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Yan Z, Zhao P, Yan X, Zhang R. Using Abundant 1H Polarization to Enhance the Sensitivity of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1866-1878. [PMID: 38343090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been playing a significant role in elucidating the structures and dynamics of materials and proteins at the atomic level for decades. As an extremely abundant nucleus with a very high gyromagnetic ratio, protons are widely present in most organic/inorganic materials. Thus, this Perspective highlights the advantages of proton detection at fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) and presents strategies to utilize and exhaust 1H polarization to achieve signal sensitivity enhancement of solid-state NMR spectroscopy, enabling substantial time savings and extraction of more structural and dynamics information per unit time. Those strategies include developing sensitivity-enhanced single-channel 1H multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, implementing multiple polarization transfer steps in each scan to enhance low-γ nuclei signals, and making full use of 1H polarization to obtain homonuclear and heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectra in a single experiment. Finally, outlooks and perspectives are provided regarding the challenges and future for the further development of sensitivity-enhanced proton-based solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yan
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Zhao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter (SESM), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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2
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Chávez M, Ernst M. Interaction frames in solid-state NMR: A case study for chemical-shift-selective irradiation schemes. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 122:101834. [PMID: 36327552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interaction frames play an important role in describing and understanding experimental schemes in magnetic resonance. They are often used to eliminate dominating parts of the spin Hamiltonian, e.g., the Zeeman Hamiltonian in the usual (Zeeman) rotating frame, or the radio-frequency-field (rf) Hamiltonian to describe the efficiency of decoupling or recoupling sequences. Going into an interaction frame can also make parts of a time-dependent Hamiltonian time independent like the rf-field Hamiltonian in the usual (Zeeman) rotating frame. Eliminating the dominant term often allows a better understanding of the details of the spin dynamics. Going into an interaction frame can also reduces the energy-level splitting in the Hamiltonian leading to a faster convergence of perturbation expansions, average Hamiltonian, or Floquet theory. Often, there is no obvious choice of the interaction frame to use but some can be more convenient than others. Using the example of frequency-selective dipolar recoupling, we discuss the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of different choices of interaction frames. They always include the complete radio-frequency Hamiltonian but can also contain the chemical shifts of the spins and may or may not contain the effective fields over one cycle of the pulse sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Chávez
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Tognetti J, Franks WT, Lewandowski JR, Brown SP. Optimisation of 1H PMLG homonuclear decoupling at 60 kHz MAS to enable 15N-1H through-bond heteronuclear correlation solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20258-20273. [PMID: 35975627 PMCID: PMC9429863 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lee–Goldburg condition for homonuclear decoupling in 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR sets the angle θ, corresponding to arctan of the ratio of the rf nutation frequency, ν1, to the rf offset, to be the magic angle, θm, equal to tan−1(√2) = 54.7°. At 60 kHz MAS, we report enhanced decoupling compared to MAS alone in a 1H spectrum of 15N-glycine with at θ = 30° for a ν1 of ∼100 kHz at a 1H Larmor frequency, ν0, of 500 MHz and 1 GHz, corresponding to a high chemical shift scaling factor (λCS) of 0.82. At 1 GHz, we also demonstrate enhanced decoupling compared to 60 kHz MAS alone for a lower ν1 of 51 kHz, i.e., a case where the nutation frequency is less than the MAS frequency, with θ = 18°, λCS = 0.92. The ratio of the rotor period to the decoupling cycle time, Ψ = τr/τc, is in the range 0.53 to 0.61. Windowed decoupling using the optimised parameters for a ν1 of ∼100 kHz also gives good performance in a 1H spin-echo experiment, enabling implementation in a 1H-detected 15N–1H cross polarisation (CP)-refocused INEPT heteronuclear correlation NMR experiment. Specifically, initial 15N transverse magnetisation as generated by 1H–15N CP is transferred back to 1H using a refocused INEPT pulse sequence employing windowed 1H decoupling. Such an approach ensures the observation of through-bond N–H connectivities. For 15N-glycine, while the CP-refocused INEPT experiment has a lower sensitivity (∼50%) as compared to a double CP experiment (with a 200 μs 15N to 1H CP contact time), there is selectivity for the directly bonded NH3+ moiety, while intensity is observed for the CH21H resonances in the double CP experiment. Two-dimensional 15N–1H correlation MAS NMR spectra are presented for the dipeptide β-AspAla and the pharmaceutical cimetidine at 60 kHz MAS, both at natural isotopic abundance. For the dipeptide β-AspAla, different build-up dependence on the first spin-echo duration is observed for the NH and NH3+ moieties demonstrating that the experiment could be used to distinguish resonances for different NHx groups. 15N–1H heteronuclear NMR correlation at natural abundance in the solid state via J couplings is enabled by optimisation of phase-modulated Lee–Goldburg (PMLG) 1H homonuclear decoupling during the spin echoes, far from the ideal magic-angle condition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tognetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - W Trent Franks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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4
