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Spiroiu F, Minuzzi L, Duarte D, McCabe R, Soreni N. Neurocognitive Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38913323 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2371303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used with increasing frequency as a therapeutic tool to alleviate clinical symptoms of obsessive compulsive-disorder (OCD). However, little is known about the effects of tDCS on neurocognitive functioning among OCD patients. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature examining the effects of tDCS on specific neurocognitive functions in OCD. A literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. The search yielded 4 results: one randomized, sham-controlled study (20 patients), one randomized, controlled, partial crossover trial (12 patients), one open-label study (5 patients), and one randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel-group trial (37 patients). A total of 51 patients received active tDCS with some diversity in electrode montages targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the pre-supplementary motor area, or the orbitofrontal cortex. tDCS was associated with improved decision-making in study 1, enhanced attentional monitoring and response inhibition in study 2, improved executive and inhibitory control in study 3, and reduced attentional bias and improved response inhibition and working memory in study 4. Limitations of this review include its small sample, the absence of a sham group in half of the studies, and the heterogeneity in tDCS parameters. These preliminary results highlight the need for future testing in randomized, sham-controlled trials to examine whether and how tDCS induces relevant cognitive benefits in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- FlaviaI Spiroiu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Dante Duarte
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - RandiE McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Noam Soreni
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
- Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
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2
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Long M, Li Y, He H, Gu N. The Story of Ferumoxytol: Synthesis Production, Current Clinical Applications, and Therapeutic Potential. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302773. [PMID: 37931150 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferumoxytol, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2009, is one of the intravenous iron oxide nanoparticles authorized for the treatment of iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. With its exceptional magnetic properties, catalytic activity, and immune activity, as well as good biocompatibility and safety, ferumoxytol has gained significant recognition in various biomedical diagnoses and treatments. Unlike most existing reviews on this topic, this review primarily focuses on the recent clinical and preclinical advances of ferumoxytol in disease treatment, spanning anemia, cancer, infectious inflammatory diseases, regenerative medicine application, magnetic stimulation for neural modulation, etc. Additionally, the newly discovered mechanisms associated with the biological effects of ferumoxytol are discussed, including its magnetic, catalytic, and immunomodulatory properties. Finally, the summary and future prospects concerning the treatment and application of ferumoxytol-based nanotherapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
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3
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Austelle CW, Sege CT, Kahn AT, Gregoski MJ, Taylor DL, McTeague LM, Short EB, Badran BW, George MS. Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Early Increases in Heart Rate Associated With the Cold Pressor Test. Neuromodulation 2023:S1094-7159(23)00715-8. [PMID: 37642625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) may be useful in treating disorders characterized by chronic parasympathetic disinhibition. Acute taVNS decreases resting heart rate in healthy individuals, but little is known regarding the effects of taVNS on the cardiac response to an acute stressor. To investigate effects on the acute stress response, we investigated how taVNS affected heart rate changes during a cold pressor test (CPT), a validated stress induction technique that reliably elicits a sympathetic stress response with marked increases in heart rate, anxiety, stress, and pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 24 healthy adults (ten women, mean age = 29 years) to participate in this randomized, crossover, exploratory trial. Each subject completed two taVNS treatments (one active, one sham) paired with CPTs in the same session. Order of active versus sham stimulation was randomized. Heart rate, along with ratings of anxiety, stress, and pain, was collected before, during, and after each round of taVNS/sham + CPT. RESULTS In both stimulation conditions, heart rate was elevated from baseline in response to the CPT. Analyses also revealed a difference between active and sham taVNS during the first 40 seconds of the CPT (Δ heart rate [HR] = 12.75 ± 7.85 in the active condition; Δ HR = 16.09 ± 11.43 in the sham condition, p = 0.044). There were no significant differences in subjective ratings between active and sham taVNS. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized, sham-controlled study, taVNS attenuated initial increases in HR in response to the CPT. Future studies are needed to investigate the effects of various taVNS doses and parameters on the CPT, in addition to other forms of stress induction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The Clinicaltrials.gov registration number for the study is NCT00113453.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher T Sege
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alex T Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mathew J Gregoski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Danielle L Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lisa M McTeague
