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Effects of Genetic Variants in the Nicotine Metabolism Pathway on Smoking Cessation. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:2917881. [PMID: 36245555 PMCID: PMC9534651 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2917881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the associations of various genetic variants in the nicotine metabolism pathway with smoking cessation (SC) in the Chinese Han population. Method A case-control study was conducted where 363 successful smoking quitters were referred to as cases, and 345 failed smoking quitters were referred to as controls. A total of 42 genetic variants in 10 genes were selectedand genotyped. The weighted gene score was applied to analyze the whole gene effect. Logistic regression was used to explore associations of each genetic variant and gene score with smoking cessation. Results Our study found that the variants CYP2A6∗4, rs11726322, rs12233719, and rs3100 were associated with a higher probability of quitting smoking, while rs3760657 was associated with a lower probability of quitting smoking. Moreover, the gene scores of CYP2D6, FMO3, UGT2B10, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15 were shown to exert a positive effect, while the gene score of CYP2B6 was detected to exert a negative effect on successful smoking cessation. Conclusion This study revealed that genetic variants in the nicotine metabolic pathway were associated with smoking cessation in the Chinese Han population.
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2
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Maternal nicotine metabolism moderates the impact of maternal cigarette smoking on infant birth weight: A Collaborative Perinatal Project investigation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109358. [PMID: 35247723 PMCID: PMC8977115 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for low birth weight in the US. We investigated the maternal nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) - a genetically-informed biomarker of nicotine clearance - as a moderator of links between prenatal cigarette use and birth weight. We also explored the role of race in these associations. METHODS Participants were 454 pregnant women (Mage = 25 years; 11% Black) who smoked cigarettes and their 537 infants from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cigarettes smoked per day were assessed at each prenatal visit; maternal NMR was assayed from third trimester serum. Birth weight was obtained from medical records. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate associations between cigarette smoking, NMR, race, and birth weight. RESULTS NMR moderated continuous associations between cigarettes per day over pregnancy and infant birth weight (p = .025). Among women who smoked at moderate levels (<15 cigarettes per day), those with slower NMR showed ~50-100 g decrements in birth weight versus those with faster NMR., while there were no significant associations between NMR and birth weight among women who smoked 15+ cigarettes per day. Although effects of NMR on birthweight were similar for Black and white women, Black women showed significantly slower NMR (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that the maternal nicotine metabolism phenotype moderates associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight. Infants of women with slower nicotine metabolism - including disproportionate representation of Black women - may be at heightened risk for morbidity from maternal smoking.
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Pérez-Rubio G, López-Flores LA, Cupertino AP, Cartujano-Barrera F, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Ramírez M, Ellerbeck EF, Rodríguez-Bolaños R, Falfan-Valencia R. Genetic Variants in Smoking-Related Genes in Two Smoking Cessation Programs: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126597. [PMID: 34205269 PMCID: PMC8296383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified variants in genes encoding proteins associated with the degree of addiction, smoking onset, and cessation. We aimed to describe thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven candidate genomic regions spanning six genes associated with tobacco-smoking in a cross-sectional study from two different interventions for quitting smoking: (1) thirty-eight smokers were recruited via multimedia to participate in e-Decídete! program (e-Dec) and (2) ninety-four attended an institutional smoking cessation program on-site. SNPs genotyping was done by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes. The analysis of alleles and genotypes was carried out using the EpiInfo v7. on-site subjects had more years smoking and tobacco index than e-Dec smokers (p < 0.05, both); in CYP2A6 we found differences in the rs28399433 (p < 0.01), the e-Dec group had a higher frequency of TT genotype (0.78 vs. 0.35), and TG genotype frequency was higher in the on-site group (0.63 vs. 0.18), same as GG genotype (0.03 vs. 0.02). Moreover, three SNPs in NRXN1, two in CHRNA3, and two in CHRNA5 had differences in genotype frequencies (p < 0.01). Cigarettes per day were different (p < 0.05) in the metabolizer classification by CYP2A6 alleles. In conclusion, subjects attending a mobile smoking cessation intervention smoked fewer cigarettes per day, by fewer years, and by fewer cumulative pack-years. There were differences in the genotype frequencies of SNPs in genes related to nicotine metabolism and nicotine dependence. Slow metabolizers smoked more cigarettes per day than intermediate and normal metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (L.A.L.-F.)
| | - Luis Alberto López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (L.A.L.-F.)
| | - Ana Paula Cupertino
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.C.-B.)
| | - Francisco Cartujano-Barrera
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.C.-B.)
| | | | - Mariana Ramírez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (M.R.); (E.F.E.)
| | - Edward F. Ellerbeck
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (M.R.); (E.F.E.)
| | - Rosibel Rodríguez-Bolaños
- Department of Tobacco Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (L.M.R.-S.); (R.R.-B.)
| | - Ramcés Falfan-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.P.-R.); (L.A.L.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5152)
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4
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Siegel SD, Lerman C, Flitter A, Schnoll RA. The Use of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio as a Biomarker to Personalize Smoking Cessation Treatment: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:261-272. [PMID: 32132120 PMCID: PMC7080293 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a genetically informed biomarker of rate of nicotine metabolism, has been validated as a tool to select the optimal treatment for individual smokers, thereby improving treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the development of the NMR as a biomarker of individual differences in nicotine metabolism, the relationship between the NMR and smoking behavior, the clinical utility of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation, and the potential mechanisms that underlie the relationship between NMR and smoking cessation. We conclude with a call for additional research necessary to determine the ultimate benefits of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation. These future directions include measurement and other methodologic considerations, disseminating this approach to at-risk subpopulations, expanding the NMR to evaluate its efficacy in predicting treatment responses to e-cigarettes and other noncigarette forms of nicotine, and implementation science including cost-effectiveness analyses.See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Siegel
- Value Institute and Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware.
