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Wu K, Peng X, Chen M, Li Y, Tang G, Peng J, Peng Y, Cao X. Recent progress of research on anti‐tumor agents using benzimidazole as the structure unit. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:736-757. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Miaojia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy the first People's Hospital Pingjiang Yueyang Hunan China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Junmei Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang 330000 China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study College of Pharmacy Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China
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Parmar TH, Sangani CB, Kulkarni M. Synthesis of novel drug-like small molecules library based on 1H-benzo[d]imidazole. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Bukhari M, Deng H, Sipes D, Ruane-Foster M, Purdy K, Woodworth CD, Sur S, Samways DSK. K Ca3.1-dependent uptake of the cytotoxic DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33258 into cancerous but not healthy cervical cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100084. [PMID: 33199365 PMCID: PMC7948979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor and nonselective penetration of current chemotherapeutics across the plasma membranes of cancer cells, which is necessary for the targeted disruption of the intracellular machinery, remains a major pharmaceutical challenge. In several cell types, including mast cells and macrophages, exposure to extracellular ATP is known to stimulate passive entry of large and otherwise membrane impermeable cationic dyes, which is usually attributed to conduction through ionotropic P2X receptors. Here, we report that elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ stimulate the rapid uptake and nuclear accumulation of a DNA-binding fluorescent cation, Hoechst 33258 (H33258), in cervical cancer cells. The H33258 uptake was dependent on activation of intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa3.1), and direct stimulation of the channel with the activators SKA 31 and DCEBIO was sufficient to induce cellular uptake of H33258 directly. In contrast to the results from cancerous cervical cells, KCa3.1-dependent H33258 uptake was rarely observed in epithelial cells derived from the ectocervix and transformation zone of healthy cervical tissue. Furthermore, whole-cell patch clamp experiments and assessment of membrane potential using the slow voltage-sensitive dye bis-(1,3-diethylthiobarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol revealed a significant difference in functional KCa3.1 activity between cancerous and healthy cervical epithelial cells, which correlated strongly with the incidence of KCa3.1-dependent H33258 uptake. Finally, we show that activation of KCa3.1 channels caused a modest but significant sensitization of cancer cells to the growth suppressant effects of H33258, lending plausibility to the idea of using KCa3.1 channel activators to enhance cell penetration of small cationic toxins into cancer cells expressing these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurish Bukhari
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Han Deng
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Darren Sipes
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | | | - Kayla Purdy
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | | | - Shantanu Sur
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
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Ali I, Lone MN, Aboul-Enein HY. Imidazoles as potential anticancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1742-1773. [PMID: 30108886 PMCID: PMC6084102 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a black spot on the face of humanity in this era of science and technology. Presently, several classes of anticancer drugs are available in the market, but issues such as toxicity, low efficacy and solubility have decreased the overall therapeutic indices. Thus, the search for new promising anticancer agents continues, and the battle against cancer is far from over. Imidazole is an aromatic diazole and alkaloid with anticancer properties. There is considerable interest among scientists in developing imidazoles as safe alternatives to anticancer chemotherapy. The present article describes the structural, chemical, and biological features of imidazoles. Several classes of imidazoles as anticancer agents based on their mode of action have been critically discussed. A careful observation has been made into pharmacologically active imidazoles with better or equal therapeutic effects compared to well-known imidazole-based anticancer drugs, which are available on the market. A brief discussion of the toxicities of imidazoles has been made. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of imidazole based anticancer drug development are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi-110025 , India . ;
| | - Mohammad Nadeem Lone
- Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi-110025 , India . ;
| | - Haasan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division , National Research Centre , Dokki , Giza 12622 , Egypt
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5
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Bukhari M, Deng H, Jones N, Towne Z, Woodworth CD, Samways DSK. Selective permeabilization of cervical cancer cells to an ionic DNA-binding cytotoxin by activation of P2Y receptors. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1498-504. [PMID: 25937122 PMCID: PMC4497545 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is known to permeabilize certain cell types to polyatomic cations like YO-PRO1. Here, we report that extracellularly applied ATP stimulated rapid uptake and accumulation of an otherwise weakly membrane permeable fluorescent DNA-binding cytotoxin, Hoechst 33258, into cervical cancer cells. While ATP stimulated Hoechst 33258 uptake in 20-70% of cells from seven cervical cancer cell lines, it stimulated uptake in less than 8% of cervical epithelial cells obtained from the normal transformation zone and ectocervix tissue of 11 patients. ATP-evoked Hoechst 33258 uptake was independent of ionotropic P2X receptors, but dependent on activation of P2Y receptors. Thus, we show here that cervical cancer cells can be selectively induced to take up and accumulate an ionic cytotoxin by exposure to extracellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurish Bukhari
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA
| | - Han Deng
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA
| | - Noelle Jones
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA
| | - Zachary Towne
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA
| | - Craig D Woodworth
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA
| | - Damien S K Samways
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA.
