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Bastide H, Ogereau D, Montchamp-Moreau C, Gérard PR. The fate of a suppressed X-linked meiotic driver: experimental evolution in Drosophila simulans. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:141-150. [PMID: 35635636 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex-ratio (SR) meiotic drivers are X-linked selfish genetic elements that promote their own transmission by preventing the production of Y-bearing sperm, which usually lowers male fertility. The spread of SR drivers in populations is expected to trigger the evolution of unlinked drive suppressors, a theoretically predicted co-evolution that has been observed in nature. Once completely suppressed, the drivers are expected either to decline if they still affect the fitness of their carriers, or to evolve randomly and possibly get fixed if the suppressors eliminate their deleterious effects. To explore this issue, we used the Paris sex-ratio system of Drosophila simulans in which drive results from the joint effect of two elements on the X chromosome: a segmental duplication and a deficient allele of the HP1D2 gene. We set up six experimental populations starting with 2/3 of X chromosomes carrying both elements (XSR) in a fully suppressing background. We let them evolve independently during almost a hundred generations under strong sexual competition, a condition known to cause the rapid disappearance of unsuppressed Paris XSR in previous experimental populations. In our study, the fate of XSR chromosomes varied among populations, from extinction to their maintenance at a frequency close to the starting one. While the reasons for these variable outcomes are still to be explored, our results show that complete suppression can prevent the demise of an otherwise deleterious XSR chromosome, turning a genetic conflict into cooperation between unlinked loci. Observations in natural populations suggest a contrasting fate of the two elements: disappearance of the duplication and maintenance of deficient HP1D2 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Bastide
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91272, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - David Ogereau
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91272, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, 91272, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre R Gérard
- UMR Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91272, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Kelemen RK, Elkrewi M, Lindholm AK, Vicoso B. Novel patterns of expression and recruitment of new genes on the t-haplotype, a mouse selfish chromosome. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211985. [PMID: 35135349 PMCID: PMC8826135 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The t-haplotype of mice is a classical model for autosomal transmission distortion. A largely non-recombining variant of the proximal region of chromosome 17, it is transmitted to more than 90% of the progeny of heterozygous males through the disabling of sperm carrying a standard chromosome. While extensive genetic and functional work has shed light on individual genes involved in drive, much less is known about the evolution and function of the rest of its hundreds of genes. Here, we characterize the sequence and expression of dozens of t-specific transcripts and of their chromosome 17 homologues. Many genes showed reduced expression of the t-allele, but an equal number of genes showed increased expression of their t-copy, consistent with increased activity or a newly evolved function. Genes on the t-haplotype had a significantly higher non-synonymous substitution rate than their homologues on the standard chromosome, with several genes harbouring dN/dS ratios above 1. Finally, the t-haplotype has acquired at least two genes from other chromosomes, which show high and tissue-specific expression. These results provide a first overview of the gene content of this selfish element, and support a more dynamic evolutionary scenario than expected of a large genomic region with almost no recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka K. Kelemen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus, 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marwan Elkrewi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus, 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna K. Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus, 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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3
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Fuller ZL, Koury SA, Leonard CJ, Young RE, Ikegami K, Westlake J, Richards S, Schaeffer SW, Phadnis N. Extensive Recombination Suppression and Epistatic Selection Causes Chromosome-Wide Differentiation of a Selfish Sex Chromosome in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 2020; 216:205-226. [PMID: 32732371 PMCID: PMC7463281 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-Ratio (SR) chromosomes are selfish X-chromosomes that distort Mendelian segregation and are commonly associated with inversions. These chromosomal rearrangements suppress recombination with Standard (ST) X-chromosomes and are hypothesized to maintain multiple alleles important for distortion in a single large haplotype. Here, we conduct a multifaceted study of the multiply inverted Drosophila pseudoobscura SR