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alex Flitter
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Brooks CC, Martin LJ, Pilipenko V, He H, LeMasters GK, Lockey JE, Bernstein DI, Ryan PH, Khurana Hershey GK, Biagini Myers JM. NAT1 genetic variation increases asthma risk in children with secondhand smoke exposure. J Asthma 2019; 58:284-292. [PMID: 31809667 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1694941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that children exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) that carried variants in the NAT1 gene had over two-fold higher hair cotinine levels. Our objective was to determine if NAT1 polymorphisms confer increased risk for developing asthma in children exposed to SHS. METHODS White participants in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (n = 359) were genotyped for 10 NAT1 variants. Smoke exposure was defined by hair cotinine and parental report. Asthma was objectively assessed by spirometry and methacholine challenge. Findings were replicated in the Genomic Control Cohort (n = 638). RESULTS Significant associations between 5 NAT1 variants and asthma were observed in the CCAAPS exposed group compared to none in the unexposed group. There was a significant interaction between NAT1 rs13253389 and rs4921581 with smoke exposure (p = 0.02, p = 0.01) and hair cotinine level (p = 0.048, p = 0.042). Children wildtype for rs4921581 had increasing asthma risk with increasing hair cotinine level, whereas those carrying the NAT1 minor allele had an increased risk of asthma regardless of cotinine level. In the GCC, 13 NAT1 variants were associated with asthma in the smoke-exposed group, compared to 0 in the unexposed group, demonstrating gene-level replication. CONCLUSIONS Variation in the NAT1 gene modifies asthma risk in children exposed to secondhand-smoke. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a gene-environment interaction between NAT1 variants, smoke exposure, cotinine levels, and pediatric asthma. NAT1 genotype may have clinical utility as a biomarker of increased asthma risk in children exposed to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra C Brooks
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Grace K LeMasters
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James E Lockey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick H Ryan
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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6
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Sikdar S, Joehanes R, Joubert BR, Xu CJ, Vives-Usano M, Rezwan FI, Felix JF, Ward JM, Guan W, Richmond RC, Brody JA, Küpers LK, Baïz N, Håberg SE, Smith JA, Reese SE, Aslibekyan S, Hoyo C, Dhingra R, Markunas CA, Xu T, Reynolds LM, Just AC, Mandaviya PR, Ghantous A, Bennett BD, Wang T, Consortium TBIOS, Bakulski KM, Melen E, Zhao S, Jin J, Herceg Z, van Meurs J, Taylor JA, Baccarelli AA, Murphy SK, Liu Y, Munthe-Kaas MC, Deary IJ, Nystad W, Waldenberger M, Annesi-Maesano I, Conneely K, Jaddoe VWV, Arnett D, Snieder H, Kardia SLR, Relton CL, Ong KK, Ewart S, Moreno-Macias H, Romieu I, Sotoodehnia N, Fornage M, Motsinger-Reif A, Koppelman GH, Bustamante M, Levy D, London SJ. Comparison of smoking-related DNA methylation between newborns from prenatal exposure and adults from personal smoking. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1487-1500. [PMID: 31536415 PMCID: PMC6836223 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cigarette smoking influences DNA methylation genome wide, in newborns from pregnancy exposure and in adults from personal smoking. Whether a unique methylation signature exists for in utero exposure in newborns is unknown. Materials & methods: We separately meta-analyzed newborn blood DNA methylation (assessed using Illumina450k Beadchip), in relation to sustained maternal smoking during pregnancy (9 cohorts, 5648 newborns, 897 exposed) and adult blood methylation and personal smoking (16 cohorts, 15907 participants, 2433 current smokers). Results & conclusion: Comparing meta-analyses, we identified numerous signatures specific to newborns along with many shared between newborns and adults. Unique smoking-associated genes in newborns were enriched in xenobiotic metabolism pathways. Our findings may provide insights into specific health impacts of prenatal exposure on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Sikdar
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Bonnie R Joubert
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Extramural Research & Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Vives-Usano
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James M Ward
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, & Health Services, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Leanne K Küpers
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nour Baïz
- Epidemiology of Allergic & Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology & Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility & Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Reese
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences & Center for Human Health & the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Radhika Dhingra
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christina A Markunas
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmhotz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Lindsay M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pooja R Mandaviya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Brian D Bennett
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - The BIOS Consortium
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Extramural Research & Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, & Health Services, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology of Allergic & Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology & Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
- Centre for Fertility & Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences & Center for Human Health & the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmhotz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Westat, Durham, NC 27703, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Mental & Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Autonomous Metropolitan University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Nutrition & Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 01702, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erik Melen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division of Mental & Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmhotz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Epidemiology of Allergic & Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology & Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Karen Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vincent WV Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Donna Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon LR Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Ewart
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Romieu
- Nutrition & Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, & Health Services, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 01702, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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7
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DeVito EE, Krishnan-Sarin S. E-cigarettes: Impact of E-Liquid Components and Device Characteristics on Nicotine Exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:438-459. [PMID: 29046158 PMCID: PMC6018193 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171016164430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased substantially in recent years. While e-cigarettes have been proposed as a potentially effective smoking cessation tool, dualuse in smokers is common and e-cigarettes are widely used by non-smokers, including youth and young-adult non-smokers. Nicotine, the primary addictive component in cigarettes, is present at varying levels in many e-liquids. E-cigarettes may lead to initiation of nicotine use in adult and youth non-smokers, re-initiation of nicotine dependence in ex-smokers or increased severity of nicotine dependence in dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. As such, there are important clinical and policy implications to understanding factors impacting nicotine exposure from e-cigarettes. However, the broad and rapidly changing range of e-liquid constituents and e-cigarette hardware which could impact nicotine exposure presents a challenge. Recent changes in regulatory oversight of e-cigarettes underscore the importance of synthesizing current knowledge on common factors which may impact nicotine exposure. METHODS This review focuses on factors which may impact nicotine exposure by changing e-cigarette use behavior, puff topography, altering the nicotine yield (amount of nicotine exiting the e-cigarette mouth piece including nicotine exhaled as vapor) or more directly by altering nicotine absorption and bioavailability. RESULTS Topics reviewed include e-liquid components or characteristics including flavor additives (e.g., menthol), base e-liquid ingredients (propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin), components commonly used to dissolve flavorants (e.g., ethanol), and resulting properties of the e-liquid (e.g., pH), e-cigarette device characteristics (e.g., wattage, temperature, model) and user behavior (e.g., puff topography) which may impact nicotine exposure. CONCLUSION E-liquid characteristics and components, e-cigarette hardware and settings, and user behavior can all contribute substantially to nicotine exposure from e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E. DeVito
