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Lobular Breast Cancer: Histomorphology and Different Concepts of a Special Spectrum of Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153695. [PMID: 34359596 PMCID: PMC8345067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is a special type of breast cancer (BC) that was first described in 1941. The diagnosis of ILC is made by microscopy of tumor specimens, which reveals a distinct morphology. This review recapitulates the developments in the microscopic assessment of ILC from 1941 until today. We discuss different concepts of ILC, provide an overview on ILC variants, and highlight advances which have contributed to a better understanding of ILC as a special histologic spectrum of tumors. Abstract Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the most common special histological type of breast cancer (BC). This review recapitulates developments in the histomorphologic assessment of ILC from its beginnings with the seminal work of Foote and Stewart, which was published in 1941, until today. We discuss different concepts of ILC and their implications. These concepts include (i) BC arising from mammary lobules, (ii) BC growing in dissociated cells and single files, and (iii) BC defined as a morpho-molecular spectrum of tumors with distinct histological and molecular characteristics related to impaired cell adhesion. This review also provides a comprehensive overview of ILC variants, their histomorphology, and differential diagnosis. Furthermore, this review highlights recent advances which have contributed to a better understanding of the histomorphology of ILC, such as the role of the basal lamina component laminin, the molecular specificities of triple-negative ILC, and E-cadherin to P-cadherin expression switching as the molecular determinant of tubular elements in CDH1-deficient ILC. Last but not least, we provide a detailed account of the tumor microenvironment in ILC, including tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels, which are comparatively low in ILC compared to other BCs, but correlate with clinical outcome. The distinct histomorphology of ILC clearly reflects a special tumor biology. In the clinic, special treatment strategies have been established for triple-negative, HER2-positive, and ER-positive BC. Treatment specialization for patients diagnosed with ILC is just in its beginnings. Accordingly, ILC deserves greater attention as a special tumor entity in BC diagnostics, patient care, and cancer research.
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Roy S, Kumar R, Mittal V, Gupta D. Classification models for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Progression, based on gene expression data-trained supervised machine learning. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4113. [PMID: 32139710 PMCID: PMC7057992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of breast cancer and its correct stage determination are important for prognosis and rendering appropriate personalized clinical treatment to breast cancer patients. However, despite considerable efforts and progress, there is a need to identify the specific genomic factors responsible for, or accompanying Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) progression stages, which can aid the determination of the correct cancer stages. We have developed two-class machine-learning classification models to differentiate the early and late stages of IDC. The prediction models are trained with RNA-seq gene expression profiles representing different IDC stages of 610 patients, obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Different supervised learning algorithms were trained and evaluated with an enriched model learning, facilitated by different feature selection methods. We also developed a machine-learning classifier trained on the same datasets with training sets reduced data corresponding to IDC driver genes. Based on these two classifiers, we have developed a web-server Duct-BRCA-CSP to predict early stage from late stages of IDC based on input RNA-seq gene expression profiles. The analysis conducted by us also enables deeper insights into the stage-dependent molecular events accompanying IDC progression. The server is publicly available at http://bioinfo.icgeb.res.in/duct-BRCA-CSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Roy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav Mittal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Tomko LA, Hill RC, Barrett A, Szulczewski JM, Conklin MW, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ, Hansen KC, Ponik SM. Targeted matrisome analysis identifies thrombospondin-2 and tenascin-C in aligned collagen stroma from invasive breast carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12941. [PMID: 30154546 PMCID: PMC6113240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates an important role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in breast cancer progression. Collagen type I, a core constituent of the fibrous ECM, undergoes a significant set of changes that accompany tumor progression, termed Tumor Associated Collagen Signatures (TACS). Late stages of this progression are characterized by the presence of bundled, straight collagen (TACS-2) that become oriented perpendicular to the tumor-stromal boundary (TACS-3). Importantly, the presence of TACS-3 collagen is an independent predictor of poor patient outcome. At present, it remains unclear whether reorganization of the collagen matrix is the consequence of mechanical or compositional tissue remodeling. Here, we identify compositional changes in ECM correlating to collagen fiber reorganization from nineteen normal and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patient biopsies using matrisome-targeted proteomics. Twenty-seven ECM proteins were significantly altered in IDC samples compared to normal tissue. Further, a set of nineteen matrisome proteins positively correlate and five proteins inversely correlate with IDC tissues containing straightened collagen fibers. Tenascin-C and thrombospondin-2 significantly co-localized with aligned collagen fibers in IDC tissues. This study highlights the compositional change in matrisome proteins accompanying collagen re-organization during breast cancer progression and provides candidate proteins for investigation into cellular and structural influences on collagen alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Tomko
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR II Rm. 4528, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Ryan C Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado-Denver, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Bldg. RC-1 South, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Alexander Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado-Denver, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Bldg. RC-1 South, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Joseph M Szulczewski
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR II Rm. 4528, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Matthew W Conklin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR II Rm. 4528, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Patricia J Keely
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR II Rm. 4528, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado-Denver, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Bldg. RC-1 South, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., WIMR II Rm. 4528, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
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Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and beta 1 integrin in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 29:486-94. [PMID: 21400218 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway has been shown to support tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Its stimulation on breast cancer cell lines induces β1 integrin and promotes tumor invasiveness. However, its role in predicting clinical behavior of tumor is not yet clarified. Therefore, we investigated TLR4 and β1 integrin expression on 133 primary breast cancer samples by immunohistochemistry and correlated it with overall survival and disease-free survival of patients as well as with clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor. We found higher β1 integrin expression in invasive lobular cancer in comparison with other tumor types. No significant association of TLR4 and β1 integrin expression with overall survival or disease-free survival was seen. Therefore, we conclude that expression of these markers is of biological interest but appears to be of little additional use as predictive clinical marker.
