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Interactions between rnacrophage cytokines and eicosanoids in expression of antitumour activity. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 1:295-308. [PMID: 18475475 PMCID: PMC2365362 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935192000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and eicosanoid products of macrophages play an essential role in expression of antitumour activity of macrophages either in a cell-to-cell contact system between the effector and the target cell or as cell-free soluble products. In this review the relationship between three main monokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 and the interrelationship between these monokines and eicosanoids (PGE2, PGI2, LTB4, LTC4) in their production and in expression of antitumour activity is discussed. Emphasis is given to the effect of tumour burden on production of the monokines and of the eicosanoids and on the production of these compounds by the tumour cells. Finally, the therapeutic implications drawn from animal studies and clinical trials is discussed.
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Das UN. Essential fatty acids enhance free radical generation and lipid peroxidation to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Clinchy B, Fransson A, Druvefors B, Hellsten A, Håkansson A, Gustafsson B, Sjödahl R, Håkansson L. Preoperative interleukin-6 production by mononuclear blood cells predicts survival after radical surgery for colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 109:1742-9. [PMID: 17345614 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the Western world. Staging based on histopathology is currently the most accurate predictor of outcome after surgery. Colorectal cancer is curable if treated at an early stage (stage I-III). However, for tumors in stages II and III there is a great need for tests giving more accurate prognostic information defining the patient population in need of closer follow-up and/or adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, tests that provide prognostic information preoperatively could provide a guide both for preoperative oncologic treatment and the surgical procedure. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated preoperatively, within a week before primary surgery, from 39 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. The PBMCs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours in the presence of autologous serum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Staging based on histopathology was performed in all patients. Patients were followed for at least 54 months. RESULTS A production of >5000 pg/mL of IL-6 identified colorectal cancer patients with a poor prognosis. Eight out of 13 patients with >5000 pg/mL IL-6 died from cancer within the follow-up period, whereas no cancer-related deaths were recorded among 21 patients with 5000 pg/mL IL-6 or less. A multivariate Cox regression analysis, stratified for T- and N-stage, identified IL-6 production as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 production in vitro by PBMC can predict survival after radical surgery for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Clinchy
- Division of Clinical Tumorimmunology and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Linkoping, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Scioscia KA, Snyderman CH, D'Amico F, Comsa S, Rueger R, Light B. Effects of arachidonic acid metabolites in a murine model of squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2000; 22:149-55. [PMID: 10679902 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(200003)22:2<149::aid-hed6>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A murine model (C3H mice) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) has been used to investigate the role of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in head and neck cancer. Inhibition of tumor growth by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors of AA metabolism has been associated with changes in levels of AA metabolites in tumor tissues and inflammatory cell infiltrates. To characterize this model further, the effects of exogenous AA metabolites on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo were investigated. METHODS Following subcutaneous inoculation with SCCVII tumor cells, control (16 mice) and treatment (24 mice) groups were injected with peritumoral vehicle or AA metabolite. Peritumoral injections of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) were performed for 16-21 days, and final excised tumor weights were measured. In vitro production of PGE2 and LTB4 was assayed in 2-5 day cultures of SCCVII. Exogenous PGE2 effects on tumor cell growth was assessed with the MTT assay in vitro. RESULTS Tumor growth was significantly inhibited (p =.03) following peritumoral injection of PGE2. Final tumor weights were not affected by LTB4 or 12-HETE. Tumor inhibition by PGE2 was associated with increased tumor tissue levels of LTB4 (p =.04). In vitro, SCCVII produced minimal amounts of PGE2 and LTB4, and PGE2 had minimal effect on growth. CONCLUSIONS In this model, tumor inhibition by exogenous PGE2 is primarily mediated by affecting host-tumor interactions, although there may be some direct effect on tumor cells. Changes in tumor tissue levels of LTB4 following peritumoral PGE2 administration may be attributable to negative feedback inhibition of the COX pathway with shunting into the LOX pathway. SCCVII cells are probably not a significant source of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in vivo. These data provide insight into the mechanism of action of inhibitors of AA metabolism on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Scioscia