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Kranzler HR, Smith RV, Schnoll R, Moustafa A, Greenstreet-Akman E. Precision medicine and pharmacogenetics: what does oncology have that addiction medicine does not? Addiction 2017; 112:2086-2094. [PMID: 28431457 PMCID: PMC5650957 DOI: 10.1111/add.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Precision, personalized or stratified medicine, which promises to deliver the right treatment to the right patient, is a topic of international interest in both the lay press and the scientific literature. A key aspect of precision medicine is the identification of biomarkers that predict the response to medications (i.e. pharmacogenetics). We examined why, despite the great strides that have been made in biomarker identification in many areas of medicine, only in oncology has there been substantial progress in their clinical implementation. We also considered why progress in this effort has lagged in addiction medicine. METHODS We compared the development of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in oncology, cardiovascular medicine (where developments are also promising) and addictive disorders. RESULTS The first major reason for the success of oncologic pharmacogenetics is ready access to tumor tissue, which allows in-vitro testing and insights into cancer biology. The second major reason is funding, with cancer research receiving, by far, the largest allocation by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the past two decades. The second largest allocation of research funding has gone to cardiovascular disease research. Addictions research received a much smaller NIH funding allocation, despite the major impact that tobacco use, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use have on the public health and healthcare costs. CONCLUSIONS Greater support for research on the personalized treatment of addictive disorders can be expected to yield disproportionately large benefits to the public health and substantial reductions in healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rachel V. Smith
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Afaf Moustafa
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emma Greenstreet-Akman
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Gutierrez Najera NA, Resendis-Antonio O, Nicolini H. "Gestaltomics": Systems Biology Schemes for the Study of Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Physiol 2017; 8:286. [PMID: 28536537 PMCID: PMC5422874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of different sources of biological information about what defines a behavioral phenotype is difficult to unify in an entity that reflects the arithmetic sum of its individual parts. In this sense, the challenge of Systems Biology for understanding the “psychiatric phenotype” is to provide an improved vision of the shape of the phenotype as it is visualized by “Gestalt” psychology, whose fundamental axiom is that the observed phenotype (behavior or mental disorder) will be the result of the integrative composition of every part. Therefore, we propose the term “Gestaltomics” as a term from Systems Biology to integrate data coming from different sources of information (such as the genome, transcriptome, proteome, epigenome, metabolome, phenome, and microbiome). In addition to this biological complexity, the mind is integrated through multiple brain functions that receive and process complex information through channels and perception networks (i.e., sight, ear, smell, memory, and attention) that in turn are programmed by genes and influenced by environmental processes (epigenetic). Today, the approach of medical research in human diseases is to isolate one disease for study; however, the presence of an additional disease (co-morbidity) or more than one disease (multimorbidity) adds complexity to the study of these conditions. This review will present the challenge of integrating psychiatric disorders at different levels of information (Gestaltomics). The implications of increasing the level of complexity, for example, studying the co-morbidity with another disease such as cancer, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina GenómicaMexico City, Mexico.,Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica - Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Associations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms with smoking cessation in a Chinese population. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Loukola A, Buchwald J, Gupta R, Palviainen T, Hällfors J, Tikkanen E, Korhonen T, Ollikainen M, Sarin AP, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Rose RJ, Tyndale RF, Kaprio J. A Genome-Wide Association Study of a Biomarker of Nicotine Metabolism. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005498. [PMID: 26407342 PMCID: PMC4583245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with fast nicotine metabolism typically smoke more and thus have a greater risk for smoking-induced diseases. Further, the efficacy of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy is dependent on the rate of nicotine metabolism. Our objective was to use nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), an established biomarker of nicotine metabolism rate, in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genetic variants influencing nicotine metabolism. A heritability estimate of 0.81 (95% CI 0.70-0.88) was obtained for NMR using monozygotic and dizygotic twins of the FinnTwin cohort. We performed a GWAS in cotinine-verified current smokers of three Finnish cohorts (FinnTwin, Young Finns Study, FINRISK2007), followed by a meta-analysis of 1518 subjects, and annotated the genome-wide significant SNPs with methylation quantitative loci (meQTL) analyses. We detected association on 19q13 with 719 SNPs exceeding genome-wide significance within a 4.2 Mb region. The strongest evidence for association emerged for CYP2A6 (min p = 5.77E-86, in intron 4), the main metabolic enzyme for nicotine. Other interesting genes with genome-wide significant signals included CYP2B6, CYP2A7, EGLN2, and NUMBL. Conditional analyses revealed three independent signals on 19q13, all located within or in the immediate vicinity of CYP2A6. A genetic risk score constructed using the independent signals showed association with smoking quantity (p = 0.0019) in two independent Finnish samples. Our meQTL results showed that methylation values of 16 CpG sites within the region are affected by genotypes of the genome-wide significant SNPs, and according to causal inference test, for some of the SNPs the effect on NMR is mediated through methylation. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS on NMR. Our results enclose three independent novel signals on 19q13.2. The detected CYP2A6 variants explain a strikingly large fraction of variance (up to 31%) in NMR in these study samples. Further, we provide evidence for plausible epigenetic mechanisms influencing NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jadwiga Buchwald
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Hällfors
