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Gantait S, Mondal S. Transgenic approaches for genetic improvement in groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) against major biotic and abiotic stress factors. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:537-544. [PMID: 30733771 PMCID: PMC6354002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is considered as one of the primary oilseed crops and a major fodder for cattle industry in most of the developing countries, owing to its rich source of protein. It is due to its geocarpic nature of growth that the overall yield performance of groundnut is hindered by several biotic and abiotic stress factors. Multidimensional attempts were undertaken to combat these factors by developing superior groundnut varieties, modified with integral mechanism of tolerance/resistance; however this approach proved to be futile, owing to inferior pod and kernel quality. As a superior alternative, biotechnological intervention like transformation of foreign genes, either directly (biolistic) or via Agrobacterium, significantly aided in the development of advanced groundnut genotypes equipped with integral resistance against stresses and enhanced yield attributing traits. Several genes triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses, were detected and some of them were cloned and transformed as major parts of transgenic programmes. Application of modern molecular biological techniques, in designing biotic and abiotic stress tolerant/resistant groundnut varieties that exhibited mechanisms of resistance, relied on the expression of specific genes associated to particular stress. The genetically transformed stress tolerant groundnut varieties possess the potential to be employed as donor parents in traditional breeding programmes for developing varieties that are resilient to fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, as well as to draught and salinity. The present review emphasizes on the retrospect and prospect of genetic transformation tools, implemented for the enhancement of groundnut varieties against key biotic and abiotic stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Gantait
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, India
| | - Suvendu Mondal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
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Gupta V, Ur Rahman L. An efficient plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Tagetes erecta. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1061-1070. [PMID: 25504508 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tagetes erecta, L. an asteraceous plant of industrial and medicinal value, contains important compounds like pyrethrins, thiophenes and lutein, possessing immense potential for insecticidal, nematicidal and nutraceutical activities. Considering the importance and demand for these natural compounds, genetic manipulation of this crop for better productivity of secondary metabolites holds great significance. A rapid and reproducible direct regeneration and genetic transformation system is the prerequisite for genetic manipulation of any crop. This paper elucidates the establishment of an efficient direct regeneration and transformation protocol of T. erecta using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Investigation of the effects of different types of explants (Hypocotyls, cotyledonary leaves, rachis and leaf sections) and different BAP and GA3 combinations on the regeneration frequency of T. erecta suggested that the best regeneration frequency (66 %) with an average of 5.08 ± 0.09 shoot buds/explant was observed from hypocotyl explants cultured on media containing 1.5 mg/l BAP and 5 mg/l GA3. The transformation protocol was established using A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404, containing the binary vector pBI121, along with the gusA reporter gene with intron under the transcriptional control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene as a kanamycin-resistant plant-selectable marker. Various parameters like optimization of kanamycin concentration (200 mg/l) for selection, standardization of cocultivation time (45 min) and acetosyringone concentration (150 μM) for obtaining higher transformation frequency were established using hypocotyl explants. The selected putative transgenic shoots were subsequently rooted on the Murashige and Skoog medium and transferred to the green house successfully. The plants were characterised by analysing the gus expression, amplification of 600 bp npt II fragment and Southern blot hybridization using the PCR-amplified gusA fragment as probe. The standardised protocol established during the study will open new vistas for genetic manipulation and introduction of desired genes for genetic improvement of T. erecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayta Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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Krishna G, Singh BK, Kim EK, Morya VK, Ramteke PW. Progress in genetic engineering of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)--a review. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:147-62. [PMID: 25626474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major species of the family, Leguminosae, and economically important not only for vegetable oil but as a source of proteins, minerals and vitamins. It is widely grown in the semi-arid tropics and plays a role in the world agricultural economy. Peanut production and productivity is constrained by several biotic (insect pests and diseases) and abiotic (drought, salinity, water logging and temperature aberrations) stresses, as a result of which crop experiences serious economic losses. Genetic engineering techniques such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and DNA-bombardment-mediated transformation are used as powerful tools to complement conventional breeding and expedite peanut improvement by the introduction of agronomically useful traits in high-yield background. Resistance to several fungal, virus and insect pest have been achieved through variety of approaches ranging from gene coding for cell wall component, pathogenesis-related proteins, oxalate oxidase, bacterial chloroperoxidase, coat proteins, RNA interference, crystal proteins etc. To develop transgenic plants withstanding major abiotic stresses, genes coding transcription factors for drought and salinity, cytokinin biosynthesis, nucleic acid processing, ion antiporter and human antiapoptotic have been used. Moreover, peanut has also been used in vaccine production for the control of several animal diseases. In addition to above, this study also presents a comprehensive account on the influence of some important factors on peanut genetic engineering. Future research thrusts not only suggest the use of different approaches for higher expression of transgene(s) but also provide a way forward for the improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Krishna
- Jacob School of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute), Deemed University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ectopic over-expression of peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase (SbpAPX) gene confers salt stress tolerance in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Gene 2014; 547:119-25. [PMID: 24954532 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase gene (SbpAPX) of an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata imparts abiotic stress endurance and plays a key role in the protection against oxidative stress. The cloned SbpAPX gene was transformed to local variety of peanut and about 100 transgenic plants were developed using optimized in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation method. The T0 transgenic plants were confirmed for the gene integration; grown under controlled condition in containment green house facility; seeds were harvested and T1 plants were raised. Transgenic plants (T1) were further confirmed by PCR using gene specific primers and histochemical GUS assay. About 40 transgenic plants (T1) were selected randomly and subjected for salt stress tolerance study. Transgenic plants remained green however non-transgenic plants showed bleaching and yellowish leaves under salt stress conditions. Under stress condition, transgenic plants continued normal growth and completed their life cycle. Transgenic peanut plants exhibited adequate tolerance under salt stress condition and thus could be explored for the cultivation in salt affected areas for the sustainable agriculture.