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Singla M, Ranjan R, Mahiya K, Mohapatra SC, Ahmad S. Nitric oxide inhibition, antioxidant, and antitumour activities of novel copper(ii) bis-benzimidazole diamide nanocoordination complexes. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor effect illustrated by changes in body weight. In control mice, body weight increased to 11.5 g but when treated withC3, body weight difference as compared to the control decreased by 4.7 g and decreased to 2.2 g and 0.6 g withC1andC2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singla
- Department of Chemistry
- Keshav Mahavidhyalya
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Zoology
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Kuldeep Mahiya
- Department of Chemistry
- Ch. Devi Lal University
- Sirsa
- India
| | - Subash C. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry
- Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Sharif Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi
- India
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7
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Bansal Y, Silakari O. The therapeutic journey of benzimidazoles: a review. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6208-36. [PMID: 23031649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Presence of benzimidazole nucleus in numerous categories of therapeutic agents such as antimicrobials, antivirals, antiparasites, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, proton pump inhibitors, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, immunomodulators, hormone modulators, CNS stimulants as well as depressants, lipid level modulators, antidiabetics, etc. has made it an indispensable anchor for development of new therapeutic agents. Varied substitutents around the benzimidazole nucleus have provided a wide spectrum of biological activities. Importance of this nucleus in some activities like, Angiotensin I (AT(1)) receptor antagonism and proton-pump inhibition is reviewed separately in literature. Even some very short reviews on biological importance of this nucleus are also known in literature. However, owing to fast development of new drugs possessing benzimidazole nucleus many research reports are generated in short span of time. So, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier information to understand the current status of benzimidazole nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. In the present review, various derivatives of benzimidazole with different pharmacological activities are described on the basis of substitution pattern around the nucleus with an aim to help medicinal chemists for developing an SAR on benzimidazole derived compounds for each activity. This discussion will further help in the development of novel benzimidazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
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Cheng MS, Wang QH, Wang XJ, Liu C, Li W, Wang J, Yang N. A New Series of Bisbenzimidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Antitumor Activity and Low Toxicity on PBMC. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of novel 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diols and their cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1639-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Karpińska MM, Matysiak J, Niewiadomy A, Wietrzyk J, Kłopotowska D. Synthesis and biological activity of novel 4- and 6-(1-alkyl/aryl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diols. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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New insight into the molecular mechanisms of the biological effects of DNA minor groove binders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25822. [PMID: 21998702 PMCID: PMC3187808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisbenzimides, or Hoechst 33258 (H258), and its derivative Hoechst 33342 (H342) are archetypal molecules for designing minor groove binders, and widely used as tools for staining DNA and analyzing side population cells. They are supravital DNA minor groove binders with AT selectivity. H342 and H258 share similar biological effects based on the similarity of their chemical structures, but also have their unique biological effects. For example, H342, but not H258, is a potent apoptotic inducer and both H342 and H258 can induce transgene overexpression in in vitro studies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Hoechst dyes induce apoptosis and enhance transgene overexpression are unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying different biological effects between H342 and H258, microarray technique coupled with bioinformatics analyses and multiple other techniques has been utilized to detect differential global gene expression profiles, Hoechst dye-specific gene expression signatures, and changes in cell morphology and levels of apoptosis-associated proteins in malignant mesothelioma cells. H342-induced apoptosis occurs in a dose-dependent fashion and is associated with morphological changes, caspase-3 activation, cytochrome c mitochondrial translocation, and cleavage of apoptosis-associated proteins. The antagonistic effect of H258 on H342-induced apoptosis indicates a pharmacokinetic basis for the two dyes' different biological effects. Differential global gene expression profiles induced by H258 and H342 are accompanied by unique gene expression signatures determined by DNA microarray and bioinformatics software, indicating a genetic basis for their different biological effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A unique gene expression signature associated with H342-induced apoptosis provides a new avenue to predict and classify the therapeutic class of minor groove binders in the drug development process. Further analysis of H258-upregulated genes of transcription regulation may identify the genes that enhance transgene overexpression in gene therapy and promote recombinant protein products in biopharmaceutical companies. DATA DEPOSITION The microarray data reported in this article have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo (accession no.GSE28616).