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Eye & Ear Institute, Suite 500, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Arena A, Capozza AB, Orlando ME, Currò F, Losi E, Chillemi S, Mesiti M, Merendino RA. In vitro effects of lithium chloride on TNF alpha and IL-6 production by monocytes from breast cancer patients. J Chemother 1997; 9:219-26. [PMID: 9210006 DOI: 10.1179/joc.1997.9.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that lithium chloride (LiCl) is able to trigger human monocytes to release tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). In this study we have evaluated the in vitro effect of LiCl on TNF alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release by monocytes from patients affected by non-metastatic (BCa/M0) and metastatic breast cancer (BCa/M1), preincubated with autologous serum (sPt). Our data demonstrate that monocytes from cancer patients (BCa) treated with LiCl released lower amounts of TNF alpha compared to those from healthy donors (HD). Preincubation in autologous serum (sPt) impaired TNF alpha production by monocytes from BCa with LiCl. On the contrary, our data indicate that IL-6 production by monocytes treated was not impaired. Moreover, the results obtained from the same cells, preincubated in sPt and treated with LiCl, indicate that serum factors may synergize with LiCl treatment in releasing IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arena
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Messina, Italy
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Scioscia KA, Snyderman CH, Rueger R, Reddy J, D'Amico F, Comsa S, Collins B. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in tumor growth inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Otolaryngol 1997; 18:1-8. [PMID: 9006670 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(97)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A murine model of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was used to determine the role of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in the growth of SCC of the head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS C3H/HeJ mice bearing SCC (SCC VII) were treated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors (piroxicam and nabumetone) or a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (ketoconazole). Growth curves were established, and final tumor weights were measured. Following sacrifice, tumor tissue homogenates were assayed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Inflammatory cell infiltrate was assessed histologically. RESULTS A significant inhibition of tumor growth (P = .001) and final tumor weight (P = .002) was noted in mice treated with piroxicam and nabumetone. Inhibition of tumor growth was associated with increased tumor tissue levels of PGE2 (P = .04) and lymphocytic infiltration (P = .07). Significant inhibition of tumor growth (P = .002) and final tumor weight (P = .05) was also noted in mice treated with ketoconazole. CONCLUSION These data suggest that both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of AA affect tumor growth in this model and that inhibition of tumor growth by inhibitors of AA metabolism may be caused by an enhanced inflammatory cell response at the tumor site.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/analysis
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Arachidonic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Butanones/pharmacology
- Butanones/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Dinoprostone/analysis
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/chemistry
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Ketoconazole/pharmacology
- Ketoconazole/therapeutic use
- Leukotriene B4/analysis
- Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Nabumetone
- Piroxicam/pharmacology
- Piroxicam/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Scioscia
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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Trulson A, Nilsson S, Venge P. Monocyte activation in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumour of the testis before and after tumour eradication. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:381-5. [PMID: 8707951 PMCID: PMC500476 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.5.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the kinetics of normalisation of monocyte oxidative activity following tumour eradication. METHODS Whole blood lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence was studied in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Group 1 comprised 14 patients who had been "cured" of their cancer (the term "cured" as used in this report denotes a relapse free period of at least three years). Group 2 comprised 15 patients who were followed from diagnosis to up to two years after the start of treatment. RESULTS Lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence of whole blood in the "cured" patients was similar to that of controls and lower than that in patients who had not yet received chemotherapy (group 2). After treatment, chemiluminescence decreased slowly and did not normalise until 18 months after the start of treatment. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) concentrations were normal in "cured" patients but were raised in those who had not yet received treatment. TNF alpha was normalised 12 months after start of treatment. Alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were raised in most patients but normalised rapidly after tumour eradication. CONCLUSIONS The activity of blood monocytes, as measured by whole blood lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence, is increased in cancer. This activity may be a consequence of the presence of tumour cells. Immunocompetent cells remain active for over a year after eradication of the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trulson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Snyderman CH, Milanovich M, Wagner RL, Johnson JT. Prognostic significance of prostaglandin E2 production in fresh tissues of head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck 1995; 17:108-13. [PMID: 7558806 DOI: 10.1002/hed.2880170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive prostaglandins may play a role in the biologic behavior of head and neck cancer. Increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been measured in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS To address this question, tissue levels of PGE2 were measured in tumor tissues, normal mucosa, and lymph nodes of 37 patients undergoing tumor resections. Tissue specimens were placed in culture media, and levels of PGE2 released into the supernatant were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Tissue levels of PGE2 were significantly greater in tumor and normal mucosal tissues compared to lymph nodes (p = 0.0003). There was no difference between metastatic and tumor-free lymph nodes. Although tumor tissue levels of PGE2 were not associated with tumor stage, increased levels of PGE2 were associated with increased 2-year disease-free survival (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although PGE2 may have adverse effects on local immune function in tumor tissues, improved survival of patients with increased local PGE2 production may be indicative of an enhanced immunologic response to the tumor which has a favorable impact on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Snyderman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Milanovich MR, Snyderman CH, Wagner R, Johnson JT. Prognostic significance of prostaglandin E2 production by mononuclear cells and tumor cells in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1995; 105:61-5. [PMID: 7837915 DOI: 10.1288/00005537-199501000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated as a cause of immunosuppression in patients with head and neck cancer. To determine the relative contribution of tumor cells and mononuclear cells to PGE2 levels in vivo, tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMC) were isolated from fresh tumor biopsy specimens of 23 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by using enzymatic digestion and differential gradient centrifugation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) from metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes were also isolated. Cell fractions were cultured for 24 hours, and PGE2 levels of supernatant were determined by radioimmunoassay. PGE2 production by LNMC was significantly decreased compared to tumor cells, TIMC, and PBMC (P = .0002). LNMC from metastatic lymph nodes produced significantly higher levels of PGE2 (P = .02) compared to nonmetastatic lymph nodes. Although T stage was not correlated with PGE2 production by TIMC or tumor cells, advanced N stage (N1-3) was associated with decreased PGE2 production by TIMC (P = .006). These results suggest that both tumor cells and TIMC are sources of PGE2 in tumor tissues of patients with SCCHN and that decreased PGE2 production by host inflammatory cells may have clinical significance in the development of cervical metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Milanovich
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Snyderman CH, Klapan I, Milanovich M, Heo DS, Wagner R, Schwartz D, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro prostaglandin E2 production by squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111:189-96. [PMID: 8084624 DOI: 10.1177/01945998941113p105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 has been identified as an immunosuppressive factor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Spontaneous prostaglandin E2 production by 21 cancer cell lines, which were obtained from 17 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, was determined by radioimmunoassay. In comparison with normal keratinocyte cultures, prostaglandin E2 production by cancer cell lines was significantly decreased (p < 0.0001). Prostaglandin E2 levels demonstrated no correlation to the site, stage, or histopathologic differentiation of the tumor. In a separate group of 17 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, tumor cells were isolated from fresh tumor specimens, and 24-hour PGE2 production in vitro was assayed. No correlation was found with tumor site, stage, or 2-year disease-free survival. Although prostaglandin E2 may have biologic significance in vivo in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, these findings suggest that measurements of tumor cell-derived prostaglandin E2 are not predictive of biologic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Snyderman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