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Allen-Brady K, Camp NJ, Ward JH, Cannon-Albright LA. Lobular breast cancer: excess familiality observed in the Utah Population Database. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:655-61. [PMID: 15929077 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Family history of breast cancer (BC) is a strong predictor for developing female BC. Whether this excess familiality differs within morphological BC subgroups remains unclear. We assessed the risk of lobular breast cancer (LOB) and any BC among relatives of probands with LOB. We used the Utah Population Database (UPDB) to estimate familial relative risks (FRR) as well as average relatedness, using the genealogical index of familiality (GIF) statistic. The UPDB, a population-based resource, links genealogical data from over 2 million individuals to the Utah Cancer Registry. Consistent with other studies, analysis of all BC cases showed significantly increased risk of BC to relatives (first-degree relative [FDR]: FRR = 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.75-1.90). Morphology-specific risks showed that relatives of LOB probands had an increased risk of LOB (FDR: FRR = 4.51, 95% CI = 2.79-6.89) and an increased risk of any BC (FDR: FRR = 2.47, 95% CI = 2.12-2.85); both measures were significantly greater than the all BC FRR estimates, and surpassed even generalized early-onset BC risk. GIF analyses corroborated the FRR results and indicated that the excess relatedness of LOB cases extended to third-degree relatives. Our findings suggest that LOB has a heritable component and may represent a genetically homogeneous form of BC. Pedigrees with excess LOB may be useful in isolating additional BC predisposition genes. Relatives of women with LOB are at higher risk for BC than relatives of other BC subtypes; a more rigorous BC screening regime may be warranted for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allen-Brady
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA.
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Turashvili G, Bouchal J, Burkadze G, Kolár Z. DIFFERENTIATION OF TUMOURS OF DUCTAL AND LOBULAR ORIGIN: I. PROTEOMICS OF INVASIVE DUCTAL AND LOBULAR BREAST CARCINOMAS. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149:57-62. [PMID: 16170389 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of invasive breast tumors are ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. Despite the many similarities, some clinical follow-up data and the patterns of metastases suggest that these histological subtypes of breast cancer are biologically distinct. Few papers, however, describe immunohistochemical markers useful for differentiation of these carcinomas. Many investigations suggest that E cadherin protein expression is lost in lobular but not in ductal carcinoma. The absence of E-CD, as a partial loss of epithelial differentiation, may account for the extended spread of lobular carcinoma in situ and the peculiar diffuse invasion mode of invasive lobular carcinoma. Some investigations report the significance of E-CD associated proteins alpha-, beta-, gamma-catenin expression, as well as the usefulness of cytokeratins 5, 6, 8, 7 and thrombospondin in differentiating histological types of breast invasive carcinomas. Several reports have suggested the possibility that invasive ductal and lobular cancers differ with respect to expression of antigens involved in proliferation and cell cycle regulation. It has been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor expression, also the expression of maspin, a tumour suppressor gene product, is higher in ductal, than in lobular carcinoma. Expression of NKX3.1, a member of the NK-class of homeodomain, is highly restricted and is found primarily in lobular carcinoma. Some histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulisa Turashvili
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc, 77515, Czech Republic.