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Ivanov KL, Mote KR, Ernst M, Equbal A, Madhu PK. Floquet theory in magnetic resonance: Formalism and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:17-58. [PMID: 34852924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floquet theory is an elegant mathematical formalism originally developed to solve time-dependent differential equations. Besides other fields, it has found applications in optical spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This review attempts to give a perspective of the Floquet formalism as applied in NMR and shows how it allows one to solve various problems with a focus on solid-state NMR. We include both matrix- and operator-based approaches. We discuss different problems where the Hamiltonian changes with time in a periodic way. Such situations occur, for example, in solid-state NMR experiments where the time dependence of the Hamiltonian originates either from magic-angle spinning or from the application of amplitude- or phase-modulated radiofrequency fields, or from both. Specific cases include multiple-quantum and multiple-frequency excitation schemes. In all these cases, Floquet analysis allows one to define an effective Hamiltonian and, moreover, to treat cases that cannot be described by the more popularly used and simpler-looking average Hamiltonian theory based on the Magnus expansion. An important example is given by spin dynamics originating from multiple-quantum phenomena (level crossings). We show that the Floquet formalism is a very general approach for solving diverse problems in spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomographic Center, Institutskaya 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- ETH Zurich, Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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5
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Potnuru LR, Duong NT, Ahlawat S, Raran-Kurussi S, Ernst M, Nishiyama Y, Agarwal V. Accuracy of 1H- 1H distances measured using frequency selective recoupling and fast magic-angle spinning. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084202. [PMID: 32872876 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective recoupling of protons (SERP) is a method to selectively and quantitatively measure magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between protons and, in turn, the proton-proton distance in solid-state samples at fast magic-angle spinning. We present a bimodal operator-based Floquet approach to describe the numerically optimized SERP recoupling sequence. The description calculates the allowed terms in the first-order effective Hamiltonian, explains the origin of selectivity during recoupling, and shows how different terms are modulated as a function of the radio frequency amplitude and the phase of the sequence. Analytical and numerical simulations have been used to evaluate the effect of higher-order terms and offsets on the polarization transfer efficiency and quantitative distance measurement. The experimentally measured 1H-1H distances on a fully protonated thymol sample are ∼10%-15% shorter than those reported from diffraction studies. A semi-quantitative model combined with extensive numerical simulations is used to rationalize the effect of the third-spin and the role of different parameters in the experimentally observed shorter distances. Measurements at high magnetic fields improve the match between experimental and diffraction distances. The measurement of 1H-1H couplings at offsets different from the SERP-offset has also been explored. Experiments were also performed on a perdeuterated ubiquitin sample to demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneously measuring multiple quantitative distances and to evaluate the accuracy of the measured distance in the absence of multispin effects. The estimation of proton-proton distances provides a boost to structural characterization of small pharmaceuticals and biomolecules, given that the positions of protons are generally not well defined in x-ray structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeswara Rao Potnuru
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sahil Ahlawat
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Sreejith Raran-Kurussi
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, and Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Survey No. 36/P, Gopanpally, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500 107, India
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6
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Hellwagner J, Grunwald L, Ochsner M, Zindel D, Meier BH, Ernst M. Origin of the residual line width under frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg decoupling in MAS solid-state NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:13-25. [PMID: 37904890 PMCID: PMC10500695 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-13-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Homonuclear decoupling sequences in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) under magic-angle spinning (MAS) show experimentally significantly larger residual line width than expected from Floquet theory to second order. We present an in-depth theoretical and experimental analysis of the origin of the residual line width under decoupling based on frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg (FSLG) sequences. We analyze the effect of experimental pulse-shape errors (e.g., pulse transients and B 1 -field inhomogeneities) and use a Floquet-theory-based description of higher-order error terms that arise from the interference between the MAS rotation and the pulse sequence. It is shown that the magnitude of the third-order auto term of a single homo- or heteronuclear coupled spin pair is important and leads to significant line broadening under FSLG decoupling. Furthermore, we show the dependence of these third-order error terms on the angle of the effective field with the B 0 field. An analysis of second-order cross terms is presented that shows that the influence of three-spin terms is small since they are averaged by the pulse sequence. The importance of the inhomogeneity of the radio-frequency (rf) field is discussed and shown to be the main source of residual line broadening while pulse transients do not seem to play an important role. Experimentally, the influence of the combination of these error terms is shown by using restricted samples and pulse-transient compensation. The results show that all terms are additive but the major contribution to the residual line width comes from the rf-field inhomogeneity for the standard implementation of FSLG sequences, which is significant even for samples with a restricted volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam Grunwald