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Dasari M, Lee S, Sy J, Kim D, Lee S, Brown M, Davis M, Murthy N. Hoechst-IR: an imaging agent that detects necrotic tissue in vivo by binding extracellular DNA. Org Lett 2010; 12:3300-3. [PMID: 20597468 PMCID: PMC2929653 DOI: 10.1021/ol100923d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell necrosis is central to the progression of numerous diseases, and imaging agents that can detect necrotic tissue have great clinical potential. We demonstrate here that a small molecule, termed Hoechst-IR, composed of the DNA binding dye Hoechst and the near-infrared dye IR-786, can image necrotic tissue in vivo via fluorescence imaging. Hoechst-IR detects necrosis by binding extracellular DNA released from necrotic cells and was able to image necrosis generated from a myocardial infarction and lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS-GalN) induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Dasari
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sungmun Lee
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jay Sy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Dongin Kim
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Seungjun Lee
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Milton Brown
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Davis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Jacquemard U, Routier S, Tatibouët A, Kluza J, Laine W, Bal C, Bailly C, Mérour JY. Synthesis of diphenylcarbazoles as cytotoxic DNA binding agents. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:1476-83. [PMID: 15136803 DOI: 10.1039/b401445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of novel diphenylcarbazoles designed to interact with DNA. The compounds bearing two or three dimethylaminoalkyloxy side chains were found to bind much more tightly to DNA, preferentially at AT-rich sites, than the corresponding hydroxy compounds. The DNA binding compounds exhibit potent cytotoxic activity toward P388 leukemia cells. The 3,6-diphenylcarbazole thus represent an interesting scaffold to develop antitumor agents interacting with nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Jacquemard
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 6005, Universite d'Orleans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orleans 2, France
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Bielawski K, Bielawska A, Wołczyński S. Aromatic extended bisamidines: synthesis, inhibition of topoisomerases, and anticancer cytotoxicity in vitro. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2001; 334:235-40. [PMID: 11512274 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200107)334:7<235::aid-ardp235>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of four aromatic extended bisamidines (12-15) differing in the nature of their terminal basic side chains were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cultured breast cancer cells. The concentrations of 12, 13, 14, and 15 needed to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by 50% (IC50) were found to be 63 microM, 85 microM, 77 microM, and 97 microM, respectively. To test whether cytotoxic properties were related to DNA-binding and topoisomerase action, the bisamidines 12-15 were evaluated in a cell-free system. Data from the ethidium displacement assay showed that bisamidines 12-15 have significant affinity for DNA and show moderate specificity for AT base pairs. In the topoisomerase II assay, the relaxation of DNA was inhibited with all four drugs and the extent of inhibition was directly proportional to the drug concentration. This suggests that DNA binding may be implicated in the cytotoxicity of these bisamidines, possibly by inhibiting interactions between topoisomerase II and their DNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bielawski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Technology, Medical Academy of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
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15
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Wu XC, Marcinkowski K, Turner PM, Ferguson LR. Mutations induced by some DNA minor groove binding alkylators in AS52 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res 2000; 448:35-45. [PMID: 10751621 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards are commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. They interact with DNA at electronegative sites, primarily forming N7 guanine mono-adducts and interstrand cross-links. Targeting nitrogen mustards to DNA by attachment of a DNA minor groove binding carrier such as the bisbenzimidazoles Hoechst 33258 (pibenzimol) or Hoechst 33342 (HOE) makes it possible to direct DNA alkylation to more specific stretches of DNA. We have performed a detailed molecular analysis of 6-thioguanine resistant clones arising in Chinese hamster AS52 cells after treatment with HOE, in comparison with a mono- and bifunctional pair of bisbenzimidazole-targeted nitrogen mustards (MGBs). HOE showed no significant ability to induce 6-thioguanine resistant mutants, possibly because drug-treated cells are highly susceptible to apoptosis within very short times. Neither of the MGBs caused the rapid cell death seen with the bisbenzimidazole. However, both MGBs were weaker mutagens than previously found for undirected mustards in the same system, an effect that we suggest could relate to greater structure-directed binding to less mutable DNA sites in the minor groove. Additionally, the nature of some of the mutants suggested there may be a small component of topo I and/or II-mediated events in the mutagenicity of the MGBs. Both MGBs showed high activity in causing deletion mutations, which may be due to errors in attempted repair of the complex lesions formed by minor groove targeted alkylators.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Wu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kollmannsberger