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Zhao H, Langerød A, Ji Y, Nowels KW, Nesland JM, Tibshirani R, Bukholm IK, Kåresen R, Botstein D, Børresen-Dale AL, Jeffrey SS. Different gene expression patterns in invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas of the breast. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:2523-36. [PMID: 15034139 PMCID: PMC420079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-11-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) are the two major histological types of breast cancer worldwide. Whereas IDC incidence has remained stable, ILC is the most rapidly increasing breast cancer phenotype in the United States and Western Europe. It is not clear whether IDC and ILC represent molecularly distinct entities and what genes might be involved in the development of these two phenotypes. We conducted comprehensive gene expression profiling studies to address these questions. Total RNA from 21 ILCs, 38 IDCs, two lymph node metastases, and three normal tissues were amplified and hybridized to approximately 42,000 clone cDNA microarrays. Data were analyzed using hierarchical clustering algorithms and statistical analyses that identify differentially expressed genes (significance analysis of microarrays) and minimal subsets of genes (prediction analysis for microarrays) that succinctly distinguish ILCs and IDCs. Eleven of 21 (52%) of the ILCs ("typical" ILCs) clustered together and displayed different gene expression profiles from IDCs, whereas the other ILCs ("ductal-like" ILCs) were distributed between different IDC subtypes. Many of the differentially expressed genes between ILCs and IDCs code for proteins involved in cell adhesion/motility, lipid/fatty acid transport and metabolism, immune/defense response, and electron transport. Many genes that distinguish typical and ductal-like ILCs are involved in regulation of cell growth and immune response. Our data strongly suggest that over half the ILCs differ from IDCs not only in histological and clinical features but also in global transcription programs. The remaining ILCs closely resemble IDCs in their transcription patterns. Further studies are needed to explore the differences between ILC molecular subtypes and to determine whether they require different therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Rice AJ, Steward MA, Quinn CM. Thrombospondin 1 protein expression relates to good prognostic indices in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:921-5. [PMID: 12461058 PMCID: PMC1769827 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.12.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumour growth and has been shown to occur around both in situ and invasive tumours. The degree of angiogenesis within tumours depends on the balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. One such anti-angiogenic factor is thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1). This study investigates the pattern of expression of TSP-1 in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and its relation to the surrounding microvessel pattern and density. MATERIALS/METHODS The expression of TSP-1 was studied in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded sections from 58 cases of pure DCIS, using a monoclonal antibody against TSP-1 and the avidin-biotin-diaminobenzidine immunoperoxidase detection system. Vessels were stained with a monoclonal antibody to the endothelial cell marker CD31. Stromal microvessel density was assessed by counting "hot spots" within 500 micro m of the basement membrane of involved ducts using a 25 point Chalkey graticule. RESULTS TSP-1 staining of the basement membrane around duct spaces with DCIS was seen in 69% of cases. In addition, staining of the stroma between involved duct spaces was seen in 31% of cases, with a fibrillary pattern identical to that seen in invasive breast carcinomas. In 12% of cases no staining for TSP-1 was seen. Two patterns of vascularity were identified. A cuff of vessels immediately adjacent to the basement membrane of ducts with DCIS was seen in 71% of cases. The presence of stromal TSP-1 was significantly associated with DCIS showing no/little necrosis (p = 0.01) and no/little periductal inflammation (p = 0.04). There was a trend between the presence of stromal TSP-1 and tumour cell negativity for p53 (p = 0.087). The stromal microvessel Chalkey point count ranged between 3.33 and 16. An increased stromal microvessel count was associated with high histological grade (p = 0.02), extensive necrosis (p = 0.047), and pronounced periductal inflammation (p = 0.049). There was no association between the presence of stromal TSP-1 and stromal microvessel density. CONCLUSIONS TSP-1 is expressed in the stroma around DCIS and in the immediately adjacent basement membrane. Expression of stromal TSP-1 is lost in DCIS with more aggressive histological features. The absence of a relation with microvessel density suggests that other angiogenic factors may play an important role in DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Rice
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
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Rice A, Quinn CM. Angiogenesis, thrombospondin, and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:569-74. [PMID: 12147647 PMCID: PMC1769713 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.8.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new vessels from existing vasculature, plays an essential role in tumour development. The process involves interaction between a variety of cells, growth factors, and components of the extracellular matrix, regulated by pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. This review profiles these factors, outlines the available methods for measuring new vessel formation, and discusses the importance of angiogenesis in breast cancer, with emphasis on ductal carcinoma in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rice
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Rosfjord EC, Dickson RB. Role of Integrins in the Development and Malignancy of the Breast. Breast Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-456-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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