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, and Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Phillips B, Esposito M, Verbeeck J, Boué S, Iskandar A, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Krishnan S, Kogel U, Utan A, Schlage WK, Bera M, Veljkovic E, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Toxicity of aerosols of nicotine and pyruvic acid (separate and combined) in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 28-day OECD 412 inhalation study and assessment of systems toxicology. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:405-31. [PMID: 26295358 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1046000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of nebulized nicotine (Nic) and nicotine/pyruvic acid mixtures (Nic/Pyr) was characterized in a 28-day Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 412 inhalation study with additional transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats were nose-only exposed, 6 h/day, 5 days/week to filtered air, saline, nicotine (50 µg/l), sodium pyruvate (NaPyr, 33.9 µg/l) or equimolar Nic/Pyr mixtures (18, 25 and 50 µg nicotine/l). Saline and NaPyr caused no health effects, but rats exposed to nicotine-containing aerosols had decreased body weight gains and concentration-dependent increases in liver weight. Blood neutrophil counts were increased and lymphocyte counts decreased in rats exposed to nicotine; activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were increased, and levels of cholesterol and glucose decreased. The only histopathologic finding in non-respiratory tract organs was increased liver vacuolation and glycogen content. Respiratory tract findings upon nicotine exposure (but also some phosphate-buffered saline aerosol effects) were observed only in the larynx and were limited to adaptive changes. Gene expression changes in the lung and liver were very weak. Nic and Nic/Pyr caused few significant changes (including Cyp1a1 gene upregulation). Changes were predominantly related to energy metabolism and fatty acid metabolism but did not indicate an obvious toxicity-related response. Nicotine exposure lowered plasma lipids, including cholesteryl ester (CE) and free cholesterol and, in the liver, phospholipids and sphingolipids. Nic, NaPyr and Nic/Pyr decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and CE. In the lung, Nic and Nic/Pyr increased CE levels. These data suggest that only minor biologic effects related to inhalation of Nic or Nic/Pyr aerosols were observed in this 28-day study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- a Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd , Science Park II , Singapore and
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Efectos de los inductores antiepilépticos en la neuropsicofarmacología: una cuestión ignorada. Parte II: cuestiones farmacológicas y comprensión adicional. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:167-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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LeMasters GK, Khurana Hershey GK, Sivaprasad U, Martin LJ, Pilipenko V, Ericksen MB, Burkle JW, Lindsey MA, Bernstein DI, Lockey JE, Gareri J, Lubetsky A, Koren G, Biagini Myers JM. N-acetyltransferase 1 polymorphism increases cotinine levels in Caucasian children exposed to secondhand smoke: the CCAAPS birth cohort. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:189-95. [PMID: 25156213 PMCID: PMC4342329 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cotinine is a proxy for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Genetic variation along nicotine and cotinine metabolic pathways may alter the internal cotinine dose, leading to misinterpretations of exposure-health outcome associations. Caucasian children with available SHS exposure and hair cotinine data were genotyped for metabolism-related genes. SHS-exposed children had 2.4-fold higher hair cotinine (0.14±0.22 ng mg(-1)) than unexposed children (0.06±0.05 ng mg(-1), P<0.001). SHS-exposed children carrying the NAT1 minor allele had twofold higher hair cotinine (0.18 ng mg(-1) for heterozygotes and 0.17 ng mg(-1) for homozygotes) compared with major allele homozygotes (0.09 ng mg(-1), P=0.0009), even after adjustment for SHS dose. These findings support that NAT1 has a role in the metabolic pathway of nicotine/cotinine and/or their metabolites. The increased cotinine levels observed for those carrying the minor allele may lead to SHS exposure misclassification in studies utilizing cotinine as a biomarker. Additional studies are required to identify functional single-nucleotide polymorphism(s) (SNP(s)) in NAT1 and elucidate the biological consequences of the mutation(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K LeMasters
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark B Ericksen
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Burkle
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark A Lindsey
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James E Lockey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joey Gareri
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelika Lubetsky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn M Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Herman AI, DeVito EE, Jensen KP, Sofuoglu M. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine addiction: role of dopamine. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:221-34. [PMID: 24444411 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a central role in addictive disorders, including nicotine addiction. Specific DA-related gene variants have been studied to identify responsiveness to treatment for nicotine addiction. Genetic variants in DRD2, DRD4, ANKK1, DAT1, COMT and DBH genes show some promise in informing personalized prescribing of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. However, many trials studying these variants had small samples, used retrospective design or were composed of mainly self-identified Caucasian individuals. Furthermore, many of these studies lacked a comprehensive measurement of nicotine metabolism rate, did not assess the roles of sex or the menstrual cycle, and did not investigate the role of rare variants and/or epigenetic factors. Future work should be conducted addressing these limitations to more effectively utilize DA genetic information to unlock the potential of smoking cessation pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh I Herman
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & VA Connecticut Healthcare System, VA Medical Center, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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16
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Roulette CJ, Mann H, Kemp BM, Remiker M, Roulette JW, Hewlett BS, Kazanji M, Breurec S, Monchy D, Sullivan RJ, Hagen EH. Tobacco use vs. helminths in Congo basin hunter-gatherers: self-medication in humans? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Vandenbergh DJ, Schlomer GL. Finding genomic function for genetic associations in nicotine addiction research: the ENCODE project's role in future pharmacogenomic analysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:34-44. [PMID: 24486638 PMCID: PMC4117825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-related behaviors and the underlying addiction to nicotine are complex tangles of genetic and environmental factors. Efforts to understand the genetic component of these traits have identified sites in the genome (single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) that might account for some part of the role of genetics in nicotine addiction. Encouragingly, some of these candidate SNPs remain significant in meta-analyses. However, genetic associations cannot be fully assessed, regardless of statistical significance, without an understanding of the functional consequences of the alleles present at these SNPs. The proper experimental test for allelic function can be very difficult to define, representing a roadblock in translating genetic results into treatment to prevent smoking and other nicotine-related behaviors. This roadblock can be navigated in part with a new web-based tool, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). ENCODE is a compilation of searchable data on several types of biochemical functions or "marks" across the genome. These data can be queried for the co-localization of a candidate SNP and a biochemical mark. The presence of a SNP within a marked region of DNA enables the generation of better-informed hypotheses to test possible functional roles of alleles at a candidate SNP. Two examples of such co-localizations are presented. One example reveals ENCODE's ability to relate a candidate SNP's function with a gene very far from the physical location of the SNP. The second example reveals a new potential function of the SNP, rs4105144, that has been genetically associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Details for accessing the ENCODE data for this SNP are provided to serve as a tutorial. By serving as a bridge between genetic associations and biochemical function, ENCODE has the power to propel progress in untangling the genetic aspects of nicotine addiction - a major public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vandenbergh