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Edward Baron Short
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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4
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Szymoniuk M, Chin JH, Domagalski Ł, Biszewski M, Jóźwik K, Kamieniak P. Brain stimulation for chronic pain management: a narrative review of analgesic mechanisms and clinical evidence. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:127. [PMID: 37247036 PMCID: PMC10227133 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain constitutes one of the most common chronic complaints that people experience. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs longer than 3 months. Chronic pain has a significant impact on individuals' well-being and psychosocial health and the economy of healthcare systems as well. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic modalities, treatment of chronic pain can be challenging. Only about 30% of individuals with non-cancer chronic pain achieve improvement from standard pharmacological treatment. Therefore, numerous therapeutic approaches were proposed as a potential treatment for chronic pain including non-opioid pharmacological agents, nerve blocks, acupuncture, cannabidiol, stem cells, exosomes, and neurostimulation techniques. Although some neurostimulation methods such as spinal cord stimulation were successfully introduced into clinical practice as a therapy for chronic pain, the current evidence for brain stimulation efficacy in the treatment of chronic pain remains unclear. Hence, this narrative literature review aimed to give an up-to-date overview of brain stimulation methods, including deep brain stimulation, motor cortex stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, and reduced impedance non-invasive cortical electrostimulation as a potential treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szymoniuk
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jia-Hsuan Chin
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Domagalski
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Biszewski
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jóźwik
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Carrillo-Márquez JR, Beltrán JQ, Jiménez-Ponce F, García-Muñoz L, Navarro-Olvera JL, Márquez-Franco R, Velasco F. Innovative perspectives in limbic surgery using deep brain stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1167244. [PMID: 37274213 PMCID: PMC10233042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1167244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Limbic surgery is one of the most attractive and retaken fields of functional neurosurgery in the last two decades. Psychiatric surgery emerged from the incipient work of Moniz and Lima lesioning the prefrontal cortex in agitated patients. Since the onset of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery with Spiegel and Wycis, the treatment of mental diseases gave attention to refractory illnesses mainly with the use of thalamotomies. Neurosis and some psychotic symptoms were treated by them. Several indications when lesioning the brain were included: obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and aggressiveness among others with a diversity of targets. The indiscriminately use of anatomical sites without enough scientific evidence, and uncertainly defined criteria for selecting patients merged with a deficiency in ethical aspects, brought a lack of procedures for a long time: only select clinics allowed this surgery around the world from 1950 to the 1990s. In 1999, Nuttin et al. began a new chapter in limbic surgery with the use of Deep Brain Stimulation, based on the experience of pain, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The efforts were focused on different targets to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Nevertheless, other diseases were added to use neuromodulation. The goal of this article is to show the new opportunities to treat neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
- Research Direction, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
- Neuroscience Coordination, Psychology Faculty, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Rodrigo Carrillo-Márquez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
- Alpha Health Sciences Leadership Program, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Quetzalcóatl Beltrán
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fiacro Jiménez-Ponce
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis García-Muñoz
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Navarro-Olvera
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - René Márquez-Franco
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Velasco
- Stereotactic, Functional & Radiosurgery Unit of Neurosurgery Service, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lemes JA, Silva MSCF, Gonçalves BSM, Céspedes IC, Viana MB. Deep Brain Stimulation of the dorsal raphe induces anxiolytic and panicolytic-like effects and alters serotonin immunoreactivity. Behav Brain Res 2023; 449:114462. [PMID: 37121276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously we showed that Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the dorsal region (DRD) and of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe (lwDR) respectively decreases anxiety and panic-like responses in the elevated T-maze (ETM). This study investigates neurobiological alterations which might respond for these behavioral effects. Male Wistar rats were submitted to high-frequency stimulation (100µA, 100Hz) of the DRD or of the lwDR for 1h, and subsequently tested in the avoidance or escape tasks of the ETM. Since serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are first line pharmacological treatment for anxiety disorders, we also tested the effects of chronic fluoxetine administration (10mg/kg, IP, 21 days) on a separate group of rats. An open field was used for locomotor activity assessment. Additionally, we evaluated c-Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) in serotonergic cells of the dorsal raphe (DR). Results showed that DBS of the DRD decreases avoidance reactions, an anxiolytic-like effect, without altering escape or locomotor activity. Both fluoxetine and DBS of the lwDR decreased escape responses in the ETM, a panicolytic-like effect, without altering avoidance measurements or locomotor activity. While DBS of the DRD decreased double immunostaining in the DRD, DBS of the lwDR increased Fos-ir and double immunostaining in the DRD and lwDR. Fluoxetine also increased double immunostaining in the lwDR and in the DRV but decreased it in the DRD. These results suggest that both the anxiolytic and panicolytic-like effects of DBS and fluoxetine are related to 5-HT modulation in different subnuclei of the DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lemes
