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Zhan X, Chen Z, Chen R, Shen C. Environmental and Genetic Factors Involved in Plant Protection-Associated Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:877304. [PMID: 35463424 PMCID: PMC9024250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.877304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) play essential roles in the adaptation to harsh environments and function in plant defense responses. PSMs act as key components of defense-related signaling pathways and trigger the extensive expression of defense-related genes. In addition, PSMs serve as antioxidants, participating in the scavenging of rapidly rising reactive oxygen species, and as chelators, participating in the chelation of toxins under stress conditions. PSMs include nitrogen-containing chemical compounds, terpenoids/isoprenoids, and phenolics. Each category of secondary metabolites has a specific biosynthetic pathway, including precursors, intermediates, and end products. The basic biosynthetic pathways of representative PSMs are summarized, providing potential target enzymes of stress-mediated regulation and responses. Multiple metabolic pathways share the same origin, and the common enzymes are frequently to be the targets of metabolic regulation. Most biosynthetic pathways are controlled by different environmental and genetic factors. Here, we summarized the effects of environmental factors, including abiotic and biotic stresses, on PSM biosynthesis in various plants. We also discuss the positive and negative transcription factors involved in various PSM biosynthetic pathways. The potential target genes of the stress-related transcription factors were also summarized. We further found that the downstream targets of these Transcription factors (TFs) are frequently enriched in the synthesis pathway of precursors, suggesting an effective role of precursors in enhancing of terminal products. The present review provides valuable insights regarding screening targets and regulators involved in PSM-mediated plant protection in non-model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaori Zhan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Rong Chen,
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chenjia Shen,
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Strictosidine synthase, an indispensable enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole and β-carboline alkaloids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:591-607. [PMID: 34419259 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoid indole (TIAs) and β-carboline alkaloids (BCAs), such as suppressant reserpine, vasodilatory yohimbine, and antimalarial quinine, are natural compounds derived from strictosidine. These compounds can exert powerful pharmacological effects but be obtained from limited source in nature. the whole biosynthetic pathway of TIAs and BCAs, The Pictet-Spengler reaction catalyzed by strictosidine synthase (STR; EC: 4.3.3.2) is the rate-limiting step. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their biosynthesis pathways, especially the role of STR, and related findings will support the biosynthetic generation of natural and unnatural compounds. This review summarizes the latest studies concerning the function of STR in TIA and BCA biosynthesis, and illustrates the compounds derived from strictosidine. The substrate specificity of STR based on its structure is also summarized. Proteins that contain six-bladed four-stranded β-propeller folds in many organisms, other than plants, are listed. The presence of these folds may lead to similar functions among organisms. The expression of STR gene can greatly influence the production of many compounds. STR is mainly applied to product various valuable drugs in plant cell suspension culture and biosynthesis in other carriers.
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Fan M, An X, Cui X, Jiang X, Piao X, Jin M, Lian M. Production of eurycomanone and polysaccharides through adventitious root culture of Eurycoma longifolia in a bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Sabater-Jara AB, Belchí-Navarro S, Pedreño MA, Almagro L. Increased Glucosinolate Production in Brassica oleracea var. italica Cell Cultures Due to Coronatine Activated Genes Involved in Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:102-111. [PMID: 30566344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of different elicitors and culture conditions on the production of glucosinolates in broccoli cell cultures was studied. The results showed that 0.5 μM coronatine was the best elicitor for increasing glucosinolate production (205-fold increase over untreated cells after 72 h of treatment). Furthermore, the expression levels of some genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates as well as three Myb transcription factors also have been studied. The highest glucosinolate levels found in coronatine-treated cells were closely correlated with the highest gene expression levels of Cyp79b2, Cyp83b1, St5a, Myb51, and Myb122 after 6 h of treatment. The data shown in this study provide new insight into the key metabolic steps involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, which will be of use for future applications of metabolic engineering techniques in broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Pujante
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - A B Sabater-Jara
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - S Belchí-Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - M A Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia , Spain
| | - L Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia , Spain
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Vasilev N, Schmitz C, Grömping U, Fischer R, Schillberg S. Assessment of cultivation factors that affect biomass and geraniol production in transgenic tobacco cell suspension cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104620. [PMID: 25117009 PMCID: PMC4130582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale statistical experimental design was used to determine essential cultivation parameters that affect biomass accumulation and geraniol production in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) cell suspension cultures. The carbohydrate source played a major role in determining the geraniol yield and factors such as filling volume, inoculum size and light were less important. Sucrose, filling volume and inoculum size had a positive effect on geraniol yield by boosting growth of plant cell cultures whereas illumination of the cultures stimulated the geraniol biosynthesis. We also found that the carbohydrates sucrose and mannitol showed polarizing effects on biomass and geraniol accumulation. Factors such as shaking frequency, the presence of conditioned medium and solubilizers had minor influence on both plant cell growth and geraniol content. When cells were cultivated under the screened conditions for all the investigated factors, the cultures produced ∼ 5.2 mg/l geraniol after 12 days of cultivation in shaking flasks which is comparable to the yield obtained in microbial expression systems. Our data suggest that industrial experimental designs based on orthogonal arrays are suitable for the selection of initial cultivation parameters prior to the essential medium optimization steps. Such designs are particularly beneficial in the early optimization steps when many factors must be screened, increasing the statistical power of the experiments without increasing the demand on time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- Department Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitz