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Ochsner
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zindel
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Cui J, Li J, Liu X, Peng X, Fu R. Engineering spin Hamiltonians using multiple pulse sequences in solid state NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:83-92. [PMID: 30015126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pulse sequences are often used to manipulate spin Hamiltonians in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this paper, we analyze multiple pulse sequences using the well-known average Hamiltonian theory. We first expand the resulting average Hamiltonian into a reachable set of sub-Hamiltonians and then develop a general procedure using both flip-angle and phase of the applied pulses as control variables to select any of those sub-Hamiltonians. We use this method to analyze solid-echo based sequences and to design new proton-proton homonuclear decoupling sequences in static solids. It is found that this newly designed decoupling scheme, in the presence of finite pulse length, effectively suppresses the 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar interactions while establishes variable scaling factors on the heteronuclear dipolar interactions and chemical shift interactions, depending on the flip-angle of the applied pulses. When the pulse flip-angle is close to 54.7°, this sequence possesses a large scaling factor with relatively low average decoupling field. When the pulse flip-angle becomes ∼120°, the scaling factor is almost zero. A static 15N-acetyl-valine crystal sample has been used as an example to confirm and validate the performance of this new decoupling scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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8
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Hellwagner J, Wili N, Ibáñez LF, Wittmann JJ, Meier BH, Ernst M. Transient effects in π-pulse sequences in MAS solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 287:65-73. [PMID: 29289819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar recoupling techniques that use isolated rotor-synchronized π pulses are commonly used in solid-state NMR spectroscopy to gain insight into the structure of biological molecules. These sequences excel through their simplicity, stability towards radio-frequency (rf) inhomogeneity, and low rf requirements. For a theoretical understanding of such sequences, we present a Floquet treatment based on an interaction-frame transformation including the chemical-shift offset dependence. This approach is applied to the homonuclear dipolar-recoupling sequence Radio-Frequency Driven Recoupling (RFDR) and the heteronuclear recoupling sequence Rotational Echo Double Resonance (REDOR). Based on the Floquet approach, we show the influence of effective fields caused by pulse transients and discuss the advantages of pulse-transient compensation. We demonstrate experimentally that the transfer efficiency for homonuclear recoupling can be doubled in some cases in model compounds as well as in simple peptides if pulse-transient compensation is applied to the π pulses. Additionally, we discuss the influence of various phase cycles on the recoupling efficiency in order to reduce the magnitude of effective fields. Based on the findings from RFDR, we are able to explain why the REDOR sequence does not suffer in the recoupling efficiency despite the presence of effective fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hellwagner
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nino Wili
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes J Wittmann
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Hellwagner J, Sharma K, Tan KO, Wittmann JJ, Meier BH, Madhu PK, Ernst M. Optimizing symmetry-based recoupling sequences in solid-state NMR by pulse-transient compensation and asynchronous implementation. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:244202. [PMID: 28668064 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse imperfections like pulse transients and radio-frequency field maladjustment or inhomogeneity are the main sources of performance degradation and limited reproducibility in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. We quantitatively analyze the influence of such imperfections on the performance of symmetry-based pulse sequences and describe how they can be compensated. Based on a triple-mode Floquet analysis, we develop a theoretical description of symmetry-based dipolar recoupling sequences, in particular, R26411, calculating first- and second-order effective Hamiltonians using real pulse shapes. We discuss the various origins of effective fields, namely, pulse transients, deviation from the ideal flip angle, and fictitious fields, and develop strategies to counteract them for the restoration of full transfer efficiency. We compare experimental applications of transient-compensated pulses and an asynchronous implementation of the sequence to a supercycle, SR26, which is known to be efficient in compensating higher-order error terms. We are able to show the superiority of R26 compared to the supercycle, SR26, given the ability to reduce experimental error on the pulse sequence by pulse-transient compensation and a complete theoretical understanding of the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hellwagner
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kshama Sharma