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Sun L, Hu R, Shen G, Zhang H. Genetic Engineering Peanut for Higher Drought- and Salt-Tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.46a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Genetic transformation of plants is an innovative research tool which has practical significance for the development of new and improved genotypes or cultivars. However, stable introduction of genes of interest into nuclear genomes depends on several factors such as the choice of target tissue, the method of DNA delivery in the target tissue, and the appropriate method to select the transformed plants. Mature or immature zygotic embryos have been a popular choice as explant or target tissue for genetic transformation in both angiosperms and gymnosperms. As a result, considerable protocols have emerged in the literature which have been optimized for various plant species in terms of transformation methods and selection procedures for transformed plants. This article summarizes the recent advances in plant transformation using zygotic embryos as explants.
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Khandelwal A, Renukaradhya GJ, Rajasekhar M, Sita GL, Shaila MS. Immune responses to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus expressed in transgenic peanut plants in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:291-6. [PMID: 21211855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus, Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease is prevalent in equatorial Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. A live attenuated vaccine is in use in some of the countries and has been shown to provide protection for at least three years against PPR. However, the live attenuated vaccine is not robust in terms of thermotolerance. As a step towards development of a heat stable subunit vaccine, we have expressed a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of PPRV in peanut plants (Arachis hypogea) in a biologically active form, possessing neuraminidase activity. Importantly, HN protein expressed in peanut plants retained its immunodominant epitopes in their natural conformation. The immunogenicity of the plant derived HN protein was analyzed in sheep upon oral immunization. Virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited upon oral immunization of sheep in the absence of any mucosal adjuvant. In addition, anti-PPRV-HN specific cell-mediated immune responses were also detected in mucosally immunized sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Khandelwal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Tiwari S, Mishra DK, Singh A, Singh PK, Tuli R. Expression of a synthetic cry1EC gene for resistance against Spodoptera litura in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1017-25. [PMID: 18320194 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) is a polyphagous foliage insect and a major pest on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). S. litura is susceptible to the chimeric delta-endotoxin Cry1EC reported earlier. De-embryonated cotyledon explants of peanut were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 harboring a synthetic cry1EC gene driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic plants of peanut with a single copy insertion of cry1EC were selected in the T(0) generation by Southern blot hybridization. Real-time PCR, Western blot and ELISA analysis indicated that expression of the cry1EC gene was higher in single copy T(1) plants. Immunoassay showed expression of Cry1EC up to 0.13% of total soluble protein in T(1) plants. Leaf feeding bioassay on highly expressing transgenic lines showed 100% killing of larvae at the 2(nd) instar stage of S. litura. This is the first report of transgenic peanut plants with resistance to S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Tiwari
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, UP 226001, India
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Senthil G, Williamson B, Dinkins RD, Ramsay G. An efficient transformation system for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 23:297-303. [PMID: 15455257 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible and efficient transformation method was developed for Desi and Kabuli chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) using germinated seedlings as sources of explants. Slices derived from plumules were the most efficient at generating transformed shoots. The AGL1 Agrobacterium-treated explants were first incubated on thidiazuron-containing media, then selected using phosphinothricin. Resistant shoots were successfully transferred to soil either by grafting or in vitro rooting. In experiments each taking 4-9 months, a total of 41 confirmed transformed lines were created using embryo axis slices as source explants, giving a transformation frequency of 5.1%. Southern analysis and histochemical and leaf painting assays demonstrated integration and expression of the transgenes in the initial transformants and two generations of progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Senthil