- Departamento de Biociências, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - M S C F Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - B S M Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biociências, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - I C Céspedes
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.
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Kelly DF, Heinzerling K, Sharma A, Gowrinathan S, Sergi K, Mallari RJ. Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy and Psychedelic Science: A Review and Perspective on Opportunities in Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology. Neurosurgery 2023; 92:680-694. [PMID: 36512813 PMCID: PMC9988324 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After a decades-long pause, psychedelics are again being intensely investigated for treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric ailments including depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia, and chronic pain syndromes. The classic serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide and nonclassic psychedelics 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and ketamine are increasingly appreciated as neuroplastogens given their potential to fundamentally alter mood and behavior well beyond the time window of measurable exposure. Imaging studies with psychedelics are also helping advance our understanding of neural networks and connectomics. This resurgence in psychedelic science and psychedelic-assisted therapy has potential significance for the fields of neurosurgery and neuro-oncology and their diverse and challenging patients, many of whom continue to have mental health issues and poor quality of life despite receiving state-of-the-art care. In this study, we review recent and ongoing clinical trials, the set and setting model of psychedelic-assisted therapy, potential risks and adverse events, proposed mechanisms of action, and provide a perspective on how the safe and evidence-based use of psychedelics could potentially benefit many patients, including those with brain tumors, pain syndromes, ruminative disorders, stroke, SAH, TBI, and movement disorders. By leveraging psychedelics' neuroplastic potential to rehabilitate the mind and brain, novel treatments may be possible for many of these patient populations, in some instances working synergistically with current treatments and in some using subpsychedelic doses that do not require mind-altering effects for efficacy. This review aims to encourage broader multidisciplinary collaboration across the neurosciences to explore and help realize the transdiagnostic healing potential of psychedelics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Kelly
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Keith Heinzerling
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Shanthi Gowrinathan
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Karina Sergi
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Regin Jay Mallari
- Treatment & Research in Psychedelics Program, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
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8
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Ferraris C, Scarlett CJ, Bucher T, Beckett EL. Liking of salt is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad038. [PMID: 37738157 PMCID: PMC10628984 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early research has shown variations in salt taste qualities in depression, anxiety, and stress. These studies evaluated changes to salt taste intensity and liking (pleasantness) of salt solutions but not of salty foods. Therefore, an Australian population survey (n = 424) was conducted where participants rated recalled intensity and liking of salt index foods and completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure these states. Standard least squares regression (post hoc Tukey's HSD) compared means between groups, and nominal logistic regression assessed differences in distributions between categories. Higher salt liking was found in participants with DASS-21 scores indicative of severe depression (68.3 vs. 60.0, P = 0.005) and severe anxiety (68.4 vs. 60.0, P = 0.001) in comparison to those with normal scores, in all models. Higher salt liking was found in participants with DASS-21 scores indicative of moderate stress (67.7 vs. 60.2, P = 0.009) in the unadjusted model only. Higher salt liking was found in females with DASS-21 scores indicative of anxiety and stress, and in males with indicative depression and anxiety. No relationships between salt taste intensity ratings and the mood states were found. Results indicate that liking salty foods is positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress scores. Further research on the relationships between salt liking and intake of salt and salty foods, and the biological mechanisms of these mood states are needed to direct the application of findings toward potential new risk assessment measures, dietary interventions, or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Ferraris
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Tamara Bucher
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Emma L Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