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500075, India
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes J Wittmann
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500075, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Mote KR, Agarwal V, Madhu PK. Five decades of homonuclear dipolar decoupling in solid-state NMR: Status and outlook. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 97:1-39. [PMID: 27888838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been slightly more than fifty years since the first homonuclear spin decoupling scheme, Lee-Goldburg decoupling, was proposed for removing homonuclear dipolar interactions in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. A family of such schemes has made observation of high-resolution NMR spectra of abundant spins possible in various applications in solid state. This review outlines the strategies used in this field and the future prospects of homonuclear spin decoupling in solid-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh R Mote
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India
| | - P K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500 075, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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11
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Wittmann JJ, Mertens V, Takeda K, Meier BH, Ernst M. Quantification and compensation of the influence of pulse transients on symmetry-based recoupling sequences. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 263:7-18. [PMID: 26766289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deviations of amplitude and phase of radio-frequency pulses from the desired values, can have a severe impact on the performance of multiple-pulse sequences in NMR spectroscopy. A particular problem are pulse transients that appear every time there is a discontinuity in amplitude or phase. Based on a Floquet description using pulses with arbitrarily shaped amplitudes and phases we present a systematic study of the influence of pulse transients on symmetry-based pulse sequences in solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning. This treatment explains the dependence of the experimentally observed transfer efficiency on the details of experimental setups. In addition, three approaches are compared which have the aim to re-establish highly efficient recoupling. We demonstrate that the application of transient-compensated pulses as basic elements of symmetry-based sequences leads to a significantly improved robustness of the experiments with respect to variations in the experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J Wittmann
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Mertens
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuyuki Takeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Tan KO, Rajeswari M, Madhu PK, Ernst M. Asynchronous symmetry-based sequences for homonuclear dipolar recoupling in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:065101. [PMID: 25681942 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We show a theoretical framework, based on triple-mode Floquet theory, to analyze recoupling sequences derived from symmetry-based pulse sequences, which have a non-vanishing effective field and are not rotor synchronized. We analyze the properties of one such sequence, a homonuclear double-quantum recoupling sequence derived from the C72 (1) sequence. The new asynchronous sequence outperforms the rotor-synchronized version for spin pairs with small dipolar couplings in the presence of large chemical-shift anisotropy. The resonance condition of the new sequence is analyzed using triple-mode Floquet theory. Analytical calculations of second-order effective Hamiltonian are performed to compare the efficiency in suppressing second-order cross terms. Experiments and numerical simulations are shown to corroborate the results of the theoretical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ooi Tan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Rajeswari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - P K Madhu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Goldbourt A. Distance Measurements to Metal Ions and Other Quadrupolar Spins by Magic Angle Spinning Solid State NMR. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Olsen GL, Lupulescu A, Dumez JN, Emsley L, Frydman L. Homonuclear Decoupling of1H Dipolar Interactions in Solids by means of Heteronuclear Recoupling. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Tan KO, Scholz I, van Beek JD, Meier BH, Ernst M. Improved decoupling during symmetry-based C9-TOBSY sequences. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 239:61-68. [PMID: 24384065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that heteronuclear decoupling during symmetry-based C9 TOBSY sequences can be improved by using phase-alternating pulse sequences (XiX) instead of cw irradiation. The use of XiX sequences makes the optimization of the decoupling rf-field amplitude simpler and lowers the decoupling rf-field requirements to attain a comparable performance. A Floquet analysis of the first-order resonance conditions was used to determine the correct timing of the XiX sequence to avoid interference between the C sequence and the decoupling. The decoupling performance is analyzed analytically using Floquet theory and verified using numerical simulations as well as experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ooi Tan
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Scholz
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacco D van Beek