chromosome to understand the evolutionary history, genetic architecture, and present-day dynamics that shape this enigmatic selfish chromosome. The D. pseudoobscura SR chromosome has three nonoverlapping inversions of the right arm of the metacentric X-chromosome: basal, medial, and terminal. We find that 23 of 29 Mb of the D. pseudoobscuraX-chromosome right arm is highly differentiated between the Standard and SR arrangements, including a 6.6 Mb collinear region between the medial and terminal inversions. Although crossing-over is heavily suppressed on this chromosome arm, we discover it is not completely eliminated, with measured rates indicating recombination suppression alone cannot explain patterns of differentiation or the near-perfect association of the three SR chromosome inversions in nature. We then demonstrate the ancient basal and medial inversions of the SR chromosome contain genes sufficient to cause weak distortion. In contrast, the younger terminal inversion cannot distort by itself, but contains at least one modifier gene necessary for full manifestation of strong sex chromosome distortion. By parameterizing population genetic models for chromosome-wide linkage disequilibrium with our experimental results, we infer that strong selection acts to maintain the near-perfect association of SR chromosome inversions in present-day populations. Based on comparative genomic analyses, direct recombination experiments, segregation distortion assays, and population genetic modeling, we conclude the combined action of suppressed recombination and strong, ongoing, epistatic selection shape the D. pseudoobscura SR arrangement into a highly differentiated chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Fuller
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Spencer A Koury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | | | - Randee E Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kobe Ikegami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Jonathan Westlake
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stephen W Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Nitin Phadnis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Courret C, Chang CH, Wei KHC, Montchamp-Moreau C, Larracuente AM. Meiotic drive mechanisms: lessons from Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191430. [PMID: 31640520 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drivers are selfish genetic elements that bias their transmission into gametes, often to the detriment of the rest of the genome. The resulting intragenomic conflicts triggered by meiotic drive create evolutionary arms races and shape genome evolution. The phenomenon of meiotic drive is widespread across taxa but is particularly prominent in the Drosophila genus. Recent studies in Drosophila have provided insights into the genetic origins of drivers and their molecular mechanisms. Here, we review the current literature on mechanisms of drive with an emphasis on sperm killers in Drosophila species. In these systems, meiotic drivers often evolve from gene duplications and targets are generally linked to heterochromatin. While dense in repetitive elements and difficult to study using traditional genetic and genomic approaches, recent work in Drosophila has made progress on the heterochromatic compartment of the genome. Although we still understand little about precise drive mechanisms, studies of male drive systems are converging on common themes such as heterochromatin regulation, small RNA pathways, and nuclear transport pathways. Meiotic drive systems are therefore promising models for discovering fundamental features of gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Courret
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Ching-Ho Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kevin H-C Wei
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkley, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
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5
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Almeida Rego LDNAD, Alevi KCC, Azeredo-Oliveira MTVD, Madi-Ravazzi L. Ultrastructural features of spermatozoa and their phylogenetic application in Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:47-52. [PMID: 26963134 PMCID: PMC4934708 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1142636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Zaprionus consists of approximately 60 species of drosophilids that are native to the Afrotropical region. The phylogenetic position of Zaprionus within the Drosophilidae family is still unresolved. In the present study, ultrastructural features of spermatozoa of 6 species of Zaprionus as well as the species Drosophila willistoni and Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis were analyzed. The ultrastructure revealed that the species have the same flagellar ultrastructure. Two mitochondrial derivatives, one larger than the other, close to the axoneme were present, primarily in D. willistoni (subgenus Sophophora). Except for Z. davidi and Z. tuberculatus, the analyzed species had paracrystalline material in both mitochondrial derivatives. Moreover, the testes showed 64 spermatozoa per bundle in all of the species. In the cluster analysis, 6 Zaprionus species were grouped closely, but there were some incongruent positions in the cladogram. The results indicated that sperm ultrastructure is an important tool for elucidating the phylogeny and taxonomy of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia do Nascimento Andrade de Almeida Rego