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9
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Prefrontal cortical circuits in anxiety and fear: an overview. Front Med 2022; 16:518-539. [PMID: 35943704 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pathological anxiety is among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, and it represents a major societal problem. Studies have implicated structural changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and functional changes in the communication of the PFC with distal brain structures in anxiety disorders. Treatments that affect the activity of the PFC, including cognitive therapies and transcranial magnetic stimulation, reverse anxiety- and fear-associated circuit abnormalities through mechanisms that remain largely unclear. While the subjective experience of a rodent cannot be precisely determined, rodent models hold great promise in dissecting well-conserved circuits. Newly developed genetic and viral tools and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques have revealed the intricacies of neural circuits underlying anxiety and fear by allowing direct examination of hypotheses drawn from existing psychological concepts. This review focuses on studies that have used these circuit-based approaches to gain a more detailed, more comprehensive, and more integrated view on how the PFC governs anxiety and fear and orchestrates adaptive defensive behaviors to hopefully provide a roadmap for the future development of therapies for pathological anxiety.
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10
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Nowakowska M, Üçal M, Charalambous M, Bhatti SFM, Denison T, Meller S, Worrell GA, Potschka H, Volk HA. Neurostimulation as a Method of Treatment and a Preventive Measure in Canine Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Current State and Future Prospects. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889561. [PMID: 35782557 PMCID: PMC9244381 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neuronal activity for seizure control using various methods of neurostimulation is a rapidly developing field in epileptology, especially in treatment of refractory epilepsy. Promising results in human clinical practice, such as diminished seizure burden, reduced incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, and improved quality of life has brought neurostimulation into the focus of veterinary medicine as a therapeutic option. This article provides a comprehensive review of available neurostimulation methods for seizure management in drug-resistant epilepsy in canine patients. Recent progress in non-invasive modalities, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation is highlighted. We further discuss potential future advances and their plausible application as means for preventing epileptogenesis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowakowska
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sofie F. M. Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Timothy Denison
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Heidrun Potschka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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11
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Branco LRF, Ehteshami A, Azgomi HF, Faghih RT. Closed-Loop Tracking and Regulation of Emotional Valence State From Facial Electromyogram Measurements. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:747735. [PMID: 35399915 PMCID: PMC8990324 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.747735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective studies provide essential insights to address emotion recognition and tracking. In traditional open-loop structures, a lack of knowledge about the internal emotional state makes the system incapable of adjusting stimuli parameters and automatically responding to changes in the brain. To address this issue, we propose to use facial electromyogram measurements as biomarkers to infer the internal hidden brain state as feedback to close the loop. In this research, we develop a systematic way to track and control emotional valence, which codes emotions as being pleasant or obstructive. Hence, we conduct a simulation study by modeling and tracking the subject's emotional valence dynamics using state-space approaches. We employ Bayesian filtering to estimate the person-specific model parameters along with the hidden valence state, using continuous and binary features extracted from experimental electromyogram measurements. Moreover, we utilize a mixed-filter estimator to infer the secluded brain state in a real-time simulation environment. We close the loop with a fuzzy logic controller in two categories of regulation: inhibition and excitation. By designing a control action, we aim to automatically reflect any required adjustments within the simulation and reach the desired emotional state levels. Final results demonstrate that, by making use of physiological data, the proposed controller could effectively regulate the estimated valence state. Ultimately, we envision future outcomes of this research to support alternative forms of self-therapy by using wearable machine interface architectures capable of mitigating periods of pervasive emotions and maintaining daily well-being and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano R. F. Branco