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Shir IB, Kababya S, Schmidt A. Molecular-Level StructureProperty Relationships in Biogenic Calcium Carbonates: The Unique Insights of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Bryce DL, Viger-Gravel J. Solid-State NMR Study of Halogen-Bonded Adducts. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 358:183-203. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Madhu PK. Heteronuclear Spin Decoupling in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Overview and Outlook. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Li S, Su Y, Hong M. Intramolecular 1H-13C distance measurement in uniformly 13C, 15N labeled peptides by solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012; 45-46:51-58. [PMID: 22749432 PMCID: PMC3414644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A (1)H-(13)C frequency-selective REDOR (FS-REDOR) experiment is developed for measuring intramolecular (1)H-(13)C distances in uniformly (13)C, (15)N-labeled molecules. Theory and simulations show that the experiment removes the interfering homonuclear (1)H-(1)H, (13)C-(13)C and heteronuclear (1)H-(15)N, (13)C-(15)N dipolar interactions while retaining the desired heteronuclear (1)H-(13)C dipolar interaction. Our results indicate that this technique, combined with the numerical fitting, can be used to measure a (1)H-(13)C distance up to 5Å. We also demonstrate that the measured intramolecular (1)H-(13)C distances are useful to determine dihedral angles in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhui Li
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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20
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21
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Trzeciak-Karlikowska K, Bujacz A, Ciesielski W, Bujacz GD, Potrzebowski MJ. The Influence of the Stereochemistry of Alanine Residue on the Solid State Conformation and Crystal Packing of Opioid Peptides Containing d-Ala or l-Ala in Message Domain – XRD and NMR Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9910-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205570y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Ciesielski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz D. Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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22
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Schanda P, Meier BH, Ernst M. Accurate measurement of one-bond H-X heteronuclear dipolar couplings in MAS solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 210:246-59. [PMID: 21482161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The accurate experimental determination of dipolar-coupling constants for one-bond heteronuclear dipolar couplings in solids is a key for the quantification of the amplitudes of motional processes. Averaging of the dipolar coupling reports on motions on time scales up to the inverse of the coupling constant, in our case tens of microseconds. Combining dipolar-coupling derived order parameters that characterize the amplitudes of the motion with relaxation data leads to a more precise characterization of the dynamical parameters and helps to disentangle the amplitudes and the time scales of the motional processes, which impact relaxation rates in a highly correlated way. Here. we describe and characterize an improved experimental protocol--based on REDOR--to measure these couplings in perdeuterated proteins with a reduced sensitivity to experimental missettings. Because such effects are presently the dominant source of systematic errors in experimental dipolar-coupling measurements, these compensated experiments should help to significantly improve the precision of such data. A detailed comparison with other commonly used pulse sequences (T-MREV, phase-inverted CP, R18(2)(5), and R18(1)(7)) is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schanda
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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A tunable homonuclear dipolar decoupling scheme for high-resolution proton NMR of solids from slow to fast magic-angle spinning. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Jaworska M, Hrynczyszyn PB, Wełniak M, Wojtczak A, Nowicka K, Krasiński G, Kassassir H, Ciesielski W, Potrzebowski MJ. Solid State NMR Spectroscopy as a Precise Tool for Assigning the Tautomeric Form and Proton Position in the Intramolecular Bridges of o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12522-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jaworska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł B. Hrynczyszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosław Wełniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Krasiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hassan Kassassir
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Ciesielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, and Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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25
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Leskes M, Madhu PK, Vega S. Floquet theory in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 57:345-380. [PMID: 20920756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Leskes
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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26
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Lee D, Balmer JA, Schmid A, Tonnar J, Armes SP, Titman JJ. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of vinyl polymer/silica colloidal nanocomposite particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15592-15598. [PMID: 20825200 DOI: 10.1021/la102298x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to characterize the interface between the organic and inorganic components of "core-shell" colloidal nanocomposite particles synthesized by in situ aqueous (co)polymerization of styrene and/or n-butyl acrylate in the presence of a glycerol-functionalized silica sol. Polymer protons are in close proximity (<5 A) to surface silanol sites in all the nanocomposites studied, indicating that either styrene or n-butyl side groups extend between the glycerol-functional silane molecules toward the surface of the silica particles. For the poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate)/silica nanocomposite n-butyl acrylate residues are located closer to the surface of the silica particle than styrene residues, suggesting a specific interaction between the former and the glycerol-functionalized silica surface. The most likely explanation is a hydrogen bond between the ester carbonyl and the glycerol groups, although this cannot be observed directly. For the Bindzil CC40 glycerol-functionalized silica sol the relative intensities of (29)Si NMR lines corresponding to T and Q(3) environments imply that there are approximately twice as many unreacted silanol groups on the silica surface as attached silane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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27