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution of Drosophila, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP/IBILCE) , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- b Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP-IBILCE) , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- b Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP-IBILCE) , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lilian Madi-Ravazzi
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution of Drosophila, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP/IBILCE) , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
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6
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Yasuno Y, Inoue YH, Yamamoto MT. Elimination of Y chromosome-bearing spermatids during spermiogenesis in an autosomal sex-ratio mutant of Drosophila simulans. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 88:113-26. [PMID: 23832303 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.88.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex ratio distortion, which is commonly abbreviated as sex-ratio, has been studied in many Drosophila species, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we report on the sex-ratio mutant of D. simulans named excess of females (exf). The third chromosomal recessive mutation results in a sex ratio of approximately 0.2 or less (males/total). Cytological observation demonstrated that meiosis appeared to be completed normally, but that most Y chromosome-bearing nuclei failed to elongate during spermiogenesis, as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using sex chromosome-specific probes. These aberrant nuclei contained membranous inclusions as revealed by electron microscopic analysis. Most of the aberrant exf spermatids failed to individualize and mature, suggesting that a later stage of spermiogenesis is involved in prevention of production of sperm with abnormal morphology. On the one hand, in exf seminal vesicles, sperm nuclei with a length of 5-8.5 μm were occasionally observed, in addition to those with wild-type sperm dimensions, that is, a length of approximately 10 μm. Thus, spermatids with less severe nuclear defects can escape elimination and be released into the seminal vesicles as mature sperm. Furthermore, we constructed His2AvD-GFP and ProtamineB-eGFP transgenic lines in D. simulans, and examined the processes involved in replacement of chromatin proteins over a time course, according to nuclear morphology. We found that both normal and abnormal sperm heads demonstrated equal chromatin replacement during late spermiogenesis. Our results suggest that exf belongs to a unique class of meiotic drive systems in that (1) intranuclear membranous inclusions cause failure of nuclear shaping of Y-bearing spermatids without affecting the histone-protamine transition, and (2) a portion of the aberrant spermatids differentiate into mature sperm; these are transferred to and stored by females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Yasuno
- Drosophila Genetic Resource Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga-Ippongi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan.
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7
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Higginson DM, Pitnick S. Evolution of intra-ejaculate sperm interactions: do sperm cooperate? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:249-70. [PMID: 20608927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Higginson
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, New York 13244, USA.
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8
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Price TAR, Bretman AJ, Avent TD, Snook RR, Hurst GDD, Wedell N. Sex ratio distorter reduces sperm competitive ability in an insect. Evolution 2008; 62:1644-1652. [PMID: 18373627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are ubiquitous in animals and often associated with low male fertility due to reduced sperm number in male carriers. In the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura, the meiotic driving X chromosome "sex ratio" kills Y-bearing sperm in carrier males (SR males), resulting in female only broods. We competed SR males against the ejaculates of noncarrying standard males (ST males), and quantified the number of sperm transferred by SR and ST males to females. We show that SR males are very poor sperm competitors, which is partly related to transfer of fewer sperm during mating. However, sperm numbers alone cannot explain the observed paternity reduction, indicating SR males' sperm may be of reduced quality, possibly due to damage during the killing of the noncarrying Y-sperm. The reduction in sperm competitive ability due to SR is large enough to potentially stabilize the spread of sex ratio drive through populations. The poor sperm competitive ability of SR males coupled with their low fitness as mates could favor increased remating by females to reduce paternity by SR males. Given the generally poor performance of SGE-carrying males in sperm competition, this may generate strong selective pressure favoring polyandry in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A R Price
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK.
