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Sköld HN, Aspengren S, Cheney KL, Wallin M. Fish Chromatophores—From Molecular Motors to Animal Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 321:171-219. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nielsen HI, Bereiter-Hahn J. Hormone induced chromatophore changes in the European tree frog, Hyla arborea, in vitro. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kimler VA, Taylor JD. Morphological studies on the mechanisms of pigmentary organelle transport in fish xanthophores and melanophores. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 58:470-80. [PMID: 12242704 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentary organelle translocations within fish chromatophores undergo physiological color changes when exposed to external signals. Chromatophores can be isolated in high yields, and their pigmentary organelles can be tracked readily by microscopy. The combined efforts of morphology and biomolecular chemistry have led to the identification of and determination of the interrelationships between cytoskeletal elements and accessory proteins, motor molecules, cytomatrix, and pigmentary organelles of various sizes. Fish chromatophores have been classified as fast, intermediate, and slow translocators, based on the relative numbers of microtubules. Studies on cultured goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) xanthophores for over 20 years have demonstrated that in this slow translocator, tubulovesicular structures of the smooth endoplasmic reticular (SER) cisternae are involved in the disperson and aggregation of associated carotenoid droplets (CD) with some involvement of cytoskeletal elements. Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) melanophore, a fast translocator, was also examined. Recent work demonstrates a bright fluorescent "starburst"-like spot that we call an actin filament-organizing center (AFOC) with radiating microfilaments, akin to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) with radiating microtubules. Melanosomes translocate single-file on microtubules and are not associated with SER cisternae. Slower CD dispersion or aggregation in goldfish xanthophores seems to be predominantly microfilament-based transport, or microfilament- and microtubule-based transport, respectively. Faster melanosome translocations in killifish melanophores are based on microtubules, with our evidence indicating microfilament involvement. Neural crest-derived chromatophores are models for vesicular transport in axons, and immunocytochemical and imaging technologies may help to elucidate the cellular transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Kimler
- Department of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy, Michigan 48219, USA.
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Factors Influencing Motile Activities of Fish Chromatophores. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78598-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Obika M. Formation of pterinosomes and carotenoid granules in xanthophores of the teleost Oryzias latipes as revealed by the rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution method. Cell Tissue Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00297544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Taylor JD. Does the introduction of a new player, the endoplasmic reticulum, create more or less confusion in understanding the mechanism(s) of pigmentary organelle translocations? PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1992; 5:49-57. [PMID: 1631022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 1925, Wilson listed, in his classic third edition of Cell in Development and Heredity, four theories for the morphological and physiological characteristics of cytoplasm; each theory provided some sort of explanation as to the mechanism(s) of organelle translocations. During the past twenty years, cell biologists have focused their attentions on the cell's cytoskeleton, microtrabecular lattice, and associated mechanochemical motors which drive organelles along cytoskeletal tracks. A number of cell types have been used to study organelle translocations, but chromatophores, pigment cells, from cold-blooded vertebrates have been one of the more popular models. This article reviews some of the research findings during the past twenty years, particularly those involving cytoplasmic elements: i.e, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and mechanochemical motors. In addition, it contrasts the proposed involvement of these elements in organelle translocations with the endoplasmic reticulum, a tubulovesicular organelle, which we recently demonstrated is responsible, through its elongation or retraction, for the translocations of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores and swordtail fish erythrophores. Here, the carotenoid droplets are not free in the cytoplasm and do not translocate via cytoskeletal tracks, but instead are attached to or are a part of the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, carotenoid droplets of squirrel fish erythrophores are free in the cytoplasm and appear to translocate via microtubules. Finally, the rates of pigmentary organelle translocations are reviewed in light of the participation of the cytoskeletal elements with the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Yu FX, Taylor JD, Tchen TT. Actin-dependent carotenoid droplet dispersion in permeabilized cultured goldfish xanthophores. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1990; 15:139-46. [PMID: 2157551 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970150302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organelle translocations are essential cellular processes. Although much progress has been made with regards to microtubule-dependent organelle translocations, little is known about actin-dependent organelle translocation(s) except cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella. On the other hand, there is indirect evidence that actin-dependent organelle translocation may be involved in secretion. We now present evidence that the dispersion of the pigment organelles carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores is apparently actin dependent and that this process may be related to secretory processes. We show that, in digitonin-permeabilized goldfish xanthophores, the pigment organelles can be induced to disperse by a combination of cAMP, ATP, and xanthophore cytosol. This induced dispersion is inhibited by DNase I, phalloidin, or anti-actin, but not by anti-tubulin or anti-intermediate filament proteins, suggesting a dependence on F-actin. Since the dispersion of carotenoid droplets and secretion both involve outward translocation of organelles, we tested the possibility that cytosols of secretory tissues have similar activity. Such activity was indeed found in different tissues, apparently in parallel with the secretory activity of the tissues, suggesting that pigment dispersion in xanthophores and some secretory processes may share a common component.