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Paul S, Schneider D, Madhu PK. 1H Homonuclear dipolar decoupling using symmetry-based pulse sequences at ultra fast magic-angle spinning frequencies. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 206:241-245. [PMID: 20727798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here the application of symmetry-based pulse sequences for homonuclear dipolar decoupling in solid-state NMR at magic-angle spinning (MAS) frequencies up to 65 kHz using moderate radiofrequency (RF) amplitudes. Theoretical arguments favouring the requirement of low RF amplitudes at high MAS frequencies are given for these sequences. A comparison with wPMLGmmxx¯ is given at 65 kHz of MAS frequency to emphasise that the symmetry-based pulse sequences have a lower RF amplitude requirement at high MAS frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradip Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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28
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Salager E, Dumez JN, Stein RS, Steuernagel S, Lesage A, Elena-Herrmann B, Emsley L. Homonuclear dipolar decoupling with very large scaling factors for high-resolution ultrafast magic angle spinning 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Paul S, Thakur RS, Levitt MH, Madhu PK. 1H homonuclear dipolar decoupling using rotor-synchronised pulse sequences: towards pure absorption phase spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 205:269-275. [PMID: 20570540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a pulse sequence using symmetry-based rotor-synchronised RN(n)(nu) sequences for homonuclear dipolar decoupling that achieves pure absorption phase high-resolution (1)H spectra in solid-state NMR. This sequence is compared with the phase-modulated Lee-Goldburg scheme. Experimental results are shown for samples of glycine and L-histidine.HCl.H(2)O for magic-angle-spinning frequencies in the range of 14-30 kHz and at two different magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradip Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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30
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Scholz I, van Beek JD, Ernst M. Operator-based Floquet theory in solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 37:39-59. [PMID: 20573488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the application of operator-based Floquet theory in solid-state NMR. Basic expressions for calculating effective Hamiltonians based on van Vleck perturbation theory are reviewed for problems with a single frequency or multiple incommensurate frequencies. Such a treatment allows calculation of effective Hamiltonians for resonant and non-resonant problems. Examples from literature are given for single-mode to triple-mode Floquet problems, covering a wide range of applications in solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning and radio-frequency irradiation of a single nucleus or multiple nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Scholz
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Mao K, Pruski M. Homonuclear dipolar decoupling under fast MAS: resolution patterns and simple optimization strategy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 203:144-149. [PMID: 20093059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple method is shown for optimization of (1)H homonuclear dipolar decoupling at MAS rates exceeding 10 kHz. By monitoring the intensity of a spin-echo under the decoupling conditions, it is possible to optimize the amplitude of the RF magnetic field, the cycle time of the decoupling sequence and the resonance offset within minutes. As a result, the decoupling efficiency can be quickly and reliably fine-tuned without using a reference sample. The utility of this method has been confirmed by studying the resolution patterns for the supercycled PMLG scheme, which were found to be in excellent agreement with earlier theoretical predictions and verified in high-resolution 2D (1)H-(1)H experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmi Mao
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3020, USA
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32
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Mao K, Pruski M. Directly and indirectly detected through-bond heteronuclear correlation solid-state NMR spectroscopy under fast MAS. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 201:165-174. [PMID: 19833538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional through-bond (1)H{(13)C} solid-state NMR experiments utilizing fast magic angle spinning (MAS) and homonuclear multipulse (1)H decoupling are presented. Remarkable efficiency of polarization transfer can be achieved at MAS rates exceeding 40 kHz, which is instrumental in these measurements. Schemes utilizing direct and indirect detection of heteronuclei are compared in terms of resolution and sensitivity. A simple procedure for optimization of (1)H homonuclear decoupling sequences under these conditions is proposed. The capabilities of these techniques were confirmed on two naturally abundant solids, tripeptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (f-MLF-OH) and brown coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanmi Mao
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3020, USA
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33