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Malone JP, Snyderman CH. Arachidonic acid metabolites in saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1994; 77:636-40. [PMID: 8065730 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(94)90326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the production of arachidonic acid metabolites by squamous epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract may play a role in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The levels of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism were measured by radioimmunoassay in the saliva of 51 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and compared with a control group of 27 patients with no history of cancer. Levels of leukotriene B4 were significantly increased in cancer patients (p = 0.02), whereas there were no significant differences in levels of prostaglandin E2 or 15-hydroxy-eicosatetranoic acid. Levels of metabolites did not correlate with a history of tobacco use and did not change in a consistent manner after surgery. The significance of arachidonic acid metabolites in the saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Malone
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
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12
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Sakakura C, Takahashi T, Hagiwara A, Yamane T, Itoh M, Shobayashi S, Sasaki S, Ozaki K, Tsujimoto H. Enhancement of various non-specific immune effector functions in mice by local injection of aclacinomycin A adsorbed onto activated carbon particles (ACR-CH). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1993; 15:245-54. [PMID: 8468121 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(93)90101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Local injections of aclacinomycin A adsorbed onto activated carbon particles (ACR-CH) augmented the cytotoxic activities of regional lymph node cells for 7 days. In contrast NK-activity was only slightly augmented by injections of aclacinomycin A (ACR) solution or activated carbon suspension. The effects were found in lymphocytes from all regions tested. NK-activity could only be detected when both adherent and non-adherent cells were present. The cell number of L3T4+ cells in each type of lymph node tested increased, and subset analysis of the lymphocyte subpopulations revealed an increase in the ratio of L3T4+/Lyt2+ cells, suggesting that the ACR-CH selectively increased and stimulated L3T4+ cells. Enhanced capacity of lymph node cells to produce cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) upon restimulation (with LPS) in vitro in the ACR-CH treated group was found. From these results, it appears that the new dosage form of aclacinomycin A, ACR-CH, with superior therapeutic efficacy against lymph node metastases, can also enhance the immune response of regional lymph node cells. The findings reported here will be valuable in the establishment of novel chemoimmunotherapeutic protocols using ACR-CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sakakura
- First Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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Contribution of tumor necrosis factor to the lethality of mice with endotoxin shock presensitized by serum from tumor-bearing mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00846363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Johnson BH, Dean RR, Moran SM, Thompson EB. Glucocorticoid, interleukin-2, and prostaglandin interactions in a clonal human leukemic T-cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 42:1-9. [PMID: 1558815 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the growth effects of conditioned media, interleukin-2 and PGE prostaglandin analogs on the glucocorticoid-sensitive human leukemic T-cell clone, CEM-C7. After 4 days, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone at approximately 10 nM kills 50% of CEM-C7 cells. To test the hypothesis that glucocorticoid-mediated lymphocytolysis was due to suppression of lymphokine expression only, we attempted to protect CEM-C7 cells from lysis by provision of lymphokine(s). Conditioned media from interleukin-2 secreting Jurkat T-cells as well as the glucocorticoid-insensitive, but receptor positive clone, CEM-C1, failed to prevent lymphocytolysis; exogenous interleukin-2 also did not provide protection. There were complex, biphasic interactions between dexamethasone and the synthetic PGEs, enisoprost and enisoprost free acid. Low doses of enisoprost alone (0.01 to 1 microgram/ml) stimulated growth, and in combinations completely reversed the growth inhibitory effects of 10 nM dexamethasone. Higher concentrations of enisoprost were inherently lethal and were additive to the steroid effect. Thus the glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis in this human leukemic T-cell line may be modified biphasically by PGE prostaglandins, depending on their concentration. However, interleukin-2 or components in the conditioned media assayed had no effect in ameliorating the lethal response to glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Johnson
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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15
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Fuks BB, Shapoval AI, Grzhebin IM. Increased production of tumor necrosis factor during endotoxin shock in mice presensitized with serum of mice with tumors or with tumor cell factors. Bull Exp Biol Med 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00841158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McCall JL, Funamoto S, Yun K, Parry BR. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha immunodetection in blood monocytes and serum: preliminary findings in weight-losing cancer patients. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1991; 61:141-6. [PMID: 1705797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peptide tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a central mediator of the host response. Identifying where and when TNF-alpha is produced may give insights into its potential role in various pathophysiological states. This paper describes a quantitative analysis of TNF-alpha expression in peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) at the single cell level. A pilot study has been undertaken, using this method to assess TNF-alpha expression in PBM from healthy volunteers and cancer patients. We also report mildly elevated serum TNF-alpha levels in the cancer patients, using an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) sensitive to 1 pg/mL of recombinant TNF-alpha. The results of this preliminary investigation suggest that TNF-alpha production may be altered in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McCall