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arian Ehteshami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hamid Fekri Azgomi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rose T. Faghih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Young A, Hunt T, Ericson M. The Slowest Shared Resonance: A Review of Electromagnetic Field Oscillations Between Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:796455. [PMID: 35250508 PMCID: PMC8888685 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.796455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic field oscillations produced by the brain are increasingly being viewed as causal drivers of consciousness. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the body's various endogenous rhythms in organizing these brain-generated fields through various types of entrainment. We expand this approach by examining evidence of extracerebral shared oscillations between the brain and other parts of the body, in both humans and animals. We then examine the degree to which these data support one of General Resonance Theory's (GRT) principles: the Slowest Shared Resonance (SSR) principle, which states that the combination of micro- to macro-consciousness in coupled field systems is a function of the slowest common denominator frequency or resonance. This principle may be utilized to develop a spatiotemporal hierarchy of brain-body shared resonance systems. It is predicted that a system's SSR decreases with distance between the brain and various resonating structures in the body. The various resonance relationships examined, including between the brain and gastric neurons, brain and sensory organs, and brain and spinal cord, generally match the predicted SSR relationships, empirically supporting this principle of GRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Young
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Tam Hunt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Marissa Ericson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the phenomenology and clinical presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a common but underdiagnosed psychiatric disorder. Guidance for effectively identifying obsessive-compulsive symptoms is provided, and treatment options, including psychotherapy, pharmacologic management, and neuromodulation approaches for treatment-resistant OCD, are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS OCD affects 2% to 3% of adults worldwide and is associated with substantial individual disability and societal costs. Lack of recognition of common OCD symptom types, in addition to shame and fear of stigma on the part of patients, has created an average delay in diagnosis by almost 10 years and a delay in effective treatment (ie, a treatment gap) of nearly 2 years. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), specifically a form of CBT that includes a type of behavioral intervention called exposure and response prevention, remains the most effective form of treatment for OCD. If CBT is not effective or not available, pharmacologic treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or clomipramine, a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can also be of benefit. Neuromodulation approaches such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation are rapidly emerging as effective treatments for OCD, particularly for patients who have not experienced an adequate response to psychotherapy or pharmacologic management. SUMMARY OCD affects more than one in every 50 adults in the United States but is recognized and adequately treated in fewer than half of those affected. Early intervention and appropriate treatment can substantially reduce OCD symptom severity, improve quality of life, and minimize the functional disability associated with this chronic and often debilitating illness.
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14
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Gouveia FV, Germann J, Oliveira CC, Castro MC, Antunes GF, Gomes GCV, Pinto TRC, Martinez RCR, Valle AC. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces Anxiety, Depression and Plasmatic Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Atypical Generalized Epilepsy. Neuroscience 2021; 480:32-41. [PMID: 34774711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders (i.e. anxiety and depression) are commonly observed in patients with epilepsy and induce seizure aggravation. Animal models of epilepsy that exhibit affective disorder features are essential in developing new neuromodulatory treatments. GEAS-W rats (Generalized Epilepsy with Absence Seizures, Wistar background) are an inbred model of generalized epilepsy showing spontaneous spike-wave discharges concomitant with immobility. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a safe non-invasive neuromodulatory therapy used to modulate dysfunctional circuitries frequently and successfully applied in affective disorders for symptom alleviation. Here we investigated anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of tDCS in GEAS-W rats and the role of corticosterone as a possible mechanism of action. GEAS-W and Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, sham-tDCS and active-tDCS groups. Both tDCS groups received 15 sessions of sham or active-tDCS (1 mA, cathode). Behavioural tests included the Open Field and Forced Swimming tests followed by corticosterone analysis. We observed a main effect of treatment and a significant treatment by strain interaction on anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviours, with active-tDCS GEAS-W rats entering the center of the open field more often and showing less immobility in the forced swimming test. Furthermore, there was a main effect of treatment on corticosterone with active-tDCS animals showing marked reduction in plasmatic levels. This study described preclinical evidence to support tDCS treatment of affective disorders in epilepsy and highlights corticosterone as a possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Venetucci Gouveia
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neuroscience, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jürgen Germann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Marina C Castro
- Division of Neuroscience, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geiza F Antunes
- Division of Neuroscience, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele C V Gomes
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM 01, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tais R C Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM 01, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel C R Martinez