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Leskes M, Madhu PK, Vega S. Why does PMLG proton decoupling work at 65kHz MAS? JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 199:208-213. [PMID: 19482494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Schemes such as phase-modulated Lee-Goldburg (PMLG) for homonuclear dipolar decoupling have been shown to yield high-resolution (1)H spectra at high magic-angle spinning (MAS) frequencies of 50-70kHz. This is at variance to the commonly held notion that these methods require MAS frequencies not comparable to the cycle frequencies of the pulse schemes. Here, a theoretical argument, based on bimodal Floquet theory, is presented to explain this aspect together with conditions where PMLG type of schemes may be successful at high MAS frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Leskes
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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34
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Leskes M, Vega S. Design of a triple quantum coherence excitation scheme for protons in solid state NMR. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3098354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Paul S, Thakur RS, Goswami M, Sauerwein AC, Mamone S, Concistrè M, Förster H, Levitt MH, Madhu PK. Supercycled homonuclear dipolar decoupling sequences in solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 197:14-19. [PMID: 19091609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We compare the performance of the windowed phase-modulated Lee-Goldburg (wPMLG) and the windowed decoupling using mind boggling optimisation (wDUMBO) sequences at various magic-angle spinning rates and nutation frequencies of the pulses. Additionally, we introduce a supercycled version of wDUMBO and compare its efficiency with that of the non-supercycled implementation of wDUMBO. The efficiency of the supercycled version of wPMLG, denoted wPMLG-S2, is compared with a new supercycled version of wPMLG that we notate as wPMLG-S3. The interaction between the supercycled homonuclear dipolar decoupling sequences and the sample rotation is analysed using symmetry-based selection rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradip Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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36
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Combining STMAS and CRAMPS NMR spectroscopy: High-resolution HETCOR NMR spectra of quadrupolar and 1H nuclei in solids. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Enhanced sensitivity in high-resolution 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy with DUMBO dipolar decoupling under ultra-fast MAS. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Madhu PK. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of protons with homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes under magic-angle spinning. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 35:2-11. [PMID: 19110404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of (1)H spins in the solid state is normally rendered difficult due to the strong homonuclear (1)H-(1)H dipolar couplings. Even under very high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) at ca. 60-70kHz, these couplings are not completely removed. An appropriate radiofrequency pulse scheme is required to average out the homonuclear dipolar interactions in combination with MAS to get high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum in solid state. Several schemes have been introduced in the recent past with a variety of applications also envisaged. Development of some of these schemes has been made possible with a clear understanding of the underlying spin physics based on bimodal Floquet theory. The utility of these high-resolution pulse schemes in combination with MAS has been demonstrated for spinning speeds of 10-65kHz in a range of (1)H Larmor frequencies from 300 to 800MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Madhu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India.
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39
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Amoureux JP, Hu B, Trébosc J, Wang Q, Lafon O, Deng F. Homonuclear dipolar decoupling schemes for fast MAS. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 35:19-24. [PMID: 19101127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present two one-dimensional methods that allow direct observation of highly resolved (1)H spectra in solid-state NMR. The methods, which work mainly at 30-35kHz MAS speeds, are very robust and efficient. In addition, they present very few false resonances. The windowed smooth amplitude-modulated (wSAM) version has a potential to work at ultra-fast MAS provided the electronics is capable to define the pulse-shape in a smooth way, without any pulse transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Amoureux
- UCCS (CNRS-8181), University of Lille-1, Fr-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Leskes M, Steuernagel S, Schneider D, Madhu P, Vega S. Homonuclear dipolar decoupling at magic-angle spinning frequencies up to 65kHz in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jayanthi S, Madhu PK, Ramanathan KV. Measurement of Carbon−Proton Dipolar Couplings in Liquid Crystals Using DAPT. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11159-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804764q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jayanthi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai. 400 005 India, and NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India
| | - P. K. Madhu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai. 400 005 India, and NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India
| | - K. V. Ramanathan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai. 400 005 India, and NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India