- Department of Surgery, Otago University Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
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LeFever A, Funahashi A. Elevated prostaglandin E2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1990; 98:1397-402. [PMID: 2173996 DOI: 10.1378/chest.98.6.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding local pulmonary immunoregulatory mechanism(s) in patients with carcinoma of the lung is an important step towards the development of innovative methods of treatment. Prostaglandin E2 plays an integral role in immunoregulation. Therefore, we evaluated PGE2 concentrations in BALF from 18 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, compared to that from six patients with pulmonary diseases other than carcinoma and ten normal smokers of similar age. The level of PGE2 in patients with lung carcinoma (158.1 +/- 88.7 pg/ml) was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than the other two groups (16.2 +/- 6.9 and 4.4 +/- 3.4 pg/ml). Levels of PGE2 also varied among patients with carcinoma of different cell types. Patients with SQCA had significantly (p less than 0.001) higher levels of PGE2 (242.7 +/- 29.4 pg/ml) than patients with ADCA or SCCA (82.3 +/- 27.9 and 66.3 +/- 15.2 pg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, there was a marked difference in PGE2 concentration between carcinomatous lung and clinically noninvolved lung in patients with SQCA and ADCA. Further study is warranted to determine the interactions between PGE2 and other cytokines (interleukin-1, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor), as well as the activity of cytolytic lymphocytes (LAK cells) in the lungs of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A LeFever
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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McCall JL, Parry BR. Tumour necrosis factor in surgical illness. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1990; 60:503-9. [PMID: 2192699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF is a multipurpose molecule which works alongside other cytokines to stimulate and coordinate immune and inflammatory responses to antigenic challenges. It is extremely well conserved throughout all mammal species, and obviously confers considerable survival advantage. There are circumstances, however, in which TNF itself can be a source of tissue injury. This occurs in septic shock when the magnitude of the host response is overwhelming. TNF also initiates the energy substrate mobilization required to meet the heightened fuel demands associated with immunological, inflammatory and wound-healing activities. In chronic infection and malignancy this may lead to severe depletion of host tissues with its own attendant morbidity and mortality. At present our understanding of the host response is expanding rapidly. The challenge for the future will be to manipulate this response selectively, to maximize its influence on the disease while minimizing its negative impact on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McCall
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ishii Y, Uchiyama Y, Hasegawa S, Kinoshita T, Mitsui K, Kojima H, Fujita T. Detection of tumour necrosis factor/cachectin in pleural effusion of patients with lung cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 80:350-3. [PMID: 2372984 PMCID: PMC1535206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb03291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that the pleural effusion obtained from a patient with lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) has cytotoxic activity against the patient's lung cancer cells. This finding occurred in the course of establishing a lung cancer cell line from the patient's pleural effusion. The cytotoxic factor was partially purified from the pleural effusion and characterized. It had cytotoxicity against L-929 mouse fibroblasts in the standard 18-h killing assay of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). By molecular sieving chromatography, the activity appeared at molecular weight of 50,000. This activity was completely blocked by a monoclonal antibody to TNF. From these results, we conclude that the cytotoxic factor in the pleural effusion is TNF. The concentration of TNF in the pleural effusion was 34.5 pg/ml by radioimmunoassay. In addition, we detected TNF activity and protein in two other cases of carcinomatous pleural effusion. Therefore, it would appear that in vivo TNF displays cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishii