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9
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Immler S. Sperm competition and sperm cooperation: the potential role of diploid and haploid expression. Reproduction 2008; 135:275-83. [PMID: 18299420 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sperm competition is a powerful selective force driving the evolution of sperm shape and function. Recent findings suggest that sperm cooperation is a potential evolutionary response to sperm competition. Sperm cooperation may enhance the performance of the ejaculate increasing a male's chance to outcompete rival males in competition for fertilisation. Whether and how sperm cooperation may evolve is the focal point of this review. The relative importance of haploid and diploid gene expression for the evolution of sperm cooperation and the potential conflict of interest between (i) haploid sperm and diploid male and (ii) among sibling sperm, since sibling sperm only share an average of 50% of their genes in a diploid organism, are discussed. Furthermore, sperm cooperation is defined and the literature for empirical evidence of sperm cooperation is reviewed in light of the author's definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Immler
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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10
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Wilkinson GS, Johns PM, Kelleher ES, Muscedere ML, Lorsong A. Fitness effects of X chromosome drive in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1851-60. [PMID: 17040382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex-ratio (SR) males produce predominantly female progeny because most Y chromosome sperm are rendered nonfunctional. The resulting transmission advantage of XSR chromosomes should eventually cause population extinction unless segregation distortion is masked by suppressors or balanced by selection. By screening male stalk-eyed flies, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni, for brood sex ratio we found unique SR alleles at three X-linked microsatellite loci and used them to determine if SR persists as a balanced polymorphism. We found that XSR/XST females produced more offspring than other genotypes and that SR males had lower sperm precedence and exhibited lower fertility when mating eight females in 24 h. Adult survival was independent of SR genotype but positively correlated with eye span. We infer that the SR polymorphism is likely maintained by a combination of weak overdominance for female fecundity and frequency dependent selection acting on male fertility. Our discovery of two SR haplotypes in the same population in a 10-year period further suggests that this SR polymorphism may be evolving rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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11
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Taylor JE, Jaenike J. Sperm competition and the dynamics of X chromosome drive: stability and extinction. Genetics 2002; 160:1721-31. [PMID: 11973324 PMCID: PMC1462075 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.4.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several empirical studies of sperm competition in populations polymorphic for a driving X chromosome have revealed that Sex-ratio males (those carrying a driving X) are at a disadvantage relative to Standard males. Because the frequency of the driving X chromosome determines the population-level sex ratio and thus alters male and female mating rates, the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition for sex chromosome meiotic drive are subtle. As the SR allele increases in frequency, the ratio of females to males also increases, causing an increase in the male mating rate and a decrease in the female mating rate. While the former change may exacerbate the disadvantage of Sex-ratio males during sperm competition, the latter change decreases the incidence of sperm competition within the population. We analyze a model of the effects of sperm competition on a driving X chromosome and show that these opposing trends in male and female mating rates can result in two coexisting locally stable equilibria, one corresponding to a balanced polymorphism of the SR and ST alleles and the second to fixation of the ST allele. Stochastic fluctuations of either the population sex ratio or the SR frequency can then drive the population away from the balanced polymorphism and into the basin of attraction for the second equilibrium, resulting in fixation of the SR allele and extinction of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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12
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Wilkinson GS, Fry CL. Meiotic drive alters sperm competitive ability in stalk-eyed flies. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:2559-64. [PMID: 11749710 PMCID: PMC1088915 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drive results when sperm carrying a driving chromosome preferentially survive development. Meiotic drive should therefore influence sperm competition because drive males produce fewer sperm than non-drive males. Whether meiotic drive also influences the competitive ability of sperm after ejaculation is unknown. Here we report the results from reciprocal crosses that are designed for estimating the sperm precedence of male stalk-eyed flies (Cyrtodiopsis whitei) with or without X-linked meiotic drive. We find that nearly half of all sex-ratio males, as compared with 14% of non-sex-ratio males, fail to produce young in a reciprocal cross. Furthermore, the proportion of progeny sired by a sex-ratio male in a female jointly inseminated by a non-sex-ratio male was less than expected from the number of sperm transferred. These effects are not due to differential sperm storage by females because, after a single mating with a sex-ratio male, all females stored sperm and because two sex-ratio males share paternity after jointly mating with a female. In addition to demonstrating a new mechanism of sperm competition, these results provide insight into the maintenance of sex-ratio polymorphisms. Sex-ratio males have less than one-half the fertility of non-sex-ratio males, as is required in order for frequency-dependent selection on males to produce a stable sex-ratio polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jaenike