- Division of Neuroscience, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; LIM 23, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Angela C Valle
- Laboratory of Neuroscience LIM 01, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Cheng P, Zhou Y, Xu LZ, Chen YF, Hu RL, Zou YL, Li ZX, Zhang L, Shun Q, Yu X, Li LJ, Li WH. Clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder: A literature review. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8658-8665. [PMID: 34734044 PMCID: PMC8546820 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i29.8658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of traditional treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is still unsatisfactory. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely used in the treatment of various types of mental disorders, including PTSD. Although rTMS has been demonstrated to be effective in many cases, there are still arguments regarding its mechanism and protocol. This review aims to summarize the origin, development, principle, and future direction of rTMS and introduce this neuro-stimulation therapy to relevant clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Zhi Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ya-Fei Chen
- Xiangya Medical School, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ling Zou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi Shun
- Research Center for Brain Science and Human-like Intelligence, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Xun Yu
- Product Department, Solide Brain Medical Technology, Ltd., Xi’an 710043, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Ling-Jiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Hui Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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16
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Taylor G, Paladines R, Marti A, Jacobs D, Tint S, Fones A, Hamilton H, Yu L, Amini S, Hettinger J. Electrochemical enhancement of reactively sputtered rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium oxide thin films for neural modulation, sensing, and recording applications. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Takeuchi Y, Nagy AJ, Barcsai L, Li Q, Ohsawa M, Mizuseki K, Berényi A. The Medial Septum as a Potential Target for Treating Brain Disorders Associated With Oscillopathies. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:701080. [PMID: 34305537 PMCID: PMC8297467 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.701080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial septum (MS), as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition. With often reciprocal connections with a broad set of peers at all major divisions of the brain, the MS orchestrates oscillatory neuronal activities throughout the brain. These oscillations are critical in generating sensory and emotional salience, locomotion, maintaining mood, supporting innate anxiety, and governing learning and memory. Accumulating evidence points out that the physiological oscillations under septal influence are frequently disrupted or altered in pathological conditions. Therefore, the MS may be a potential target for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders with abnormal oscillations (oscillopathies) to restore healthy patterns or erase undesired ones. Recent studies have revealed that the patterned stimulation of the MS alleviates symptoms of epilepsy. We discuss here that stimulus timing is a critical determinant of treatment efficacy on multiple time scales. On-demand stimulation may dramatically reduce side effects by not interfering with normal physiological functions. A precise pattern-matched stimulation through adaptive timing governed by the ongoing oscillations is essential to effectively terminate pathological oscillations. The time-targeted strategy for the MS stimulation may provide an effective way of treating multiple disorders including Alzheimer's disease, anxiety/fear, schizophrenia, and depression, as well as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anett J. Nagy
- MTA-SZTE ‘Momentum’ Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lívia Barcsai
- MTA-SZTE ‘Momentum’ Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qun Li
- MTA-SZTE ‘Momentum’ Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE ‘Momentum’ Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Neurocybernetics Excellence Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Yahya AS, Khawaja S. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory anxiety disorders. PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pnp.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saeed Yahya
- Dr Yahya has a special interest in ECT and is a Specialist Registrar in Psychiatry, and Dr Khawaja is a Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist and ECT clinical lead, both at North East London NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Shakil Khawaja
- Dr Yahya has a special interest in ECT and is a Specialist Registrar in Psychiatry, and Dr Khawaja is a Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist and ECT clinical lead, both at North East London NHS Foundation Trust
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Maltsev DV, Spasov AA, Miroshnikov MV, Skripka MO, Divaeva LN. Influence of Diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivative (DAB-19) on behavioral aspects of animals. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.55142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives showed anxiolytic (EPM, L/D box, Vogel test), antidepressant (Tail Suspension test, Porsolt test), anticonvulsant (Pentylenetetrazole-Induced seizures) and analgesic (Tail-Flick, Hot Plate) actions, which were described earlier (Spasov et al. 2020). 11-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole hydrobromide (compound DAB-19) has evident anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant effects. In the present study, compound DAB-19 was screened for its influence on animals` behavior patterns, such as aggression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, emotional lability, and unsociability.