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Institute of the Neurosciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gabriel L Schlomer
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development, East, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Sadler B, Haller G, Agrawal A, Culverhouse R, Bucholz K, Brooks A, Tischfield J, Johnson EO, Edenberg H, Schuckit M, Saccone N, Bierut L, Goate A. Variants near CHRNB3-CHRNA6 are associated with DSM-5 cocaine use disorder: evidence for pleiotropy. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4497. [PMID: 24675634 PMCID: PMC4894386 DOI: 10.1038/srep04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the U.S.A., cocaine is the second most abused illicit drug. Variants within the CHRNB3-A6 gene cluster have been associated with cigarette consumption in several GWAS. These receptors represent intriguing candidates for the study of cocaine dependence because nicotinic receptors are thought to be involved in generalized addiction pathways. Using genotypic data from a GWAS of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) dataset, we tested for association of CHRNB3-A6 SNPs with DSM-5 cocaine use disorder. Multiple SNPs in the region were significantly associated with increased risk of cocaine use disorder. Inclusion of the most significant SNP as a covariate in a linear regression model provided evidence for an additional independent signal within this locus for cocaine use disorder. These results suggest that the CHRNB3-A6 locus contains multiple variants affecting risk for vulnerability to cocaine and nicotine dependence as well as bipolar disorder, suggesting that they have pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Sadler
- 1] School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gabe Haller
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rob Culverhouse
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andy Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Division of Health, Social and Economic Research, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Howard Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nancy Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Personality, behavior and environmental features associated with OXTR genetic variants in British mothers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90465. [PMID: 24621820 PMCID: PMC3951216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is assumed that the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with factors that are related to features of reproduction as well as the currently emerging fields of mood and emotional response. METHODS We analysed data from over 8000 mothers who participated in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We determined reproductive, emotional and personality differences related to the two SNPs rs53576 and rs2254298 of the oxytocin receptor gene to determine whether there was evidence in this population for: (i) associations with emotional and personality differences, and (ii) behavioural or environmental links with these SNPs using a hypothesis free approach with over 1000 types of exposure. RESULTS Our analyses of 7723 women showed that there were no differences in 11 mood, social or relationship characteristics associated with the rs2254298, and just one with rs53576 (with emotional loneliness)--one statistically significant out of 22 tests is no more than would be expected by chance. There were no interactions with childhood abuse. Using a hypothesis-free approach we found few indicators of environmental or behavioural differences associated with rs2254298, but there was an excess of associations with eating habits with rs53576. The findings included an association with dieting to lose weight, and habits typical of bulimia for the women with GG. The nutrition of the women also showed negative associations of the GG genotype with 13 nutrients, including vitamins D, B12 and retinol, and intake of calcium, potassium and iodine. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this large database of pregnant women was unable to provide confirmation of the types of personality associated with these two OXTR SNPs, but we have shown some evidence of eating differences in those with GG on rs53576. Confirmation of our hypothesis free associations using other data sets is important.
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Alsharari SD, Siu ECK, Tyndale RF, Damaj MI. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies of nicotine after oral administration in mice: effects of methoxsalen, a CYP2A5/6 inhibitor. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:18-25. [PMID: 23884323 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of novel oral nicotine delivery devices and compositions for human consumption and for animal research studies has been increasing in the last several years. METHODS Studies were undertaken to examine whether the systemic administration of methoxsalen, an inhibitor of human CYP2A6 and mouse CYP2A5, would modulate nicotine pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects (antinociception in the tail-flick, and hot-plate tests, and hypothermia) in male ICR mouse after acute oral nicotine administration. RESULTS Administration of intra peritoneal (ip) methoxsalen significantly increased nicotine's Cmax, prolonged the plasma half-life (fourfold decrease) of nicotine, and increased its area under the curve (AUC) compared with ip vehicle treatment. Methoxsalen pretreatment prolonged the duration of nicotine-induced antinociception and hypothermia (15mg/kg, po) for periods up to 6- and 24-hr postnicotine administration, respectively. Additionally, methoxsalen potentiated nicotine-induced antinociception and hypothermia as evidenced by leftward shifts in nicotine's dose-response curve. Furthermore, this prolongation of nicotine's effects after methoxsalen was associated with a parallel prolongation of nicotine plasma levels in mice. These data strongly suggest that variation in the rates of nicotine metabolic inactivation substantially alter pharmacological effects of nicotine given orally. CONCLUSION We have shown that the pharmacological effects of inhibiting nicotine's metabolism after oral administration in mice are profound. Our results suggest that inhibiting nicotine metabolism can be used to dramatically enhance nicotine's bioavailability and its resulting pharmacology, which further supports this inhibitory approach for clinical development of an oral nicotine replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir D Alsharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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A compensatory effect upon splicing results in normal function of the CYP2A6*14 allele. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:107-16. [PMID: 23292114 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835caf7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A synonymous variant in the first exon of CYP2A6, rs1137115 (51G>A), defines the common reference allele CYP2A6*1A, and is associated with lower mRNA expression and slower in-vivo nicotine metabolism. Another common allele, CYP2A6*14, differs from CYP2A6*1A by a single variant, rs28399435 (86G>A, S29N). However, CYP2A6*14 shows in-vivo activity comparable with that of full-function alleles, and significantly higher than CYP2A6*1A. rs1137115A is predicted to create an exonic splicing suppressor site overlapping an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) site in the first exon of CYP2A6, whereas rs28399435A is predicted to strengthen another adjacent ESE, potentially compensating for rs1137115A. Using an allelic expression assay to assess cDNAs produced from rs1137115 heterozygous liver biopsy samples, lower expression of the CYP2A6*1A allele is confirmed while CYP2A6*14 expression is found to be indistinguishable from that of rs1137115G alleles. Quantitative PCR assays to determine the relative abundance of spliced and unspliced or partially spliced CYP2A6 mRNAs in liver biopsy samples show that *1A/*1A homozygotes have a significantly lower ratio, due to both a reduction in spliced forms and an increase in unspliced or partially spliced CYP2A6. These results show the importance of common genetic variants that effect exonic splicing suppressor and ESEs to explain human variation regarding clinically-relevant phenotypes.