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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Obika M, Meyer-Rochow VB. Dermal and epidermal chromatophores of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1990; 3:33-7. [PMID: 2377579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The physiological response and ultrastructure of the pigment cells of Trematomus bernacchii, an Antarctic teleost that lives under the sea ice north of the Ross Ice Shelf, were studied. In the integument, two types of epidermal chromatophores, melanophores and xanthophores, were found; in the dermis, typically three types of chromatophores--melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores--were observed. The occurrence of epidermal xanthophore is reported for the first time in fish. Dermal melanophores and xanthophores have well-developed arrays of cytoplasmic microtubules. They responded rapidly to epinephrine and teleost melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) with pigment aggregation and to theophylline with pigment dispersion. Total darkness elicited pigment aggregation in the majority of dermal xanthophores of isolated scales, whereas melanophores remained dispersed under both light and dark conditions. Pigment organelles of epidermal and dermal xanthophores that translocate during the pigmentary responses are carotenoid droplets of relatively large size. Dermal iridophores containing large reflecting platelets appeared to be immobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obika
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Consideration of recent data from diverse fields of biology permits the presentation of a general theory to explain the underlying mechanism and phylogenetic distribution of vertebrate regenerative capacity. It is suggested that dermal xanthophores, which are neural crest derivatives that contain carotenoid pigments, serve as storage reservoirs for proretinoids. At trauma, carotenoids are released and are converted to retinoids. The spatial distribution of xanthophores at the amputation site determines the amount of carotenoids released, which in turn determines the number of cells which will participate in regeneration and their degree of dedifferentiation. It also influences the proliferative and morphogenetic potential of the blastema. The theory is based on several factors. (1) The pluripotency of neural crest derivatives in general and that of chromatophores in particular; (2) The storage metabolism of carotenoids, especially their convertability to retinoids; (3) The known roles of retinoids in regeneration; (4) Evidence suggesting a relationship between carotenoids and regeneration in invertebrates; and (5) Dynamic characteristics of regenerating systems. The theory is experimentally testable with currently available technology. Specific review of data concerning urodele lens regeneration illustrates the theory. Evidence from amphibian limb regeneration is also presented. Methods of evaluation of other regeneration systems are outlined.
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Walker GR, Taylor JD, Tchen TT. Immunofluorescence evidence for cytoskeletal rearrangement accompanying pigment redistribution in goldfish xanthophores. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1989; 14:458-68. [PMID: 2560413 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopic studies of goldfish xanthophores with aggregated or dispersed pigment show two unusual features. First, immunofluorescence studies with anti-actin show punctate structures instead of filaments. These punctate structures are unique for the xanthophores and are absent from both goldfish dermal non-pigment cells and a dedifferentiated cell line (GEM-81) derived from a goldfish xanthophore tumor. Comparison of immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopic images with electron microscopic images of thin sections and of Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons show that these punctate structures represent pterinosomes with radiating F-actin. The high local concentration of actin around the pterinosomes results in strong localized fluorescence such that, when the images have proper brightness for these structures, individual actin filaments elsewhere in the cell are too weak in their fluorescence to be visible in the micrographs. Second, whereas immunofluorescence images with anti-tubulin show typical patterns in xanthophores with either aggregated or dispersed pigment, namely, filaments radiating out from the microtubule organizing center, immunofluorescence images with anti-actin or with anti-intermediate filament proteins show different patterns in xanthophores with aggregated versus dispersed pigment. In cells with dispersed pigment, the punctate structures seen with anti-actin are relatively evenly distributed in the cytoplasm, and intermediate filaments appear usually as a dense perinuclear band and long filaments elsewhere in the cytoplasm. In cells with aggregated pigment, both intermediate filaments and pterinosomes with associated actin are largely excluded from the space occupied by the pigment aggregate, and the band of intermediate filaments surrounds not only the nucleus but also the pigment aggregate. The patterns of distribution of the different cytoskeleton components, together with previous results from this laboratory, indicate that formation of the pigment aggregate depends at least in part on the interaction between pigment organelles and microtubules. The possibility that intermediate filaments may play a role in the formation/stabilization of the pigment aggregate is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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Stearns ME, Wang M. Evidence for intermediate filaments in squirrelfish erythrophores of Holocentrus ascensionus (Rufus). Exp Cell Res 1987; 173:395-412. [PMID: 3319656 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have documented the presence of intermediate filaments (IF) in cultured erythrophores of the squirrelfish Holocentrus ascensionus (Rufus). SDS-PAGE and Western blots with monoclonal antibodies T11 and R12 demonstrated that isolated IF consisted of a pair of polypeptides of 54 and 52 kDa. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that the two proteins formed prominent radially oriented IF networks in erythrophores. Immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that the IF were distributed in a "spider-web"-like network of filaments which occasionally intersected with the microtubule surfaces. The IF proteins also were found in fish iridiphores but not in fish epithelial cells which cocultured with the chromatophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Stearns