- Department Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grömping
- Department II–Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Department Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Schlatmann JE, Koolhaas CM, Vinke JL, Ten Hoopen HJ, Heijnen JJ. The role of glucose in ajmalicine production by catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 47:525-34. [PMID: 18623431 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The role of glucose in ajmalicine production by Catharanthus roseus was investigated in the second stage of a two-stage batch process. Activities of tryptophan decar-boxylate (TDC) and anthranilate synthase (AS), two enzymes In the pathway leading to ajmalicine, were higher after induction with 40 g/L glucose than after induction with 60 or 80 g/L glucose. Experiments with different media containing mixtures of glucose and the nonpermeating osmotic agent xylose, and using an already induced culture as inoculum, revealed that a minimum amount of glucose is required to support ajmalicine production after enzyme induction. This requirement was not an osmotic effect. The relation between the glucose concentration and the specific ajmalicine production rate, q(p), was investigated in seven (fed-)batch cultures with constant glucose concentrations: 23, 29, 35, 53, 57, 75, and 98 g/L. In the cultures with a low glucose concentration (23, 29, and 35 g/L) the q(p) was 2.7-times higher than the cultures with 53 and 57 g/L, and almost six times higher than the cultures with a high glucose concentration (75 and 98 g/L). A glucose perturbation experiment (from 53 to 32 g/L) demonstrated that the ajmalicine production rate was adjusted without much delay. A kinetic equation is proposed for the relationship between the glucose concentration and q(p). Differences in enzyme induction and ajmalicine production at different glucose levels could not be explained by the intracellular concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose, or starch. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Schlatmann
- Biotechnological Sciences Delft Leiden, Sector Industrial Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
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Cui XH, Murthy HN, Jin YX, Yim YH, Kim JY, Paek KY. Production of adventitious root biomass and secondary metabolites of Hypericum perforatum L. in a balloon type airlift reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10072-10079. [PMID: 21917449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of inoculum density, aeration volume and culture period on accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in adventitious roots of Hypericum perforatum in balloon type airlift bioreactors (3 l capacity) were investigated. The greatest increment of biomass as well as metabolite content occurred at an inoculum density of 3 g l(-1) and an aeration volume of 0.1 vvm. After 6 weeks of culture, an approximately 50-fold increase in biomass was recorded containing 60.11 mg g(-1) dry weight (DW) of phenolics, 42.7 mg g(-1) DW of flavonoids and 0.80 mg g(-1) DW of chlorogenic acid. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy demonstrated that the presence of quercetin and hyperoside in adventitious roots at a level of 1.33 and 14.01 μg g(-1) DW, respectively after 6 weeks of culture. The results suggest scale-up of adventitious root culture of H. perforatum for the production of chlorogenic acid, quercetin and hyperoside is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Cui
- Research Center for Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Mustafa NR, de Winter W, van Iren F, Verpoorte R. Initiation, growth and cryopreservation of plant cell suspension cultures. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:715-42. [PMID: 21637194 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods described in this paper are confined to in vitro dedifferentiated plant cell suspension cultures, which are convenient for the large-scale production of fine chemicals in bioreactors and for the study of cellular and molecular processes, as they offer the advantages of a simplified model system for the study of plants when compared with plants themselves or differentiated plant tissue cultures. The commonly used methods of initiation of a callus from a plant and subsequent steps from callus to cell suspension culture are presented in the protocol. This is followed by three different techniques for subculturing (by weighing cells, pipetting and pouring cell suspension) and four methods for growth measurement (fresh- and dry-weight cells, dissimilation curve and cell volume after sedimentation). The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed. Finally, we provide a two-step (controlled rate) freezing technique also known as the slow (equilibrium) freezing method for long-term storage, which has been applied successfully to a wide range of plant cell suspension cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali R Mustafa
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Elucidation of the effects of nitrogen source on proliferation of transformed hairy roots and secondary metabolite productivity in a mist trickling reactor by redox potential measurement. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schlatmann JE, Moreno PRH, Sellés M, Vinke JL, ten Hoopen HJG, Verpoorte R, Heijnen JJ. Two-stage batch process for the production of ajmalicine byCatharanthus roseus:The link between growth and production stage. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:53-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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ten Hoopen H, Vinke J, Moreno P, Verpoorte R, Heijnen J. Influence of temperature on growth and ajmalicine production by Catharantus roseus suspension cultures. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Schlatmann JE, ten Hoopen HJ, Heijnen JJ. A simple structured model for maintenance, biomass formation, and ajmalicine production by nondividing Catharanthus roseus cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 66:147-57. [PMID: 10577468 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(1999)66:3<147::aid-bit2>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometry of maintenance and carbohydrate storage as well as ajmalicine production kinetics of non-dividing Catharanthus roseus cells in the second stage of a two-stage batch process were investigated. For the mathematical description of these processes, a simple structured model with 5 parameters is proposed. In the model the biomass is divided in two compartments: active biomass and storage carbohydrates. In induction medium (standard medium without phosphate, nitrogen and hormones), biomass formation, glucose consumption, and CO(2) production appeared to be constant in time. Therefore, it is assumed that the active biomass level is constant. The maintenance coefficient m(S), and the yield of storage carbohydrates on glucose Y(SC) were optimized by fitting the model on experimental data: 0.003 C-mol/C-mol/h and 0.82 C-mol/C-mol, respectively. Production kinetics were incorporated in this model and related to the active biomass fraction. The maximum specific ajmalicine production rate q(p)(max) was fitted on the data: 7.5 micromol/C-mol/h. The model was tested at several different experimental conditions, and proved to describe the experimental results adequately. An independent experiment at a very high cell density in order to obtain maximum product formation was used to validate the model. It provided a satisfactory description of the results, but the final ajmalicine concentration (198 micromol/L after 18 days) was lower than the calculated maximum, due to accumulation of inhibiting gaseous metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Schlatmann
- Biotechnological Sciences Delft Leiden, Sector Industrial Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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The effect of the aggregate size on the production of ajmalicine and tryptamine in Catharanthus roseus suspension culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ketchum REB, Gibson DM, Croteau RB, Shuler ML. The kinetics of taxoid accumulation in cell suspension cultures ofTaxus following elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990105)62:1%3c97::aid-bit11%3e3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ketchum RE, Gibson DM, Croteau RB, Shuler ML. The kinetics of taxoid accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Taxus following elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:97-105. [PMID: 10099517 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990105)62:1<97::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of Taxus canadensis and Taxus cuspidata rapidly produced paclitaxel (Taxol) and other taxoids in response to elicitation with methyl jasmonate. By optimizing the concentration of the elicitor, and the timing of elicitation, we have achieved the most rapid accumulation of paclitaxel in a plant cell culture, yet reported. The greatest accumulation of paclitaxel occurred when methyl jasmonate was added to cultures at a final concentration of 200 microM on day 7 of the culture cycle. The concentration of paclitaxel increased in the extracellular (cell-free) medium to 117 mg/day within 5 days following elicitation, equivalent to a rate of 23.4 mg/L per day. Paclitaxel was only one of many taxoids whose concentrations increased significantly in response to elicitation. Despite the rapid accumulation and high concentration of paclitaxel, its concentration never exceeded 20% of the total taxoids produced in the elicited culture. Two other taxoids, 13-acetyl-9-dihydrobaccatin III and baccatin VI, accounted for 39% to 62% of the total taxoids in elicited cultures. The accumulation of baccatin III did not parallel the pattern of accumulation for paclitaxel. Baccatin III continued to accumulate until the end of the culture cycle, at which point most of the cells in the culture were dead, implying a possible role as a degradation product of taxoid biosynthesis, rather than as a precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ketchum
- School of Chemical Engineering, 120 Olin Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Huang SY, Chen SY. Efficient l-DOPA production by Stizolobium hassjoo cell culture in a two stage configuration. J Biotechnol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Hyperproduction of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high density cultivation of Panax notoginseng cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schlatmann J, Moreno P, Vinke J, ten Hoopen H, Verpoorte R, Heijnen J. Gaseous metabolites and the ajmalicine production rate in high density cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moreno PR, Poulsen C, van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effects of elicitation on different metabolic pathways in Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don cell suspension cultures. Enzyme Microb Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schlatmann JE, Vinke JL, ten Hoopen HJG, Heijnen JJ. Relation between dissolved oxygen concentration and ajmalicine production rate in high-density cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 45:435-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260450508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schlatmann JE, Moreno PRH, Vinke JL, ten Hoopen HJG, Verpoorte R, Heijnen JJ. Effects of oxygen and nutrients limitation on ajmalicine production and related enzyme activities in high density cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:461-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Currently, insect and plant cell cultures are not widely used to make products of commercial interest, largely because the development of large-scale cultivation methods is still in its infancy. With the advances made over the past year, some of the limitations associated with scale-up of these two types of expression system have been addressed. Increasing the oxygen supply and the concentration of various nutrients supplied to insect cells after infection has enabled high specific protein production to be maintained to higher cell densities than ever before, improving overall volumetric yields. Detailed work has focused on the capacity of insect cells to carry out complex post-translational modifications; however, as yet, evidence is conflicting as to the extent of protein processing and complex glycosylation possible in infected cells. In plant cell culture, the accepted axioms concerning large-scale culture have been re-examined. Recent studies have assessed culture at high cell densities and the constraints in reactor design resulting from the 'shear sensitivity' of plant cells. Results show that, as cell densities increase, alterations occur in the pathways of secondary metabolism, leading to decreases in specific productivity. The use of nutrient supplements and a medium cycling strategy shows promise for increasing and sustaining product formation. Furthermore, the importance of dissolved gas composition has been clearly demonstrated by use of a gas recirculation reactor. Reports of taxol and vindoline production in vitro demonstrate the potential and the necessity for further research in scale-up of plant cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Taticek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5201
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