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Kalapatapu RK, Delucchi KL. APOE e4 genotype and cigarette smoking in adults with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment: a retrospective baseline analysis of a national dataset. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2013; 39:219-26. [PMID: 23808899 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE e4 genotype is known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Recently, published evidence has shown that APOE e4 genotype may also be associated with the cessation of cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective analysis was to explore whether any past smoking outcomes differed based on APOE e4 genotype in a large national dataset. METHODS Data were extracted from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's longitudinal Uniform Data Set study. We limited this retrospective baseline analysis to the normal cognition (n = 2995) and mild cognitive impairment (n = 1627) groups that had APOE genotype and smoking data. Because this was an exploratory retrospective analysis, we conducted descriptive analyses on all variables based on APOE e4 genotype. We controlled for demographic, clinical, medication and neurocognitive data in the analyses. RESULTS In both the normal cognition group and the mild cognitive impairment group, e4 carriers and e4 non-carriers did not significantly differ on total years smoked, age when last smoked and the average # of packs/day smoked during the years they smoked. In both groups, e4 carriers and e4 non-carriers differed on various neurocognitive measures. CONCLUSION These data do not support the recently published evidence of the association between APOE e4 genotype and smoking outcomes. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Larger prospective clinical trials are needed to further explore the relationship between APOE genotype and smoking outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Kalapatapu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Effects upon in-vivo nicotine metabolism reveal functional variation in FMO3 associated with cigarette consumption. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:62-8. [PMID: 23211429 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835c3b48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) catalyze the metabolism of nucleophilic heteroatom-containing drugs and xenobiotics, including nicotine. Rare mutations in FMO3 are responsible for defective N-oxidation of dietary trimethylamine leading to trimethylaminuria, and common genetic variation in FMO3 has been linked to interindividual variability in metabolic function that may be substrate specific. METHODS A genetic model of CYP2A6 function is used as a covariate to reveal functional polymorphism in FMO3 that indirectly influences the ratio of deuterated nicotine metabolized to cotinine following oral administration. The association is tested between FMO3 haplotype and cigarette consumption in a set of nicotine-dependent smokers. RESULTS FMO3 haplotype, based on all common coding variants in Europeans, significantly predicts nicotine metabolism and accounts for ∼2% of variance in the apparent percent of nicotine metabolized to cotinine. The metabolic ratio is not associated with FMO2 haplotype or an FMO1 expression quantitative trait locus. Cross-validation demonstrates calculated FMO3 haplotype parameters to be robust and significantly improve the predictive nicotine metabolism model over CYP2A6 genotype alone. Functional classes of FMO3 haplotypes, as determined by their influence on nicotine metabolism to cotinine, are also significantly associated with cigarettes per day in nicotine-dependent European Americans (n=1025, P=0.04), and significantly interact (P=0.016) with CYP2A6 genotype to predict cigarettes per day. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that common polymorphisms in FMO3 influence nicotine clearance and that these genetic variants in turn influence cigarette consumption.
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PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for cytochrome P-450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 6. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:695-708. [PMID: 22547082 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283540217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:103-41. [PMID: 23333322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2471] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes, belonging to the CYP1, 2, and 3 families, are responsible for the biotransformation of most foreign substances including 70-80% of all drugs in clinical use. The highest expressed forms in liver are CYPs 3A4, 2C9, 2C8, 2E1, and 1A2, while 2A6, 2D6, 2B6, 2C19 and 3A5 are less abundant and CYPs 2J2, 1A1, and 1B1 are mainly expressed extrahepatically. Expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms, induction by xenobiotics, regulation by cytokines, hormones and during disease states, as well as sex, age, and others. Multiallelic genetic polymorphisms, which strongly depend on ethnicity, play a major role for the function of CYPs 2D6, 2C19, 2C9, 2B6, 3A5 and 2A6, and lead to distinct pharmacogenetic phenotypes termed as poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. For these CYPs, the evidence for clinical significance regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug efficacy and dose requirement is rapidly growing. Polymorphisms in CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 2E1, 2J2, and 3A4 are generally less predictive, but new data on CYP3A4 show that predictive variants exist and that additional variants in regulatory genes or in NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) can have an influence. Here we review the recent progress on drug metabolism activity profiles, interindividual variability and regulation of expression, and the functional and clinical impact of genetic variation in drug metabolizing P450s.
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Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanisms through which it causes the diseases remain unknown. In the present manuscript we reviewed the latest knowledge gained on the effect of cigarette smoke and smoking compounds on cell signaling pathways mediating both diseases. We also reviewed the effect of smoking on the pancreatic cell microenvironment including inflammatory cells and stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Edderkaoui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Benowitz NL, Dempsey D, Tyndale RF, St Helen G, Jacob P. Dose-independent kinetics with low level exposure to nicotine and cotinine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 75:277-9. [PMID: 22574797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rapid nicotine clearance is associated with greater reward and heart rate increases from intravenous nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1509-16. [PMID: 22334123 PMCID: PMC3327855 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of nicotine metabolites (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC) to cotinine) correlates with nicotine clearance. In previous studies, high nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) predicted poor outcomes for smoking cessation treatment with nicotine patch. The underlying mechanisms that associate NMR with treatment outcomes have not been fully elucidated. A total of 100 smokers were divided into quartiles based on their baseline plasma NMR. Following overnight abstinence, smokers received saline followed by escalating intravenous doses of nicotine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/70 kg) given 30 min apart. The effects of nicotine on subjective, plasma cortisol, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures were obtained. Smokers in the first NMR quartile (slower metabolizers) had lower Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores, suggesting lower levels of dependence. In contrast, smokers in the fourth NMR quartile (faster metabolizers) reported greater craving for cigarettes following overnight abstinence from smoking and reported greater ratings of nicotine-induced good drug effects, drug liking, and wanting more drug. Higher NMR was also associated with greater heart rate increases in response to nicotine. These results suggest that enhanced nicotine reward and cigarette craving may contribute to the poor treatment response in smokers with high NMR. These findings warrant further investigation, especially in treatment-seeking smokers undergoing cessation treatment.