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627; e-mail:
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14
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Wilkinson GS, Sanchez MI. Sperm development, age and sex chromosome meiotic drive in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis whitei. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:17-24. [PMID: 11678983 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytological basis of X chromosome meiotic drive or sex ratio (SR) has been reported for several species of Drosophila but not for other species. Here we describe how sperm development in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis whitei, influences progeny sex proportion, in order to determine if a common developmental mechanism could cause meiotic drive in these distantly related taxa. Because age has been found to affect the degree of segregation distortion in some Drosophila, we tested flies from six to 26 weeks of age. We find that spermatocyst bundles in SR males frequently contain incompletely elongated spermatid nuclei independently of male age. Older males have, however, more spermatocyst bundles in their testes than younger males. Abnormal spermatid elongation affects male fertility since SR males produce 74% as many progeny per week as ST males. The proportion of spermatocyst bundles with improperly elongated spermatid nuclei explains 71% of the variation in progeny sex proportion. After reviewing the literature on sperm development and meiotic drive, we conclude that the cytological basis of meiotic drive in diopsids closely resembles Drosophila. Across species in both groups, the production of fertile males is associated with less than half of all spermatids not elongating normally in a spermatocyst bundle. We discuss the possibility that frequency-dependent selection on male fertility could stabilize the drive polymorphism in these unusual flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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15
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Cazemajor M, Joly D, Montchamp-Moreau C. Sex-ratio meiotic drive in Drosophila simulans is related to equational nondisjunction of the Y chromosome. Genetics 2000; 154:229-36. [PMID: 10628983 PMCID: PMC1460905 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.1.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex-ratio trait, an example of naturally occurring X-linked meiotic drive, has been reported in a dozen Drosophila species. Males carrying a sex-ratio X chromosome produce an excess of female offspring caused by a deficiency of Y-bearing sperm. In Drosophila simulans, such males produce approximately 70-90% female offspring, and 15-30% of the male offspring are sterile. Here, we investigate the cytological basis of the drive in this species. We show that the sex-ratio trait is associated with nondisjunction of Y chromatids in meiosis II. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using sex-chromosome-specific probes provides direct evidence that the drive is caused by the failure of the resulting spermatids to develop into functional sperm. XYY progeny were not observed, indicating that few or no YY spermatids escape failure. The recovery of XO males among the progeny of sex-ratio males shows that some nullo-XY spermatids become functional sperm and likely explains the male sterility. A review of the cytological data in other species shows that aberrant behavior of the Y chromosome may be a common basis of sex-ratio meiotic drive in Drosophila and the signal that triggers differential spermiogenesis failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cazemajor
- Institut J. Monod, Dynamique du G¿enome et Evolution, CNRS-Universit¿e Paris 7, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Montchamp-Moreau C, Joly D. Abnormal spermiogenesis is associated with the X-linked sex-ratio trait in Drosophila simulans. Heredity (Edinb) 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1997.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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HAUSCHTECK-JUNGEN E, BIRCHER U, DUBLER-HÄNGGI S. The axoneme is involved in the elongation of the spermatid nucleus ofDrosophila subobscura. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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BIRCHER U, HAUSCHTECK-JUNGEN E. The effect of theDrosophilaX chromosome on the number of male germ cells. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1994.9672380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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de Carvalho AB, Klaczko LB. Autosomal suppressors of sex-ratio in Drosophila mediopunctata. Heredity (Edinb) 1993; 71 ( Pt 5):546-51. [PMID: 8276637 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1993.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex-ratio trait has been described as the production of progenies with excess of females due to X-linked meiotic drive in the parental males. This trait has a variable expression in Drosophila mediopunctata. We describe here the existence and chromosomal localization of autosomal suppressors of sex-ratio in this species. There are at least four such genes (one on each major autosome) and the strongest effect is localized on chromosome IV. These genes possibly result from the operation of 'Fisher's Principle'; a mechanism of Natural Selection leading to a 1:1 sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B de Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Abstract