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Coelho C, Rocha J, Madhu PK, Mafra L. Practical aspects of Lee-Goldburg based CRAMPS techniques for high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in solids: implementation and applications. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2008; 194:264-282. [PMID: 18703365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the local environment of the hydrogen atoms is an important problem in materials science. Because (1)H spectra in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suffer from low resolution due to homogeneous broadening, even under magic-angle spinning (MAS), information of chemical interest may only be obtained using certain high-resolution (1)H MAS techniques. (1)H Lee-Goldburg (LG) CRAMPS (Combined Rotation And Multiple-Pulse Spectroscopy) methods are particularly well suited for studying inorganic-organic hybrid materials, rich in (1)H nuclei. However, setting up CRAMPS experiments is time-consuming and not entirely trivial, facts that have discouraged their widespread use by materials scientists. To change this status quo, here we describe and discuss some important aspects of the experimental implementation of CRAMPS techniques based on LG decoupling schemes, such as FSLG (Frequency Switched), and windowed and windowless PMLG (Phase Modulated). In particular, we discuss the influence on the quality of the (1)H NMR spectra of the different parameters at play, for example LG (Lee-Goldburg) pulses, radio-frequency (rf) phase, frequency switching, and pulse imperfections, using glycine and adamantane as model compounds. The efficiency and robustness of the different LG-decoupling schemes is then illustrated on the following materials: organo-phosphorus ligand, N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid [H(4)pmida] [I], and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (C(4)H(12)N(2))[Ge(2)(pmida)(2)OH(2)] x 4H(2)O [II] and (C(2)H(5)NH(3))[Ti(H(1.5)PO(4))(PO(4))](2) x H(2)O [III].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Coelho
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Amoureux JP, Hu B, Trébosc J. Enhanced resolution in proton solid-state NMR with very-fast MAS experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2008; 193:305-307. [PMID: 18502160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a new smooth amplitude-modulated (SAM) method that allows to observe highly resolved 1H spectra in solid-state NMR. The method, which works mainly at fast or ultra-fast MAS speed (nu(R)>25 kHz) is complementary to previous methods, such as DUMBO, FSLG/PMLG or symmetry-based sequences. The method is very robust and efficient and does not present line-shape distortions or fake peaks. The main limitation of the method is that it requires a modern console with fast electronics that must be able to define the cosine line-shape in a smooth way, without any transient. However, this limitation mainly occurs at ultra-fast MAS where the rotation period is very short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Amoureux
- UCCS (CNRS-8181), University of Lille-1, Fr-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Stein RS, Elena B, Emsley L. Improving resolution in proton solid-state NMR by removing nitrogen-14 residual dipolar broadening. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil Dybowski*
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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46
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Paul S, Thakur RS, Madhu P. 1H homonuclear dipolar decoupling at high magic-angle spinning frequencies with rotor-synchronised symmetry sequences. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Leskes M, Madhu PK, Vega S. Supercycled homonuclear dipolar decoupling in solid-state NMR: Toward cleaner H1 spectrum and higher spinning rates. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:052309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2834730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Blanc F, Copéret C, Lesage A, Emsley L. High resolution solid state NMRspectroscopy in surface organometallic chemistry: access to molecular understanding of active sites of well-defined heterogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:518-26. [DOI: 10.1039/b612793m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Harper JK, Strohmeier M, Grant DM. Pursuing structure in microcrystalline solids with independent molecules in the unit cell using 1H-13C correlation data. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 189:20-31. [PMID: 17869558 PMCID: PMC2819409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The (1)H-(13)C solid-state NMR heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiment is demonstrated to provide shift assignments in certain powders that have two or more structurally independent molecules in the unit cell (i.e. multiple molecules per asymmetric unit). Although this class of solids is often difficult to characterize using other methods, HETCOR provides both the conventional assignment of shifts to molecular positions and associates many resonances with specific molecules in the asymmetric unit. Such assignments facilitate conformational characterization of the individual molecules of the asymmetric unit and the first such characterization solely from solid-state NMR data is described. HETCOR offers advantages in sensitivity over prior methods that assign resonances in the asymmetric unit by (13)C-(13)C correlations and therefore allows shorter average analysis times in natural abundance materials. The (1)H-(13)C analysis is demonstrated first on materials with known shift assignments from INADEQUATE data (santonin and Ca(OAc)(2) phase I) to verify the technique and subsequently is extended to a pair of unknown solids: (+)-catechin and Ca(OAc)(2) phase II. Sufficient sensitivity and resolution is achieved in the spectra to provide assignments to one of the specific molecules of the asymmetric unit at over 54% of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mark Strohmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David M. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Xue X, Kanzaki M. High-Pressure δ-Al(OH)3 and δ-AlOOH Phases and Isostructural Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides: New Structural Insights from High-Resolution 1H and 27Al NMR. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13156-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp073968r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Xue
- Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori, 682-0193 Japan
| | - Masami Kanzaki
- Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori, 682-0193 Japan
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