral nerves. To control the disease and minimize the impact of the disease, much effort has been put into it for decades. Nearly 0.2 million fresh cases were documented in 2017 worldwide in spite of being declared "eradicated" by the WHO in the year 2000. However, impressive achievements have been made in several countries, including India; still, we are lagging behind the ultimate goal of the final disappearance of leprosy. Extensive migration is a crucial element that may transmit leprosy to unaffected areas. Additionally, there are several areas in the USA where person-to-person leprosy transmission has been reported without a prior history of exposure. Recently, WHO instigated a new Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030, termed "Towards Zero Leprosy." In this article, we review the clinical features, leprosy epidemiology, transmission, classification, host immunological response, and diagnostic challenges.
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Cunha EHM, Marçal PHF, Gama RS, de Oliveira LBP, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Brito-de-Sousa JP, de Souza MLM, Fairley JK, Valente TNS, Velloso-Rodrigues C, Martins-Filho OA, de Oliveira DR, Fraga LADO. Interplay among differential exposure to Mycobacterium leprae and TLR4 polymorphism impacts the immune response in household contacts of leprosy patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130137. [PMID: 37187734 PMCID: PMC10175789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1927914 A/G in TLR4 gene and the immunological profile of household contacts (HHC) of leprosy patients. Leprosy classification is usually complex and requires the assessment of several clinical and laboratorial features. Methods Herein, we have applied distinct models of descriptive analysis to explore qualitative/quantitative changes in chemokine and cytokine production in HHC further categorized according to operational classification [HHC(PB) and HHC(MB)] and according to TLR4SNP. Results and discussion Our results showed that M. leprae stimuli induced an outstanding production of chemokines (CXCL8;CCL2; CXCL9; CXCL10) by HHC(PB), while increase levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6; TNF; IFN-γ; IL-17) were observed for HHC(MB). Moreover, the analysis of chemokine and cytokine signatures demonstrated that A allele was associated with a prominent soluble mediator secretion (CXCL8; CXCL9; IL-6; TNF; IFN-γ). Data analysis according to TLR4 SNP genotypes further demonstrated that AA and AG were associated with a more prominent secretion of soluble mediators as compared to GG, supporting the clustering of AA and AG genotypes into dominant genetic model. CXCL8, IL-6, TNF and IL-17 displayed distinct profiles in HHC(PB) vs HHC(MB) or AA+AG vs GG genotype. In general, chemokine/cytokine networks analysis showed an overall profile of AA+GA-selective (CXCL9-CXCL10) and GG-selective (CXCL10-IL-6) axis regardless of the operational classification. However, mirrored inverted CCL2-IL-10 axis and a (IFN-γ-IL-2)-selective axis were identified in HHC(MB). CXCL8 presented outstanding performance to classify AA+AG from GG genotypes and HHC(PB) from HHC(MB). TNF and IL-17 presented elevated accuracy to classify AA+AG from GG genotypes and HHC(PB) (low levels) from HHC(MB) (high levels), respectively. Our results highlighted that both factors: i) differential exposure to M. leprae and ii) TLR4 rs1927914 genetic background impact the immune response of HHC. Our main results reinforce the relevance of integrated studies of immunological and genetic biomarkers that may have implications to improve the classification and monitoring of HHC in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Helena Medeiros Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Vale do Rio Doce – Univale, Department of Health Sciences, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Ferreira Marçal
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Vale do Rio Doce – Univale, Department of Health Sciences, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lucia Alves de Oliveira Fraga, ; ; Pedro Henrique Ferreira Marçal, ;
| | - Rafael Silva Gama
- Universidade Vale do Rio Doce – Univale, Department of Health Sciences, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz –FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz –FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jessica Kathleen Fairley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Alves de Oliveira Fraga
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucia Alves de Oliveira Fraga, ; ; Pedro Henrique Ferreira Marçal, ;
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Klowak M, Boggild AK. A review of nutrition in neuropathic pain of leprosy. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221102663. [PMID: 35677111 PMCID: PMC9168857 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that continues to burden low- and
middle-income countries (LMICs), despite being eliminated as a public health
concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000. The causative agents,
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
lepromatosis, affect nearly 200,000 individuals globally each year,
with over 19,000 new cases detected in the Americas in 2020 alone. Canada has
experienced an increasing incidence of leprosy, due to rising levels of travel
and migration from endemic areas, reaching over 37,000 individuals with leprosy
by the end of 2020. Patients experience a spectrum of signs and symptoms
including hypopigmented cutaneous macules alongside peripheral neuropathy
including peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) and disabling sensory neuropathies.
Despite the development of effective and curative therapeutics
via multidrug therapy (MDT), many barriers to treatment
adherence and effective immunological control of the pathogen challenge the care
of patients with leprosy. Socioeconomic barriers, such as disability-related
social stigma and often undiagnosed nutritional deficiencies, have resulted in
heightened disease severity. PNP therapeutics are associated with significant
side effects and remain ineffective as the majority of individuals will not
experience a greater than 30% reduction of symptoms. Nutrient supplementation is
known to be instrumental in reducing host oxidative stress, strengthening the
immune system and mitigating comorbidities. Likewise, dietary lifestyle
interventions known to be physiologically beneficial have recently emerged as
powerful tools conferring neuroprotective effects, potentially mitigating PNP
severity. However, a significant knowledge gap concerning the effect of adequate
nutrition on host immunological control of leprosy and PNP severity exists.
Further evaluation of this relationship will provide key insight into the
pathogenesis of leprosy, strengthening the current body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klowak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-218, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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