The sex-ratio trait--production of progenies with excess of females due to X-linked meiotic drive in parental males--has a variable expression in Drosophila mediopunctata. We tested the effect of male age and found that aging increases the expression of sex-ratio, a fact relevant for the interpretation of field data and for experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B de Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Bressac C, Joly D, Devaux J, Serres C, Feneux D, Lachaise D. Comparative kinetics of short and long sperm in sperm dimorphic Drosophila species. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1991; 19:269-74. [PMID: 1934086 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All species of the Drosophila obscura group exhibit within-ejaculate sperm length dimorphism. The present work is a contribution to the understanding of sperm competition through a comparative study of sperm kinetic parameters in four of these species. Videomicrographic observations at 200 frames per second of sperm from males and females, out of the storage organ, prior or after storage were made. Drosophila sperm display both major and minor waves. The former is analysed by measuring coiling diameter (micron) and the latter by recording both beat frequency (s-1) and wave propagation velocity (micron.s-1). Results show that the 'behaviour' of short and long spermatozoa noticeably differ: short sperm kinetics remains unaltered after storage while both major and minor waves of long spermatozoa are markedly modified. Thus, evidence is provided here of a sort of "differential activation" which is assumed to result in different survival abilities of short and long sperm within the storage organ of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bressac
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique Evolutives, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Hauschteck-Jungen E. Postmating reproductive isolation and modification of the 'sex ratio' trait in Drosophila subobscura induced by the sex chromosome gene arrangement A2+3+5+7. Genetica 1990; 83:31-44. [PMID: 2090560 DOI: 10.1007/bf00774686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila subobscura males were trapped in Tunis, and mated to different lab strains. The offspring from 15% of these wild Tunisian males consisted of more than 90% females. Chromosome analysis showed that these males had carried the A2+3+5+7 which was described as 'sex ratio' chromosome, endemic in North Africa and the Canary Islands. The mean female frequency in the total offspring of all trapped males was 61%. This percentage was stable for more than ten years. F1 females from the mating of wild Tunisian males to Küsnacht standard females were backcrossed to Küsnacht standard males. In the offspring of this back cross, A2+3+5+7-males were sterile. The fertility of A2+3+5+7-males could be restored in two ways: 1) When the Küsnacht standard autosomes were replaced by Tunisian autosomes, most of the A2+3+5+7-males were again fertile. The A2+3+5+7-chromosome seems to be incompatible with autosomes from a geographically distant region. 2) After exchanging autosomes between lines, in which A2+3+5+7-males were 100% sterile, fertility could be restored in 30% of the A2+3+5+7-males. All males carrying one specific A2+3+5+7 stayed sterile as well in combination with autosomes from different lines as with Tunisian autosomes. The Y-chromosome and the cytoplasm was the same in sterile and in fertile A2+3+5+7-males. Therefore the origin of the Y-chromosome and the cytoplasm could not play a major role in sterility. The percentage of fertile males varied for different Y-chromosomes. Thus the Y-chromosomes may have some influence on fertility in this study. The restored fertility of A2+3+5+7-males can be explained assuming complementation. Defects of autosomes, and perhaps of the Y-chromosomes, could differ from line to line. Genomic changes may have happened when the A2+3+5+7 was in the genome together with autosomes and Y-chromosomes from Swiss populations. The A-chromosome which prevented fertility in all combinations, is thought to be itself defective. In one cross the 'sex ratio' trait was modified. In the offspring of some males the male to female ratio was 1:1. The variable sex ratio in the offspring from different males may have been an effect of the autosomes. In short, the intraspecific hybrid sterility and modification of the 'sex ratio' trait in D. subobscura indicate that: a) an incompatibility possibly existed between the gene arrangement A2+3+5+7 from one population and autosomes respectively Y-chromosomes from a population isolated from the former. b) In addition unidentified genomic changes occurred, c) induced by the A2+3+5+7-chromosome. d) The sex chromosomes A and Y, and the autosomes were involved.
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Hauschteck-Jungen E, Burkard W, Jungen H, Burch-Schwaller R. The loss of Y-sperm in "sex ratio" (SR) males of Drosophila subobscura is compensated. Genetica 1987; 74:27-30. [PMID: 3506527 DOI: 10.1007/bf00055091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila subobscura sex ratio (SR) males, a mechanism compensating for the loss of Y-sperm is present since these males produced a higher number of female offspring than did males of three control strains. Moreover, the number of female offspring from SR-males was even higher (average 1719) than the number of female and male offspring together (average 1460) from T2, one of the control strains. The fertile life span of SR-males was found to lie between those of the control strains. The rate of insemination was the same for SR- and control males.
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Hauschteck-Jungen E, Saad B, Schuermann K. A Reinvestigation of RNA Synthesis During Spermiogenesis inDrosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/01688170.1987.10510278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Naveira H, Hauschteck-Jungen E, Fontdevila A. Spermiogenesis of inversion heterozygotes in backcross hybrids between Drosophila buzzatii and D. serido. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00122907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arginine-rich nucleoprotein transition occurs in the two size classes of spermatozoa of Drosophila subobscura males. Genetica 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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