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Vieira-Brock PL, Miller EI, Nielsen SM, Fleckenstein AE, Wilkins DG. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine and metabolites in rat brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3465-74. [PMID: 21963483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine (NIC), cotinine (COT), nornicotine (NNIC), norcotinine (NCOT), nicotine-N-β-D-glucuronide (NIC GLUC), cotinine-N-β-D-glucuronide (COT GLUC), nicotine-1'-oxide (NNO), cotinine-N-oxide (CNO), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) was modified and validated for quantification of these selected analytes in rat brain tissue. This analytical method provides support for preclinical NIC pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies after controlled dosing protocols. After brain homogenization and solid-phase extraction, target analytes and corresponding deuterated internal standards were chromatographically separated on a Discovery(®) HS F5 HPLC column with gradient elution and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data acquisition. Method linearity was assessed and calibration curves were determined over the following ranges: 0.1-7.5 ng/mg for NIC, COT GLUC and AB; and 0.025-7.5 ng/mg for COT, NNIC, NCOT, NIC GLUC, NNO, CNO, 3-HC and AT (R(2)≥0.99 for all analytes). Extraction recoveries ranged from 64% to 115%, LC-MS/MS matrix effects were ≤21%, and overall process efficiency ranged from 57% to 93% at low and high quality control concentrations. Intra- and inter-assay imprecisions and accuracy for all analytes were ≤12.9% and ≥86%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantification of NIC and metabolites in the brain of post-natal day 90 rats that were sacrificed 2-h after a single 0.8 mg/kg s.c. administration of (-)NIC. In these tissues, striatal concentrations were 204.8±49.4, 138.2±14.2 and 36.1±6.1 pg/mg of NIC, COT and NNIC, respectively. Concentrations of NIC, COT and NNIC in the remaining whole brain (RWhB) were 183.3±68.0, 130.0±14.1 and 46.7±10.3 pg/mg, respectively. Quantification of these same analytes in plasma was also performed by a previously validated method. NIC, COT, NNIC, NCOT, NNO and CNO were detected in plasma with concentrations comparable to those reported in previous studies. However, and in contrast to brain tissues, COT concentrations in plasma were significantly higher than were those of NIC (194.6±18.6 ng/mL versus 52.7±12.9 ng/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that a sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of NIC biomarkers in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Carlsten C, Halperin A, Crouch J, Burke W. Personalized medicine and tobacco-related health disparities: is there a role for genetics? Ann Fam Med 2011; 9:366-71. [PMID: 21747109 PMCID: PMC3133585 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing has been proposed as a means to increase smoking cessation rates and thus reduce smoking prevalence. To understand how that might be practically possible, with appreciation of the current social context of tobacco use and dependence, we performed a contextual analysis of smoking-related genetics and smoking cessation. To provide added value, genetics would need to inform and improve existing interventions for smokers (including behavioral and pharmacological treatments). Pharmacogenetics offers the most promising potential, because it may improve the efficacy of medication-based smoking cessations strategies. All proven interventions for treating tobacco dependence, however, including simple cost-effective measures, such as quit lines and physician counseling, are underutilized. As tobacco use occurs disproportionately among disadvantaged populations, efforts to improve smokers' access to health care, and to the tools that are known to help them quit, represent the most promising approaches for reducing smoking prevalence within these groups. Similar considerations apply to other chronic diseases contributing to population-level health disparities. We conclude that although genetics offers increasing opportunities to tailor drug treatment, and may in some cases provide useful risk prediction, other methods of personalizing care are likely to yield greater benefit to populations experiencing health disparities related to tobacco use.
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Tamoxifen and mifepriston modulate nicotine induced conditioned place preference in female rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:425-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Cox LS, Faseru B, Mayo MS, Krebill R, Snow TS, Bronars CA, Nollen NL, Choi WS, Okuyemi KS, Salzman GA, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Ahluwalia JS. Design, baseline characteristics, and retention of African American light smokers into a randomized trial involving biological data. Trials 2011; 12:22. [PMID: 21266057 PMCID: PMC3038942 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans experience significant tobacco-related health disparities despite the fact that over half of African American smokers are light smokers (use ≤ 10 cigarettes per day). African Americans have been under-represented in smoking cessation research, and few studies have evaluated treatment for light smokers. This paper describes the study design, measures, and baseline characteristics from Kick It at Swope III (KIS-III), the first treatment study of bupropion for African American light smokers. METHODS Five hundred forty African American light smokers were randomly assigned to receive bupropion (150 mg bid) (n = 270) or placebo (n = 270) for 7 weeks. All participants received written materials and health education counseling. Participants responded to survey items and provided blood samples for evaluation of phenotype and genotype of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 enzymes involved in nicotine and bupropion metabolism. Primary outcome was cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at Week 26 follow-up. RESULTS Of 2,628 individuals screened, 540 were eligible, consented, and randomized to treatment. Participants had a mean age of 46.5 years and 66.1% were women. Participants smoked an average of 8.0 cigarettes per day, had a mean exhaled carbon monoxide of 16.4 ppm (range 1-55) and a mean serum cotinine of 275.8 ng/ml. The mean Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was 3.2, and 72.2% of participants smoked within 30 minutes of waking. The average number of quit attempts in the past year was 3.7 and 24.2% reported using pharmacotherapy in their most recent quit attempt. Motivation and confidence to quit were high. CONCLUSION KIS-III is the first study designed to examine both nicotine and bupropion metabolism, evaluating CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 phenotype and genotype in conjunction with psychosocial factors, in the context of treatment of African American light smokers. Of 1629 smokers screened for study participation, only 18 (1.1%) were ineligible to participate in the study because they refused blood draws, demonstrating the feasibility of recruiting and enrolling African American light smokers into a clinical treatment trial involving biological data collection and genetic analyses. Future evaluation of individual factors associated with treatment outcome will contribute to advancing tailored tobacco use treatment with the goal of enhancing treatment and reducing health disparities for African American light smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00666978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Babalola Faseru
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ron Krebill
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tricia S Snow
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Carrie A Bronars
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Won S Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kolawole S Okuyemi
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnespolis, MN, USA
| | - Gary A Salzman
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Health Equity, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnespolis, MN, USA