- University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Department of Haematology-Oncology, Germany
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17
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Abstract
This review summarises mutagenesis-related research on the major classes of DNA minor groove binding ligands. These compounds can bind to DNA covalently or non-covalently, and span a range of DNA sequence selectivities. Many of the non-covalent binders show effects on topoisomerase enzymes in mammalian cells, with the bisbenzimidazoles being the most active. Mutagenic effects consistent with topoisomerase inhibition are observed in vitro. Many of these compounds induce aneuploidy and polyploidy, properties which may also contribute to carcinogenic processes. Similarly, uvrA trapping by some minor groove binders may alter mutagenetic processes by inhibiting efficient repair. Distamycin has been shown to enhance the mutagenicity of ethidium bromide in bacteria by an undetermined mechanism. However, the inhibitory effects of minor groove binders on human DNA repair systems have not yet been reported. Hoechst 33258 and distamycin cause chromosome decondensation in both mouse and human cells particularly at heterochromatic regions which are rich in AT content. Various minor groove binders have been shown to induce fragile sites in cultured lymphocytes from susceptible individuals, which may have a propensity to develop particular cancers. Investigation of the relationship between fragile site inducing drugs and chromosomal rearrangements in fragile site carriers has not been investigated but may yield interesting results. Some DNA alkylating minor groove binders can generate lesions extremely toxic to mammalian cells (e.g., CC-1065 and analogues), and induce a range of DNA sequence changes in vivo, both at the site of covalent bonding as well as at surrounding sequences. This may be typical of alkylating minor groove binders which have a binding site size of several base pairs, and which stabilise helical structure. Minor groove binders have effects on gene expression in vitro by inhibiting the sequence selective binding of various transcription factors to DNA. These effects may result in expression or repression of downstream genes also. This class of ligand thus offers the possibility of mutations targeted to specific genes or genomic regions. It will be interesting to determine whether such examples of targeted mutagenesis, as has already been observed with CC-1065 and adozelesin, will result in an enhanced or in a lowered capacity to promote neoplastic disease. However it should be noted that pentamidine, a minor groove binder used in the treatment of AIDS-related PCP, has thus far shown no mutagenic effects in nuclear DNA and only a weak effect in mitochondrial DNA of yeast. These results suggest that minor groove binding does not necessarily lead to mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Turner
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Rothenberg ML, Abbruzzese JL, Moore M, Portenoy RK, Robertson JM, Wanebo HJ. A rationale for expanding the endpoints for clinical trials in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 78:627-32. [PMID: 8681301 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960801)78:3<627::aid-cncr43>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using classical endpoints, such as response rate and survival, as the sole measures of benefit, little progress has been made in the treatment of advanced pancreatic carcinoma in the past 30 years. We challenge the assumption that response rate and survival are the only appropriate endpoints for clinical trials in this disease setting. METHOD A review of the literature and roundtable discussion were undertaken. RESULTS Using current imaging techniques, it is inherently difficult to distinguish pancreatic tumor from normal pancreas, inflammatory tissue, local fibrosis, and unopacified bowel. As a result, objective tumor measurements are often imprecise, unreliable, and irreproducible. This difficulty may explain the wide variation in response rates reported in clinical trials even when the same therapies are used. Tumor-related symptoms, such as anorexia, weight loss, severe pain (requiring opioid analgesia), and impaired functional status, are prevalent and debilitating characteristics of this disease. Tools that can assess these symptoms in a consistent fashion over time have been developed and have been integrated into clinical trials to evaluate new drugs in this setting. CONCLUSIONS Systematic assessment of the impact of a new therapy on tumor-related symptoms may provide a sensitive and accurate way to identify useful new treatments for patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Such analyses can be a useful complement to the classical endpoints of response rate and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rothenberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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19
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Rothenberg ML, Abbruzzese JL, Moore M, Portenoy RK, Robertson JM, Wanebo HJ. A rationale for expanding the endpoints for clinical trials in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960801)78:3+<627::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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