Materials and methods: 112 outbred white animals (rats and mice) were used. Compound DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) were injected to the treatment groups. Using an Open Field (OF) test, we evaluated a spontaneous motor activity, a search activity of mice and a degree of their emotionality. During a Marble Burying (MB) test, we monitored anxiolytic and anticompulsive effects of DAB-19. Using a Resident-intruder (RI) test, we evaluated a degree of aggression in the experimental animals, properties of their social interaction, as well as defensive and individual behavior.
Results and discussion: Compound DAB-19 has positive influence on the search activity, mood stabilizing activity and antiaggressive actions. Administration of both DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced anxiety-like behavior in OP, RI and MB tests, as indicated by a significantly increased number of entries to the center of OP; a decreased number of marbles buried in MB and reduced aggressive behavior in RI. It was stated that using DAB-19 leads to a decrease in affective reactions of the animals – aggression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, neurotic condition and emotional instability.
Conclusions: The compound (DAB-19) produces anxiolytic-like effects, compared with those of diazepam, in various anxiety paradigms.
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Al-Abbasi FA, Kumar V, Anwar F. Biochemical and toxicological effect of diazepam in stress-induced cardiac dysfunctions. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:788-794. [PMID: 32642445 PMCID: PMC7334438 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of diazepam in stress-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats. Alteration of cardiac biomarkers and ionic concentrations by stress. Restoration of altered cardiac biomarkers and ionic concentrations by diazepam. Restoration of architectures of cardiomyocytes by diazepam.
Diazepam is a medicine of the family benzodiazepine, used to treat various CNS disorders. To date, no study is available for biochemical analysis of diazepam in cardiac dysfunction. This study aimed to determine the effect of diazepam in stress-induced cardiac dysfunctions in rats. Male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups with six animals in each group for 90 days of the experimental protocol. Group1 served as a Normal Control (NC), Groups 2, as a Disease Control (DC), Group 3 as a Diazepam Control (DIC), and Group 4 as a Disease + Diazepam Treatment (DDT). Disease Control and Disease + Diazepam Treatment animals exposed to regular stress by forced swimming exercise method for 3 months. Diazepam Control and Disease + Diazepam Treatment received 5 mg/kg/p.o the daily dose of diazepam. At the end of the protocol, animals were sacrificed, heart preserved, blood collected, and utilized for biochemical estimations. Heart weight was increased in DC as compared to NC. Serum levels of cardiac biomarkers, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase-MB (CPK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and troponin I (TnI) were significantly increased in DC as compared to NC. Heart tissue examined for histological changes. The altered serum levels of CPK, CPK-MB, LDH, hs-CRP, and TnI were significantly restored by the treatment of diazepam. Serum levels of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium was increased in DC animals as compared to NC. The altered ionic level was also restored by the treatment of diazepam. Level of various cardiac markers and ions in the plasma were also slightly elevated in DIC. Histopathological studies are also in agreement with serological examinations and bonafide cardioprotective influences of diazepam in cardiac dysfunction. Conclusively research findings endorse the cardioprotective effect of diazepam in stress-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences (SIHAS), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad, India
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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