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Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polymorphism and toxicology--with emphasis on cytochrome p450. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:1-13. [PMID: 21149643 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual susceptibility to environmental, chemical, and drug toxicity is to some extent determined by polymorphism in drug-metabolizing enzymes, in particular the cytochromes P450 (CYPs). This polymorphism is in particular translated into risk differences concerning drugs metabolized by the highly polymorphic enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, whereas CYP enzymes active in procarcinogen activation are relatively well conserved without important functional polymorphisms. Examples of drug toxicities that can be predicted by P450 polymorphism include those exerted by codeine, tramadol, warfarin, acenocoumarol, and clopidogrel. The polymorphic CYP2A6 has a role in nicotine metabolism and smoking behavior. Besides this genetic variation, genome-wide association studies now allow for the identification of an increasing number of predictive genetic biomarkers among, e.g., human leukocyte antigens and to some extent drug transporters that provide useful information regarding the choice of the drug and drug dosage in order to avoid toxicity. The translation of this information into the clinical practice has been slow; however, an increasing number of pharmacogenomic drug labels are assigned, where the predictive genotyping before drug treatment can be mandatory, recommended, or only for informational purposes. In this review, we provide an update of the field with emphasis on CYP polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Johansson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mackillop J, Obasi E, Amlung MT, McGeary JE, Knopik VS. The Role of Genetics in Nicotine Dependence: Mapping the Pathways from Genome to Syndrome. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010; 4:446-453. [PMID: 21686075 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and there is unequivocal evidence that genetics play a substantial role in its etiology. This review provides an overview of the evidence for genetic influences and recent advances in the field. Traditional quantitative genetics studies have revealed nicotine dependence is heritable and molecular genetics studies are providing increasing evidence that the genes responsible for nicotine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are particularly important. Despite considerable progress, a number of significant complexities and challenges remain. These include determining the specificity of genetic influences and clarifying the role of interactive contributions. One promising strategy for addressing these issues is an intermediate phenotype approach that attempts to identify the intervening proximal mechanisms that confer differential genetic risk. Understanding these mechanisms may permit more precision in understanding genetic influences and may also identify novel targets for intervention or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mackillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Raherison C, Biron E, Nocent-Ejnaini C, Taillé C, Tillie-Leblond I, Prudhomme A. Existe-t-il des spécificités chez les femmes atteintes de BPCO ? Rev Mal Respir 2010; 27:611-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet 2010; 42:441-7. [PMID: 20418890 DOI: 10.1038/ng.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Consistent but indirect evidence has implicated genetic factors in smoking behavior. We report meta-analyses of several smoking phenotypes within cohorts of the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium (n = 74,053). We also partnered with the European Network of Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE) and Oxford-GlaxoSmithKline (Ox-GSK) consortia to follow up the 15 most significant regions (n > 140,000). We identified three loci associated with number of cigarettes smoked per day. The strongest association was a synonymous 15q25 SNP in the nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA3 (rs1051730[A], beta = 1.03, standard error (s.e.) = 0.053, P = 2.8 x 10(-73)). Two 10q25 SNPs (rs1329650[G], beta = 0.367, s.e. = 0.059, P = 5.7 x 10(-10); and rs1028936[A], beta = 0.446, s.e. = 0.074, P = 1.3 x 10(-9)) and one 9q13 SNP in EGLN2 (rs3733829[G], beta = 0.333, s.e. = 0.058, P = 1.0 x 10(-8)) also exceeded genome-wide significance for cigarettes per day. For smoking initiation, eight SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance, with the strongest association at a nonsynonymous SNP in BDNF on chromosome 11 (rs6265[C], odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.04-1.08, P = 1.8 x 10(-8)). One SNP located near DBH on chromosome 9 (rs3025343[G], OR = 1.12, 95% Cl 1.08-1.18, P = 3.6 x 10(-8)) was significantly associated with smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27710, USA
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Ogburn ET, Jones DR, Masters AR, Xu C, Guo Y, Desta Z. Efavirenz primary and secondary metabolism in vitro and in vivo: identification of novel metabolic pathways and cytochrome P450 2A6 as the principal catalyst of efavirenz 7-hydroxylation. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1218-29. [PMID: 20335270 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz primary and secondary metabolism was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In human liver microsome (HLM) samples, 7- and 8-hydroxyefavirenz accounted for 22.5 and 77.5% of the overall efavirenz metabolism, respectively. Kinetic, inhibition, and correlation analyses in HLM samples and experiments in expressed cytochrome P450 show that CYP2A6 is the principal catalyst of efavirenz 7-hydroxylation. Although CYP2B6 was the main enzyme catalyzing efavirenz 8-hydroxylation, CYP2A6 also seems to contribute. Both 7- and 8-hydroxyefavirenz were further oxidized to novel dihydroxylated metabolite(s) primarily by CYP2B6. These dihydroxylated metabolite(s) were not the same as 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz, a metabolite that has been suggested to be directly formed via 14-hydroxylation of 8-hydroxyefavirenz, because 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz was not detected in vitro when efavirenz, 7-, or 8-hydroxyefavirenz were used as substrates. Efavirenz and its primary and secondary metabolites that were identified in vitro were quantified in plasma samples obtained from subjects taking a single 600-mg oral dose of efavirenz. 8,14-Dihydroxyefavirenz was detected and quantified in these plasma samples, suggesting that the glucuronide or the sulfate of 8-hydroxyefavirenz might undergo 14-hydroxylation in vivo. In conclusion, efavirenz metabolism is complex, involving unique and novel secondary metabolism. Although efavirenz 8-hydroxylation by CYP2B6 remains the major clearance mechanism of efavirenz, CYP2A6-mediated 7-hydroxylation (and to some extent 8-hydroxylation) may also contribute. Efavirenz may be a valuable dual phenotyping tool to study CYP2B6 and CYP2A6, and this should be further tested in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T Ogburn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Genetic variation in nicotine metabolism predicts the efficacy of extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87:553-7. [PMID: 20336063 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a placebo-controlled trial, we examined the efficacy of a 6-month ("extended") transdermal nicotine therapy vs. the 8-week ("standard") therapy in 471 Caucasian smokers with either normal or reduced rates of nicotine metabolism as determined at pretreatment. Extended therapy was superior to standard therapy in genotypic or phenotypic reduced metabolizers (RMs) of nicotine but not in normal metabolizers (NMs). RMs of nicotine are candidates for extended transdermal nicotine therapy, whereas an alternative therapeutic approach may be needed for those with normal rates of nicotine metabolism.
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Alfaro JF, Joswig-Jones CA, Ouyang W, Nichols J, Crouch GJ, Jones JP. Purification and mechanism of human aldehyde oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2393-8. [PMID: 19741035 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) has been subcloned into a vector suitable for expression in Escherichia coli, and the protein has been expressed. The resulting protein is active, with sulfur being incorporated in the molybdopterin cofactor. Expression levels are modest, but 1 liter of cells supplies enough protein for both biochemical and kinetic characterization. Partial purification is achieved by nickel affinity chromatography through the addition of six histidines to the amino-terminal end of the protein. Kinetic analysis, including kinetic isotope effects and comparison with xanthine oxidase, reveal similar mechanisms, with some subtle differences. This expression system will allow for the interrogation of human aldehyde oxidase structure/function relationships by site-directed mutagenesis and provide protein for characterizing the role of AOX1 in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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