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Sharma KK, Anjaiah V. An efficient method for the production of transgenic plants of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 159:7-19. [PMID: 11011088 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotyledon explants from mature peanut seeds (Arachis hypogaea L.) were optimized to obtain adventitious shoot buds with high frequencies (>90%). Efficient transformation of these cotyledons by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 carrying neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and ß-glucuronidase (GUS; uidA), or coat protein gene of the Indian peanut clump virus (IPCVcp) and nptII on binary vectors (pBI121; pROKII:IPCVcp) led to the production of a large percentage (55%) of transgenic plants. Transformed individuals were obtained through selection on medium containing 125 mg l(-1) kanamycin. A large number of independently transformed plants (over 75) were successfully transplanted to the glasshouse. Integration of the transgenes and stable genetic transformants in the progeny were assessed by PCR amplification of 700-bp fragment of nptII and 585-bp of IPCVcp genes, and Southern blot hybridizations in the T1 generation of transgenic plants. Analysis of 35 transgenic plants of T1 generation from the progeny of a single transformation event suggested the segregation of a single copy insert in a 3:1 Mendelian ratio. On an average, 120-150 days were required between the initiation of explant transformation and transfer of rooted plants to the greenhouse. The cotyledon regeneration system proved to be an excellent vehicle for the production of a large number of independently transformed peanut plants. Shoot formation was rapid and prolific, and a large proportion of these shoots developed into fertile plants. The method reported here provides new opportunities for the crop improvement of peanut via genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- KK Sharma
- Genetic Resources and Enhancement Program, Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Andhra Pradesh 502 324, Patancheru, India
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Transgenic Peanut (Arachis hypogaea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59612-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Egnin M, Mora A, Prakash CS. Factors enhancing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1998; 34:310-318. [PMID: 11760772 DOI: 10.1007/bf02822740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parameters enhancing Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of foreign genes to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cells were investigated. An intron-containing beta-glucuronidase uidA (gusA) gene under the transcriptional control of CaMV 35S promoter served as a reporter. Transformation frequency was evaluated by scoring the number of sectors expressing GUS activity on leaf and epicotyl explants. The 'Valencia Select' market type cv. New Mexico was more amenable to Agrobacterium transformation than the 'runner' market type cultivars tested (Florunner, Georgia Runner, Sunrunner, or South Runner). The disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 was superior in facilitating the transfer of uidA gene to peanut cells compared to the disarmed strain C58. Rinsing of explants in half-strength Murashige-Skoog (MS) media prior to infection by Agrobacterium significantly increased the transformation efficiency. The use of cocultivation media containing high auxin [1.0 or 2.5 mg/l (4.53 micromolar or 11.31 micromolar) 2,4-D] and low cytokinin [0.25 or 0.5 mg/l (1.0 micromolar or 2.0 micromolar) BA] promoted higher transformation than either hormone-free or thidiazuron-containing medium. The polarity of the epicotyl during cocultivation was important; explants incubated in an inverted (vertically) manner followed by a vertically upright position resulted in improved transformation and shoot regeneration frequencies. Preculture of explants in MS basal medium or with 2.5 mg thidiazuron per l prior to infection drastically decreased the number of transformed zones. The optimized protocol was used to obtain transient transformation frequencies ranging from 12% to 36% for leaf explants, 15% to 42% for epicotyls. Initial evidence of transformation was obtained by polymerase chain reaction and subsequently confirmed by Southern analysis of regenerated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egnin
- Center for Plant Biotechnology Research, College of Agricultural, Environmental and Natural Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA
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Kar S, Johnson TM, Nayak P, Sen SK. Efficient transgenic plant regeneration throughAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 1996; 16:32-7. [PMID: 24178649 DOI: 10.1007/bf01275444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1995] [Revised: 03/24/1996] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three genotypes of chickpea ICCV-1, ICCV-6 and a Desi (local) variety were tested for plant regeneration through multiple shoot production. The embryo axis was removed from mature seeds, the root meristem and the shoot apex were discarded. These explants were cultured on medium containing MS macro salts, 4X MS micro salts, I35 vitamins, 3.0 mg/1 BAP, 0.004 mg/1 NAA, 3% (w/v) sucrose and incubated at 26(0)C. The explants were transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 with binary vector pBI121 containing theuidA andnptIl genes. Multiple shoots were repeatedly selected with kanamycin. The selected kanamycin resistant shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/1 113A. The presumptive transformants histochemically stained positive for GUS. Additionally, nptll assay confirmed the expression ofnptII in kanamycin resistant plants. Transgenic plants were transferred to soil and grown in the green house.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kar
- Plant Molecular & Cellular Genetics & Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, 700 054, Calcutta, India
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