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Zheng F, Chen L, Zhang P, Zhou J, Lu X, Tian W. Carbohydrate polymers exhibit great potential as effective elicitors in organic agriculture: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115637. [PMID: 31887887 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some carbohydrate polymers, usually oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, have great potential as an elicitor of plant defense. However, due to the complexity and diversity of poly- and oligosaccharide structure, the molecular mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of carbohydrate elicitors are still not well understood, which hinders the application of carbohydrate elicitors in agriculture. This review introduces the mechanisms of carbohydrate elicitor perception and signaling in plants. The structure and activity relationships of main poly- and oligosaccharides studied for the control of plant diseases are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the effects of carbohydrate elicitors on the secondary metabolite production are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Li P, Linhardt RJ, Cao Z. Structural Characterization of Oligochitosan Elicitor from Fusarium sambucinum and Its Elicitation of Defensive Responses in Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2076. [PMID: 27973408 PMCID: PMC5187876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharide elicitors from pathogens have been shown to play major roles in host plant defense responses involving plant-pathogen chemoperception and interaction. In the present study, chitosan and oligochitosan were prepared from pathogen Fusarium sambucinum, and their effects on infection of Zanthoxylum bungeanum stems were investigated. Results showed that oligochitosan inhibited the infection of the pathogen, and that the oligochitosan fraction with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 5 and 6 showed the optimal effect. Oligochitosan DP5 was purified from fraction DP5-6 and was structurally characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Oligochitosan DP5 showed significant inhibition against the infection of the pathogenic fungi on host plant stems. An investigation of the mechanism underlying this effect showed that oligochitosan DP5 increased the activities of defensive enzymes and accumulation of phenolics in host Z. bungeanum. These results suggest that oligochitosan from pathogenic fungi can mediate the infection of host plants with a pathogen by acting as an elicitor that triggers the defense system of a plant. This information will be valuable for further exploration of the interactions between the pathogen F. sambucinum and host plant Z. bungeanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Department of Forest Pathology, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Zhimin Cao
- Department of Forest Pathology, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Fesel PH, Zuccaro A. β-glucan: Crucial component of the fungal cell wall and elusive MAMP in plants. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 90:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Robinson SM, Bostock RM. β-glucans and eicosapolyenoic acids as MAMPs in plant-oomycete interactions: past and present. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:797. [PMID: 25628639 PMCID: PMC4292309 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Branched β-1,3-glucans and the eicosapolyenoic acids (EP) are among the best characterized oomycete elicitors that trigger innate immune responses in plants. These elicitors were identified over three decades ago, and they were useful in the study of the sequence of physiological, biochemical and molecular events that induce resistance in plants. However, in spite of the cross-kingdom parallels where these molecules are well-characterized as immune system modulators in animals, their perception and modes of action in plants remains obscure. Oomycetes are among the most important plant pathogens, responsible for diseases that devastate crops, ornamentals, and tree species worldwide. With the recent interest and advances in our understanding of innate immunity in plants, and the redefining of many of the classical elicitors as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), it seems timely and important to reexamine β-glucans and EP using contemporary approaches. In this review, we highlight early studies of β-glucans and EP, discuss their roles as evolutionarily conserved signals, and consider their action in relation to current models of MAMP-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of CaliforniaDavis, Davis, CA, USA
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Aphanomyces euteiches cell wall fractions containing novel glucan-chitosaccharides induce defense genes and nuclear calcium oscillations in the plant host Medicago truncatula. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75039. [PMID: 24086432 PMCID: PMC3781040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine-based saccharides (chitosaccharides) are components of microbial cell walls and act as molecular signals during host-microbe interactions. In the legume plant Medicago truncatula, the perception of lipochitooligosaccharide signals produced by symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involves the Nod Factor Perception (NFP) lysin motif receptor-like protein and leads to the activation of the so-called common symbiotic pathway. In rice and Arabidopsis, lysin motif receptors are involved in the perception of chitooligosaccharides released by pathogenic fungi, resulting in the activation of plant immunity. Here we report the structural characterization of atypical chitosaccharides from the oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches, and their biological activity on the host Medicago truncatula. Using a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches, we show that these chitosaccharides are linked to β-1,6-glucans, and contain a β-(1,3;1,4)-glucan backbone whose β-1,3-linked glucose units are substituted on their C-6 carbon by either glucose or N-acetylglucosamine residues. This is the first description of this type of structural motif in eukaryotic cell walls. Glucan-chitosaccharide fractions of A. euteiches induced the expression of defense marker genes in Medicago truncatula seedlings independently from the presence of a functional Nod Factor Perception protein. Furthermore, one of the glucan-chitosaccharide fractions elicited calcium oscillations in the nucleus of root cells. In contrast to the asymmetric oscillatory calcium spiking induced by symbiotic lipochitooligosaccharides, this response depends neither on the Nod Factor Perception protein nor on the common symbiotic pathway. These findings open new perspectives in oomycete cell wall biology and elicitor recognition and signaling in legumes.