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Stovroff MC, Fraker DL, Travis WD, Norton JA. Altered macrophage activity and tumor necrosis factor: tumor necrosis and host cachexia. J Surg Res 1989; 46:462-9. [PMID: 2716304 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(89)90161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may be a mediator of cancer cachexia. This study evaluates the activity of macrophages from non-tumor-bearing (NTB) and tumor-bearing (TB) rats by measuring TNF production in response to endotoxin (LPS), both in vitro and in vivo, and correlates macrophage activity with tumor burden and parameters of host cachexia. Isolated macrophages from rats with small tumors, normal food intake, and weight gain secreted more TNF in response to 10 micrograms/ml LPS than macrophages from control NTB rats and behaved similar to activated macrophages from rats previously treated with thioglycollate. Heightened macrophage activity (increased production of TNF in response to LPS) in TB rats increased further as tumor burden increased (r = 0.889, P less than 0.001). Tumor resection reversed the heightened macrophage activity as LPS-induced levels of TNF secreted by macrophages from resected TB rats were not different from those of sham-operated NTB control rats. TB rats had serum levels of TNF activity following an iv bolus of 10 mg/kg LPS greater than those of NTB rats (P less than 0.05). In addition, peak serum TNF activity levels following iv LPS increased directly as tumor burden increased (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001). Supernatants from tissue cultures of the tumor (MCA sarcoma) failed to have any detectable TNF activity. However, large tumors in vivo had increased amounts of necrosis (78 +/- 8%), increased numbers of infiltrating macrophages, and increased levels of TNF (480 +/- 68 U/ml) compared to small tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Stovroff
- Surgical Metabolism Section of the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Hofsli E, Lamvik J, Nissen-Meyer J. Evidence that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is not constitutively present in vivo. The association of TNF with freshly isolated monocytes reflects a rapid in vitro production. Scand J Immunol 1988; 28:435-41. [PMID: 3194703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) cytotoxic activity has been shown not to be present in detectable amounts in the serum of healthy humans, but it may be found in some patients with meningococcal disease. In this study we investigated whether TNF is constitutively present in vivo on or within monocytes. TNF was detected on freshly isolated paraformaldehyde-fixed monocytes from both healthy individuals and cancer patients. No significant difference was found between the two groups. TNF appeared first 40-60 min after in vitro monocyte adherence, which is the same time as it took TNF to appear extracellularly after the exposure of in vitro cultured monocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This indicates that TNF associated with freshly isolated monocytes was synthesized in vitro. The inducing signal may be monocyte contact with plastic. Exposure of whole blood to LPS immediately after vein puncture was followed by about twice as rapid TNF release as that observed with in vitro cultured monocytes. The release was inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D, indicating that the TNF detected did not represent TNF present in vivo. This is consistent with the fact that no TNF cytotoxic activity was detected in blood cell extracts. However, TNF-mRNA may have been present in vivo. Thus, the available evidence indicates that TNF is not constitutively expressed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hofsli
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Fujii M, Abo T, Kumagai K. Cytokines produced by blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the streptococcal preparation OK-432: effect on production by supplementing the medium with xenogeneic serum. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988; 27:97-102. [PMID: 2458183 PMCID: PMC11037954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/1987] [Accepted: 04/01/1988] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human blood MNC were stimulated for 7 days with a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, in a medium supplemented with either 10% autologous serum (autoserum) or 10% FCS. Cytokines, including IL-2, IL-1, IFN, and TNF in the supernatants, and antitumor cytotoxicity of MNC were analyzed. None of the IL-2 was detectable during the culture in medium with autoserum, although significant enhancement of cytotoxicity was observed at day 1. On the other hand, production of IL-2 and higher cytotoxicity were induced in the medium with FCS. Even a control culture of MNC unstimulated with OK-432 in the medium with FCS, showed a slight but significant amount of IL-2 and considerable cytotoxicity. However, such a culture in the medium with autoserum showed no such IL-2 production or cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity induced in the medium with FCS was significantly inhibited by the addition of anti-IL-2 antibody to the culture as well as by the addition of anti-IFN gamma antibody, whereas the cytotoxicity in the medium with autoserum was not inhibited at all by anti-IL-2 antibody. Therefore, the cytotoxicity induced in the medium with FCS included IL-2-induced killer activity, i.e., LAK activity. Similarly, the levels of IL-1, IFN, and TNF production in the supernatants were variable depending on the serum used to supplement the medium. The nonspecific production of IL-2 and the unexpected induction of cytotoxicity were consistently provoked in the medium using several different lots of FCS, but not in the medium with human allogeneic sera or pooled AB serum nor in that with autoserum. It was revealed that the source of sera used to supplement the medium is an important factor affecting the results of analysis of cytokine production and cytotoxicity of MNC induced by certain stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujii
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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