1
|
Ashraf I, Bradshaw H, Ha TT, Halloy J, Godoy-Diana R, Thiria B. Simple phalanx pattern leads to energy saving in cohesive fish schooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9599-9604. [PMID: 28839092 PMCID: PMC5594674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706503114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how individuals in a population organize when living in groups arises for systems as different as a swarm of microorganisms or a flock of seagulls. The different patterns for moving collectively involve a wide spectrum of reasons, such as evading predators or optimizing food prospection. Also, the schooling pattern has often been associated with an advantage in terms of energy consumption. In this study, we use a popular aquarium fish, the red nose tetra fish, Hemigrammus bleheri, which is known to swim in highly cohesive groups, to analyze the schooling dynamics. In our experiments, fish swim in a shallow-water tunnel with controlled velocity, and stereoscopic video recordings are used to track the 3D positions of each individual in a school, as well as their tail-beating kinematics. Challenging the widespread idea of fish favoring a diamond pattern to swim more efficiently [Weihs D (1973) Nature 241:290-291], we observe that when fish are forced to swim fast-well above their free-swimming typical velocity, and hence in a situation where efficient swimming would be favored-the most frequent configuration is the "phalanx" or "soldier" formation, with all individuals swimming side by side. We explain this observation by considering the advantages of tail-beating synchronization between neighbors, which we have also characterized. Most importantly, we show that schooling is advantageous as compared with swimming alone from an energy-efficiency perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Intesaaf Ashraf
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7636, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanaé Bradshaw
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7636, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thanh-Tung Ha
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7636, 75005 Paris, France
| | - José Halloy
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, UMR CNRS 8236, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ramiro Godoy-Diana
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7636, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Benjamin Thiria
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris-Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Sorbonne Paris Cité-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7636, 75005 Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Claireaux G, Couturier C, Groison AL. Effect of temperature on maximum swimming speed and cost of transport in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:3420-8. [PMID: 16916977 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to gain an integrated understanding of the interactions between temperature, locomotion activity and metabolism in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To our knowledge this study is among the few that have investigated the influence of the seasonal changes in water temperature on swimming performance in fish. Using a Brett-type swim-tunnel respirometer the relationship between oxygen consumption and swimming speed was determined in fish acclimatised to 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30 degrees C. The corresponding maximum swimming speed (U(max)), optimal swimming speed (U(opt)), active (AMR) and standard (SMR) metabolic rates as well as aerobic metabolic scope (MS) were calculated. Using simple mathematical functions, these parameters were modelled as a function of water temperature and swimming speed. Both SMR and AMR were positively related to water temperature up to 24 degrees C. Above 24 degrees C SMR and AMR levelled off and MS tended to decrease. We found a tight relationship between AMR and U(max) and observed that raising the temperature increased AMR and increased swimming ability. However, although fish swam faster at high temperature, the net cost of transport (COT(net)) at a given speed was not influence by the elevation of the water temperature. Although U(opt) doubled between 7 degrees C and 30 degrees C (from 0.3 to 0.6 m s(-1)), metabolic rate at U(opt) represented a relatively constant fraction of the animal active metabolic rate (40-45%). A proposed model integrates the effects of water temperature on the interaction between metabolism and swimming performance. In particular the controlling effect of temperature on AMR is shown to be the key factor limiting maximal swimming speed of sea bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Claireaux
- Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, 1 Quai de la Daurade, Sète, 34200 France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|