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Grenville-Briggs LJ, Avrova AO, Hay RJ, Bruce CR, Whisson SC, van West P. Identification of appressorial and mycelial cell wall proteins and a survey of the membrane proteome of Phytophthora infestans. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:702-23. [PMID: 20943180 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane of filamentous oomycetes and fungi provide a means by which these organisms can interact with their local environment. However, cell wall and membrane proteins have often proved difficult to isolate using conventional proteomic techniques. Here we have used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to facilitate rapid and sensitive quantification of the cell wall proteome. We report the use of LC-MS/MS to identify differentially regulated proteins from the cell walls of three different lifecycle stages of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans: non-sporulating vegetative mycelium, sporulating mycelium, and germinating cysts with appressoria. We have also used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to confirm that the transcripts corresponding to some of these proteins, namely those identified in cell walls of germinating cysts with appressoria, accumulate differentially throughout the lifecycle. These proteins may, therefore, be important for pre-infective development and early pathogenicity. Up to 31 covalently and non-covalently bound cell wall-associated proteins were identified. All of the proteins identified in germinating cysts with appressoria, and several of those from mycelial fractions, were classified as putative effector or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules, including members of the CBEL family, the elicitin family, the crinkler (CRN) family and two transglutaminases. Thus, the cell wall of P. infestans may represent an important reservoir for surface-presented, apoplastic effectors or defence activation molecules. Proteins predicted to be cell surface proteins included IPI-B like proteins, mucins, cell wall-associated enzymes and annexin family members. Additionally we identified up to 27 membrane-associated proteins from Triton X-114 phase partitioned mycelial membrane preparations, producing the first inventory of oomycete membrane-associated proteins. Four of these proteins are small Rab-type G-proteins and several are associated with secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Grenville-Briggs
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Antelo L, Cosio EG, Hertkorn N, Ebel J. Partial purification of a GTP-insensitive (1-->3)-beta-glucan synthase from Phytophthora sojae. FEBS Lett 1998; 433:191-5. [PMID: 9744792 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A (1 --> 3)-beta-glucan synthase activity was identified in cell membrane preparations from the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, a soybean pathogen. The activity could be solubilized using the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS at relatively low concentrations (3 mg/ml). High salt concentrations were not effective in removing the activity from the membranes. Detergent solubilization of the enzyme resulted in a six-fold increase of calculated Vmax values (2.5 vs. 0.4 nkat/mg protein) but only minor alteration of the Km (10.6 vs. 10.7 mM). Analysis of the reaction product of the solubilized enzyme by enzymatic degradation and by 2D NMR spectroscopy confirmed its identity as a linear high molecular weight (1 --> 3)-beta-glucan. Glucan synthase activity in both membrane and solubilized preparations was not activated by GTP or divalent cations as reported for other fungal or plant glucan synthases, The activity was inhibited, as expected, in a competitive manner by UDP with a Ki of 2.9 mM. Partial purification of the enzyme was achieved by anion exchange chromatography followed by product entrapment. This procedure resulted in the selective enrichment of a protein band with apparent Mr 108,000 in SDS-PAGE which was not visible in any of the steps preceding product entrapment. The glucan pellets from product entrapment contained up to 3% of the initial enzyme activity present in the fraction used for the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Antelo
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Plants have acquired defense mechanisms to counteract potential pathogens. One such strategy involves inducible defense reactions that are activated by elicitors, signaling compounds of diverse nature. For one class of elicitors, oligoglucosides, recent developments in the characterization and isolation of an oligoclucan-binding protein, a putative elicitor receptor, and isolation of a cDNA that encodes the binding protein are discussed. Furthermore, the discovery of a role for calcium in the elicitation process is described. Finally, the identification of polymerase chain reaction products whose sequences indicate that they encode cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes with possible roles in the formation of phytoalexins, antimicrobial plant defense compounds, is reported. These advances may lay the foundation for the first characterization of a receptor and subsequent signaling events in oligoglucan elicitor perception by higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ebel
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Côté F, Ham KS, Hahn MG, Bergmann CW. Oligosaccharide elicitors in host-pathogen interactions. Generation, perception, and signal transduction. Subcell Biochem 1998; 29:385-432. [PMID: 9594655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1707-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Côté
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4712, USA
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Kellmann JW, Kleinow T, Engelhardt K, Philipp C, Wegener D, Schell J, Schreier PH. Characterization of two class II chitinase genes from peanut and expression studies in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:351-8. [PMID: 8616259 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two different genes encoding class II chitinases from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. NC4), A.h.Chi2;1 and A.h.Chi2;2, have been cloned. In peanut cell suspension cultures, mRNA levels of A.h.Chi2;2 increased after ethylene or salicylate treatment and in the presence of conidia from Botrytis cinerea. The second gene, A.h.Chi2;1, was only expressed after treatment with the fungal spores. Transgenic tobacco plants containing the complete peanut A.h.Chi2;1 gene exhibited essentially the same expression pattern in leaves as observed in peanut cell cultures. Expression characteristics of transgenic tobacco carrying a promoter-GUS fusion of A.h.Chi2;1 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kellmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, FRG
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Côté F, Hahn MG. Oligosaccharins: structures and signal transduction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1379-1411. [PMID: 7858196 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0239-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Côté
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712
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Abstract
Molecules released or generated during microbial entry (elicitors) are recognized by components of plant cells, ultimately resulting in the induction of a battery of plant defense responses. The molecular mechanisms underlying these signaling systems, as well as the plant defense responses they control, are becoming increasingly well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Lindsay
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73402
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Glucan Elicitor-Binding Proteins and Signal Transduction in the Activation of Plant Defence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0651-3_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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