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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Lynch TJ, Wu BY, Taylor JD, Tchen TT. Regulation of pigment organelle translocation. II. Participation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Regulation of pigment organelle translocation. I. Phosphorylation of the organelle-associated protein p57. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Szego CM, Pietras RJ. Lysosomal functions in cellular activation: propagation of the actions of hormones and other effectors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 88:1-302. [PMID: 6145684 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Luby-Phelps K, Porter KR. The control of pigment migration in isolated erythrophores of Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck). II. The role of calcium. Cell 1982; 29:441-50. [PMID: 6811138 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The integumental pigment cells (erythrophores) of the squirrel fish, Holocentrus ascensionis, are specialized for rapid radial transport of the pigment granules contained within their cytoplasm. Pigment granules in isolated denervated erythrophores alternate spontaneously between a centrally aggregated state and a radially dispersed state. In the absence of external calcium, pigment aggregation does not occur spontaneously and cannot be induced by the aggregating agents epinephrine or high concentration of external K+. Pigment aggregation is also impaired in the presence of D600 or papaverine, compounds reported to antagonize calcium influx into the cell. Pigment aggregation can be induced by experimental elevation of the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+, with a Ca-EGTA buffer system in conjunction with ionophore A23187. The threshold concentration of Ca2+ required to produce this effect is 5 X 10(-6) M. These results suggest that cytoplasmic free Ca2+ is involved in mediating pigment aggregation and that some, if not all, the Ca2+ is supplied by influx from the extracellular space.
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Lo SJ, Grabowski SM, Lynch TJ, Kern DG, Taylor JD, Tchen TT. Isolation of xanthophores from the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). IN VITRO 1982; 18:356-60. [PMID: 6288547 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the isolation of milligram quantities of viable, hormone-responsive xanthophores from goldfish scales. The preparations are typically 70 to 90% pure and are useful for biochemical analyses or for establishing primary cultures.
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Koyama YI, Takeuchi T. Differential effect of cytochalasin B on the aggregation of melanosomes in cultured mouse melanoma cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1980; 196:449-59. [PMID: 7396234 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091960410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mouse B16 melanoma cells in cultures were treated with 2 microgram/ml cytochalasin B. Melanosomes, localized in dendrites as well as those in the peripheral cell body, formed aggregates which then showed centripetal migration. After 24 hr of treatment, melanosomes were found as large aggregates near the nucleus. However, cytochalasim B showed no effect on the distribution of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. When cells were released from the 24 hr-treatment with cytochalasin B, each melanosome began centrifugal migration. In this process, melanosomes were situated in the periphery, and were in close association with microtubules. Side arm-like structures were observed between microtubules and melanosomes, or mitochondria. These results seem to indicate the presence of mechanism(s) specific to melanosome migration, and possible participation of microtubules in this melanosome migration.
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Butman BT, Obika M, Tchen TT, Taylor JD. Hormone-induced pigment translocations in amphibian dermal iridophores, in vitro: changes in cell shape. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1979; 208:17-34. [PMID: 224136 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-induced pigment translocation studies were conducted at both the light and electron microscopic levels on cultured dermal iridophores from the Mexican leaf frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor. Two distinct types of dermal iridophores were characterized which differed in (1) their in vivo locations, (2) their overall morphologies in vitro, (3) their responses to alpha-MSH, ACTH, c-AMP or theophylline, (4) their physical alterations of light, and (5) certain ultrastructural features. One iridophore (Type I) was found to be physiologically responsive to the above hormones or agents by a reversible retraction of cellular processes and a thickening of the cell body, an event which is inhibited by cytochalasin B. The other iridophore (Type II) appeared to be unresponsive. Type I iridophores contain cube-like pigmentary organelles, refractosomes, while Type II iridophores contain larger, bar-shaped refractosomes. In addition, both iridophore types contain 60 and 100 A microfilaments as well as microtubules. By in large, micorfilaments were found within microvilli, beneath and parallel to the plasma membrane and in the perinuclear region. Occasionally, bundles of 100 A microfilaments were found between layers of refractosomes in Type I iridophores. These results are discussed in relation to hormone-induced changes in cell shape.
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Lo SJ, Tchen TT, Taylor JD. ACTH-induced internalization of plasma membrane in xanthophores of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 86:748-54. [PMID: 218582 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Frost SK, Malacinski GM. The developmental genetics of pigment mutants in the Mexican axolotl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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